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Darwin Correspondence Project

From Ernst Haeckel1   10 August 1864

Jena

10 August 64.

Theurer hochverehrter Herr und Freund!

In diesem Briefe übersende ich Ihnen auf Ihren Wunsch meine Photographie, als eine geringe Gegengabe gegen das höchst erwünschte und werthvolle Geschenk, das Sie mir mit Ihrem eigenen Portrait gemacht haben.2 Ich kann Ihnen aber mein Bild nicht allein senden, sondern muss es begleiten lassen von dem Bilde der Frau, welche das Glück meines Lebens war, und welche für den Namen “Darwin” eine eben so hohe Verehrung und Bewunderung hegte, als ich selbst.3 Nur 112 Jahre war es mir vergönnt, mit dieser in jeder Hinsicht hochbegabten Frau in der glückseligsten Ehe zu leben.4 Am 16ten Februar dieses Jahres entriss sie mir ein typhöses Fieber in wenigen Stunden, an demselben Tage, an welchem ich mein 30stes Jahr vollendete. Mit der Klarheit des Verstandes und der Wärme der Empfindung welche nur den Frauen des germanischen Stammes eigen ist, theilte sie mit mir Alles, und ganz besonders meine Liebe zur Natur und zur Wahrheit. Für Ihre Descendenz-Theorie war sie so enthusiastisch eingenommen, dass sie mich stets zu deren Weiterbau anspornte und am liebsten und haüfigsten mich selbst ihren deutschen “Darwin-Mann” nannte.

Gewiss haben wenige Frauen mit so tiefem Verständniss sich für die grosse Frage des “struggle for life” und der “natural selection” interessirt, wie meine herrliche Anna, und dieser Umstand, theurer Freund, wird mich bei Ihnen entschuldigen, wenn ich Ihnen diese vertrauensvolle Mittheilung mache und Ihnen das Bild der viel zu früh verstorbenen mit meinem eigenen sende. Sie können hiernach ermessen, wie schwer mich ihr Verlust niedergedrückt hat, und wie sehr düstere Melancholie an die Stelle meiner früheren heiteren Lebensfreude getreten ist. Diese tief melancholische Stimmung war in den letzten Wochen so schwer, dass ich Ihnen nicht sofort auf Ihren mir höchst werthvollen und freundschaftlichen Brief zu antworten vermochte.5 Auch an der Ausarbeitung des Werkes über die Descendenz-Theorie, von dem ich Ihnen neulich schrieb, bin ich dadurch sehr gehindert worden und werde erst im nächsten Winter dasselbe wieder frisch in Angriff nehmen können.6 Jetzt gehe ich zunächst auf 6–8 Wochen in die Schweiz, um in dem Genusse der grossen Alpen-Natur meine physischen und moralischen Kräfte wieder zu sammeln und zu stärken. Die Alpen und das Meer waren von jeher die beiden Factoren, die am mächtigsten auf mich einwirkten.

Die persönlichen Mittheilungen, we⁠⟨⁠lche⁠⟩⁠ Sie mir in Ihrem letzten Briefe gemac⁠⟨⁠ht⁠⟩⁠ haben, mussten mich natürlich im höchsten Grade interessiren und ich sage Ihnen den herzlichsten Dank für das mir dadurch bewiesene Vertrauen.7 Einiges davon habe ich auch meinen Freunden Gegenbaur und Schleicher mitgetheilt,8 welche mit mir den lebhaften Wunsch hegen, dass bald genauere biographische Mittheilungen über den Gang Ihres Lebens und Ihrer Studien bekannt werden möchten. Wie jedes Ding, so wird ja auch der Mensch erst richtig und vollständig durch seine Entwickelungsgeschichte begriffen.

Auch die Geschichte der Descendenz-Theorie ist in hohem Grade interessant und ich sehe mit grosser Freude, wie die grössten deutschen Phi⁠⟨⁠loso⁠⟩⁠phen und Denker schon vor langer Zeit diesel⁠⟨⁠be⁠⟩⁠ a priori als die einzig mögliche Art, die Entstehung der Arten zu begreifen, erklärt haben. Aber Sie haben erst durch die epochemachende Entdeckung der “Natural Selection” und des “Struggle for life” den concreten Beweis für jene abstracte Behauptung geliefert. Am schönsten hat sich unser grösster Dichter, Göthe, über letzere ausgesprochen in seinen Aufsätzen zur Morphologie, und ganz besonders in dem kurz vor seinem Tode geschriebener Kritik der “Principes de Philosophie zoologique” von Geoffroy.9 In der trefflichen Biographie Göthes von Ihrem Landsmanne Lewes finde ich diese Verdienste Göthes (in dem 10. Abschnitt des V Buches “Göthe als Naturforscher”) sehr schön beurtheilt.10 Ebenso bestimmt hat auch unser grösster Philosoph, Kant, sich für die “Theorie der Epigenesis”, wie er sie nennt ausgesprochen.11 Auch werden in der That alle möglichen organischen Natur-Erscheinungen, ebenso im thierischen, wie im pflanzlichen Leben, so einfach und harmonisch dadurch erklärt, dass ich nicht begreife, wie so viele und kenntnissreiche Naturforscher noch Ihre Gegner sein können. Wie sehr aber selbst berühmte Gelehrte in dieser Beziehung irren können und wie sehr die exclusive Bewegung in Detail-Arbeiten den Blick für die grosse Harmonie des Natur-Ganzen abstumpft, können Sie aus dem ausserordent⁠⟨⁠li⁠⟩⁠ch schwachen, verkehrten und unlogischen Aufsatze ersehen, den kürzlich Professor Kölliker in Würzburg, als Histiolog weit bekannt, in seiner Zeitschrift für wiss. Zoolog. veröffentlicht hat.12 Selten habe ich etwas Schwächeres und Verkehrteres über Ihre Theorie gelesen. Sie sollen sogar “Teleolog” sein!! Sie werden sich darüber trösten. Aber zur Ehre der Deutschen muss ich doch sagen, dass solche Verkehrtheiten bei den Meisten doch nur der wohlverdienten Missachtung begegnen.—

Indem ich Ihnen, theure Herr, nochmals den lebhaftesten Dank für Ihren mir sehr werthen Brief ausspreche, und hoffe, dass Ihre Gesundheit sich bald bessert, bleibe ich mit vorzüglicher Verehrung | Ihr treu ergebener | Ernst Haeckel

Footnotes

For a translation of this letter, see Correspondence vol. 12, Appendix I.
In his letter to Haeckel of 19 July [1864], CD enclosed a recent photograph and asked for a photograph of Haeckel in return.
Haeckel and his cousin Anna Sethe were married on 18 August 1862 (Krauße 1987, pp. 43–4). The photographs of Haeckel and his wife have not been found; see, however, plate facing page 280.
Haeckel referred to his wife’s death in his letter of 9 [July 1864]. CD had evidently learned of it earlier (see letter to Ernst Haeckel, 3 March [1864] and n. 4).
See letter from Ernst Haeckel, 9 [July 1864]. Haeckel’s Generelle Morphologie was not published until 1866.
Haeckel refers to Carl Gegenbaur and August Schleicher. See letter from Ernst Haeckel, 9 [July 1864] and n. 20.
Haeckel regarded Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as one of the principal founders of the theory of common descent (see, for example, Haeckel 1866, 2: dedication). Haeckel refers to Goethe’s essays on morphology (Goethe 1817–24), and to Goethe’s review of E. Geoffroy Saint–Hilaire 1830 (Goethe 1830–2). In the ‘Historical Sketch’ included in Origin 3d ed., p. xiv n., CD ranked Goethe’s views on the modification of species together with those of Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, Erasmus Darwin, and Etienne Geoffroy Saint–Hilaire; see also Origin, p. 147, and Correspondence vol. 10, Appendix VIII, ‘Additions and corrections to the second German edition of Origin’. A lightly annotated translation of Goethe 1790 with notes by Maxwell Tylden Masters (E. M. Cox trans. 1863) is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL; see also Correspondence vol. 4, Appendix IV, for other works of Goethe’s that Darwin read. CD’s assessment may also have been based on an account of Goethe by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire; CD cited I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1854–62, 2: 406, in Origin 3d ed., p. xiv n. In the fourth edition of Origin, CD also cited Meding 1861 on Goethe. Annotated copies of these works are in the Darwin Library–CUL and in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL (see Marginalia 1: 317). For discussions of Goethe’s morphology, see Jardine 1991, pp. 37–43, and R. J. Richards 1992, pp. 29–37.
See Lewes 1855, 2: 113–60: ‘The poet as a man of science’. George Henry Lewes praised Goethe’s morphology as a precursor to the developmental theories of Karl Ernst von Baer, Lamarck, and Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Lewes 1855, 2: 139–40, 150–4). Haeckel refers to the German translation (Lewes 1857), in which the chapter heading is ‘Goethe als Naturforscher’.
In Kritik der Urteilskraft (The critique of judgment), Immanuel Kant defined epigenesis as a theory of generation according to which individuals develop by successive accretions, rather than by an unfolding of preformed material. He endorsed the epigenetic theory of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (Kant 1790, section 81). For discussions of Kant’s views on epigenesis, see Lenoir 1982, pp. 17–53, and Jardine 1991, pp. 28–33. For a survey of eighteenth-century epigenetic theories, see Roe 1981.
Haeckel refers to the article by Rudolf Albert von Kölliker, ‘Über die Darwin’sche Schöpfungstheorie’ (On the Darwinian theory of creation), recently published in Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie (Kölliker 1864a). The article was issued separately as a pamphlet (Kölliker 1864b), and a translation appeared in the issues of the Reader for 13 and 20 August 1864, pp. 199–200 and 234–5 (Kölliker 1864c). Annotated copies of Kölliker 1864b and 1864c are in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL. Kölliker claimed that CD was ‘a Teleologist in the fullest sense of the word’ because of his view that structural peculiarities had evolved for the benefit of the organism (Kölliker 1864b, pp. 4, 7; Kölliker 1864c, p. 200). CD considered replying to Kölliker’s article in the Reader (see letters to J. D. Hooker, 28 August [1864] and [1 September 1864], and letters from J. D. Hooker, 30 August 1864 and 5 September 1864). Haeckel later criticised Kölliker’s account in Haeckel 1866, 1: 100–1 n. For a discussion of Kölliker’s article, see Nyhart 1995, pp. 122–9.

Bibliography

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

Cox, Emily M. trans. 1863. Essay on the metamorphosis of plants. By J. W. von Goethe.–1790. With explanatory notes by Maxwell T. Masters. Journal of Botany 1: 327–45, 360–74.

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore. 1854–62. Histoire naturelle générale des règnes organiques, principalement étudiée chez l’homme et les animaux. 3 vols. Paris: Victor Masson.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. 1790. Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklären. Gotha: Carl Wilhelm Ettinger.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. 1817–24. Zur Naturwissenschaft überhaupt, besonders zur Morphologie. 2 vols. Stuttgart and Tübingen: J. G. Cotta.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. 1830–2. Principes de philosophie zoologique. Discutés en mars 1830 au sein de l’Académie Royale des Sciences par Mr. Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire. Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik (1830), pt 2: 413–22; (1832), pt 1: 401–22.

Haeckel, Ernst. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. 2 vols. Berlin: Georg Reimer.

Jardine, Nicholas. 1991. The scenes of inquiry. On the reality of questions in the sciences. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Kant, Immanuel. 1790. Critik der Urtheilskraft. Berlin and Libau: Lagarde and Friederich.

Krauße, Erika. 1987. Ernst Haeckel. 2d edition. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.

Lenoir, Timothy. 1982. The strategy of life. Teleology and mechanics in nineteenth century German biology. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.

Lewes, George Henry. 1855. The life and works of Goethe: with sketches of his age and contemporaries, from published and unpublished sources. 2 vols. London: David Nutt.

Lewes, George Henry. 1857. Goethe’s Leben und Schriften. Translated by Julius Frese. 2 vols. Berlin: F. Duncker.

Marginalia: Charles Darwin’s marginalia. Edited by Mario A. Di Gregorio with the assistance of Nicholas W. Gill. Vol. 1. New York and London: Garland Publishing. 1990.

Meding, Karl Heinrich. 1861. Goethe als Naturforscher in Beziehung zur Gegenwart. Dresden: in Commission bei Adler und Dietze.

Nyhart, Lynn K. 1995. Biology takes form. Animal morphology and the German universities, 1800–1900. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Origin 3d ed.: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. 3d edition, with additions and corrections. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1861.

Origin: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.

Richards, Robert J. 1992. The meaning of evolution. The morphological construction and ideological reconstruction of Darwin’s theory. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Roe, Shirley A. 1981. Matter, life, and generation. Eighteenth-century embryology and the Haller–Wolff debate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Translation

From Ernst Haeckel1   10 August 1864

Jena

10 August 1864

Highly honoured Sir and Friend,

With this letter I send you at your request my photograph, as a small return for the highly desirable and valuable present which you made me of your own portrait.2 I cannot, however, send you only a photograph of myself, but it must be accompanied by the portrait of my wife, who was the happiness of my life and cherished for the name “Darwin” just as high an admiration and reverence as I do.3 I was only granted to live one and a half years in most happy union with this woman who was highly gifted in every respect.4 On the 16th of February this year a typhoid fever tore her away from me in a few hours, on the very day I completed my thirtieth year. With the clarity of understanding and warmth of feeling that only women of Germanic stock possess, she shared everything with me, especially in my love of nature and truth. She was so enthusiastic about your theory of descent, that she constantly encouraged me to work on it further and in the most loving manner often called me her German “Darwin–Mann”.

Certainly few women have shown such an interest with such a deep understanding for the great questions of the “struggle for life” and “natural selection” as my wonderful Anna, and this circumstance, dear friend, will excuse me if I share this confidence with you and send you, along with my own, the picture of my wife who died much too early. From this you will be able to estimate how hard this loss has struck me and how gloomy melancholy has replaced my former cheerful joy in life. This deeply melancholic feeling was so hard to bear during the last weeks, that I was unable to reply to your extremely valuable and friendly letter immediately.5 I have also been much hindered by it in the elaboration of my work on the theory of descent, about which I have recently written to you, and will only just be able to take it up afresh next winter.6 Now I am about to go to Switzerland for 6–8 weeks, in order to recover and strengthen my physical and moral forces in the enjoyment of the great nature of the Alps. The Alps and the sea have always been the two things which have had the greatest influence on me.

The personal details that you gave me in your last letter have of course interested me to the highest degree and I thank you whole-heartedly for the confidence you have thus shown in me.7 I have shared some of them with my friends Gegenbaur and Schleicher,8 who share with me a strong desire that more detailed biographical information concerning the course of your life and studies might soon be known. Like any other object, man too is understood correctly and completely only through the history of his development.

The history of the theory of descent is also extremely interesting and I witness with great joy, how even a long time ago, the greatest German philosophers and thinkers have a priori proclaimed this theory to be the only possible way of understanding the origin of species. But you, through the epoch-making discovery of “Natural Selection” and “Struggle for life”, have for the first time provided the concrete proof for that abstract statement. The most beautiful expression of this was given by our greatest poet, Goethe, in his Essays on Morphology, and, most especially, in the review of Geoffroy’s “Principes de Philosophie zoologique”, written shortly before his death.9 I find that in the excellent biography of Goethe by your compatriot Lewes, this great merit of Goethe’s is perfectly appreciated (in the tenth Chapter of book V entitled “The poet as a man of science”).10 Our greatest philosopher, Kant, has also expressed himself in equally decided terms as being for the “Theory of Epigenesis”, as he calls it.11 Indeed, all possible organic manifestations of nature, both in animal and vegetable life are thus so simply and harmoniously explained, that I do not understand how so many and such learned naturalists can still be opposed to your view. You can see how much even famous scholars can err in this respect and how much the preoccupation with details obscures the perception of the great harmony of Nature as a whole, from the exceptionally weak, erroneous and illogical essay published recently by Professor Kölliker of Würzburg, who is well known as a histologist, in his Zeitschrift für wiss. Zoolog.12 Seldom have I read anything weaker and more erroneous about your theory. You are even supposed to be a “Teleologist”!! You should console yourself over this matter. However, to the honour of the Germans, I must say that such gross errors are deservedly disregarded by the majority.

While, dear Sir, I once more express to you my whole-hearted thanks for your most valued letter, and hope that your health soon improves, I remain with the greatest respect | yours very truly | Ernst Haeckel

Footnotes

For a transcription of this letter in its original German, see Correspondence vol. 12, pp. 298–300.
In his letter to Haeckel of 19 July [1864], CD enclosed a recent photograph and asked for a photograph of Haeckel in return.
Haeckel and his cousin Anna Sethe were married on 18 August 1862 (Krauße 1987, pp. 43–4). The photographs of Haeckel and his wife have not been found; see, however, plate facing page 280.
Haeckel referred to his wife’s death in his letter of 9 [July 1864]. CD had evidently learned of it earlier (see letter to Ernst Haeckel, 3 March [1864] and n. 4).
See letter from Ernst Haeckel, 9 [July 1864]. Haeckel’s Generelle Morphologie was not published until 1866.
Haeckel refers to Carl Gegenbaur and August Schleicher. See letter from Ernst Haeckel, 9 [July 1864] and n. 20.
Haeckel regarded Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as one of the principal founders of the theory of common descent (see, for example, Haeckel 1866, 2: dedication). Haeckel refers to Goethe’s essays on morphology (Goethe 1817–24), and to Goethe’s review of E. Geoffroy Saint–Hilaire 1830 (Goethe 1830–2). In the ‘Historical Sketch’ included in Origin 3d ed., p. xiv n., CD ranked Goethe’s views on the modification of species together with those of Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, Erasmus Darwin, and Etienne Geoffroy Saint–Hilaire; see also Origin, p. 147, and Correspondence vol. 10, Appendix VIII, ‘Additions and corrections to the second German edition of Origin’. A lightly annotated translation of Goethe 1790 with notes by Maxwell Tylden Masters (E. M. Cox trans. 1863) is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL; see also Correspondence vol. 4, Appendix IV, for other works of Goethe’s that Darwin read. CD’s assessment may also have been based on an account of Goethe by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire; CD cited I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1854–62, 2: 406, in Origin 3d ed., p. xiv n. In the fourth edition of Origin, CD also cited Meding 1861 on Goethe. Annotated copies of these works are in the Darwin Library–CUL and in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL (see Marginalia 1: 317). For discussions of Goethe’s morphology, see Jardine 1991, pp. 37–43, and R. J. Richards 1992, pp. 29–37.
See Lewes 1855, 2: 113–60: ‘The poet as a man of science’. George Henry Lewes praised Goethe’s morphology as a precursor to the developmental theories of Karl Ernst von Baer, Lamarck, and Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Lewes 1855, 2: 139–40, 150–4). Haeckel refers to the German translation (Lewes 1857), in which the chapter heading is ‘Goethe als Naturforscher’.
In Kritik der Urteilskraft (The critique of judgment), Immanuel Kant defined epigenesis as a theory of generation according to which individuals develop by successive accretions, rather than by an unfolding of preformed material. He endorsed the epigenetic theory of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (Kant 1790, section 81). For discussions of Kant’s views on epigenesis, see Lenoir 1982, pp. 17–53, and Jardine 1991, pp. 28–33. For a survey of eighteenth-century epigenetic theories, see Roe 1981.
Haeckel refers to the article by Rudolf Albert von Kölliker, ‘Über die Darwin’sche Schöpfungstheorie’ (On the Darwinian theory of creation), recently published in Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie (Kölliker 1864a). The article was issued separately as a pamphlet (Kölliker 1864b), and a translation appeared in the issues of the Reader for 13 and 20 August 1864, pp. 199–200 and 234–5 (Kölliker 1864c). Annotated copies of Kölliker 1864b and 1864c are in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL. Kölliker claimed that CD was ‘a Teleologist in the fullest sense of the word’ because of his view that structural peculiarities had evolved for the benefit of the organism (Kölliker 1864b, pp. 4, 7; Kölliker 1864c, p. 200). CD considered replying to Kölliker’s article in the Reader (see letters to J. D. Hooker, 28 August [1864] and [1 September 1864], and letters from J. D. Hooker, 30 August 1864 and 5 September 1864). Haeckel later criticised Kölliker’s account in Haeckel 1866, 1: 100–1 n. For a discussion of Kölliker’s article, see Nyhart 1995, pp. 122–9.

Bibliography

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

Cox, Emily M. trans. 1863. Essay on the metamorphosis of plants. By J. W. von Goethe.–1790. With explanatory notes by Maxwell T. Masters. Journal of Botany 1: 327–45, 360–74.

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore. 1854–62. Histoire naturelle générale des règnes organiques, principalement étudiée chez l’homme et les animaux. 3 vols. Paris: Victor Masson.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. 1790. Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklären. Gotha: Carl Wilhelm Ettinger.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. 1817–24. Zur Naturwissenschaft überhaupt, besonders zur Morphologie. 2 vols. Stuttgart and Tübingen: J. G. Cotta.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. 1830–2. Principes de philosophie zoologique. Discutés en mars 1830 au sein de l’Académie Royale des Sciences par Mr. Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire. Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik (1830), pt 2: 413–22; (1832), pt 1: 401–22.

Haeckel, Ernst. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. 2 vols. Berlin: Georg Reimer.

Jardine, Nicholas. 1991. The scenes of inquiry. On the reality of questions in the sciences. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Kant, Immanuel. 1790. Critik der Urtheilskraft. Berlin and Libau: Lagarde and Friederich.

Krauße, Erika. 1987. Ernst Haeckel. 2d edition. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.

Lenoir, Timothy. 1982. The strategy of life. Teleology and mechanics in nineteenth century German biology. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.

Lewes, George Henry. 1855. The life and works of Goethe: with sketches of his age and contemporaries, from published and unpublished sources. 2 vols. London: David Nutt.

Lewes, George Henry. 1857. Goethe’s Leben und Schriften. Translated by Julius Frese. 2 vols. Berlin: F. Duncker.

Marginalia: Charles Darwin’s marginalia. Edited by Mario A. Di Gregorio with the assistance of Nicholas W. Gill. Vol. 1. New York and London: Garland Publishing. 1990.

Meding, Karl Heinrich. 1861. Goethe als Naturforscher in Beziehung zur Gegenwart. Dresden: in Commission bei Adler und Dietze.

Nyhart, Lynn K. 1995. Biology takes form. Animal morphology and the German universities, 1800–1900. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Origin 3d ed.: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. 3d edition, with additions and corrections. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1861.

Origin: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.

Richards, Robert J. 1992. The meaning of evolution. The morphological construction and ideological reconstruction of Darwin’s theory. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Roe, Shirley A. 1981. Matter, life, and generation. Eighteenth-century embryology and the Haller–Wolff debate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Summary

Sends photographs of himself and his late wife [Anna Sethe]. Describes death of his wife.

Plans trip to the Alps.

Thanks CD for biographical information about himself.

Mentions Goethe as early evolutionist.

Cites Kant as early supporter of epigenesis.

Mentions criticism of CD’s theory by R. A. von Kölliker ["Über die Darwin’sche Schöpfungstheorie", Z. Wiss. Zool. 14 (1864): 174–86].

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-4586
From
Ernst Philipp August (Ernst) Haeckel
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Jena
Source of text
DAR 166: 38
Physical description
ALS 4pp (German) damaged

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 4586,” accessed on 18 April 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-4586.xml

Also published in The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 12

letter