From C. F. Martins 5 July 1876
Summary
Richard Gordon’s French translation of Climbing plants [1877] is half printed.
In Martins’ Introduction to [Éd. Barbier’s translation of] Insectivorous plants [1877] he wants to include a complete bibliography of CD’s works: their extent is not generally known in France.
Author: | Charles Frédéric Martins |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 5 July 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 171: 62 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10557 |
Matches: 10 hits
- … s French translation of Climbing plants [1877] is half printed. In Martins’ Introduction …
- … s translation of] Insectivorous plants [1877] he wants to include a complete bibliography …
- … 6. Richard Gordon’s translation of Climbing plants was published in 1877 (Gordon trans. …
- … 1877). In his introduction to the French …
- … of Insectivorous plants (Barbier trans. 1877, p. xi), Martins referred to recent work by …
- … Morren 1876 ; see also Barbier trans. 1877, p. 423 n. 1) and to work by Joseph Warner …
- … with Dionaea in a note (Barbier trans. 1877, pp. 353–6; see also T. A. G. Balfour 1875 ). …
- … and movements of the leaves of Dionaea (Barbier trans. 1877, pp. 373–4 n. 1; see also C. …
- … de Candolle 1876 ). See Barbier trans. 1877, p. 64. Edmond Barbier gave the equivalent of …
- … is about 28.35 grams. See Barbier trans. 1877, pp. xvi–xxiii; Martins used these headings …
From Arthur Nicols 24 February 1876
Summary
Is putting together a natural history book for intelligent children [The puzzle of life (1877)]; would like CD’s opinion on the project in general and on the completed first chapter in particular.
Author: | Robert Arthur (Arthur) Nicols |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 24 Feb 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 172: 65 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10408 |
Matches: 5 hits
- … intelligent children [ The puzzle of life (1877)]; would like CD’s opinion on the project …
- … to Arthur Nicols, [after 24 February 1876] ). The puzzle of life was published in 1877 ( …
- … Nicols 1877 ). George Du Maurier had been a staff cartoonist for the satirical magazine …
- … 1864; he had five children ( ODNB ). The illustrator of Nicols 1877 was Frederick Waddy . …
- … Bibliography Nicols, Arthur. 1877. The puzzle of life and how it has been put together: a …
From Frigyes Medveczky 11 November 1876
Summary
Writing under the name of Friedrich von Bärenbach, FM sends his paper on J. G. Herder as a precursor of Darwin’s theory [Herder als Vorgänger Darwins (1877)]; hopes CD will acknowledge him as such.
Author: | Frigyes Medveczky |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 11 Nov 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 160: 41 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10666 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … s theory [ Herder als Vorgänger Darwins (1877)]; hopes CD will acknowledge him as such. …
- … Bärenbach, Friedrich von [Frigyes Medveczky]. 1877. Herder als Vorgänger Darwin’s und der …
- … There is a copy of Bärenbach 1877 (Medveczky, who was Hungarian, published under the name …
- … 1970 , p. 7). The inscription in Bärenbach 1877 is in a different hand from this letter, …
From James Geikie 20 November 1876
Summary
Glaciation in the British Isles.
S. B. J. Skertchley’s researches on Palaeolithic man in England [Nature 14 (1876): 448–9].
Author: | James Murdoch (James) Geikie |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 20 Nov 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 165: 29 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10460 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … Geikie, 16 November 1876 . J. Geikie 1877 . Sydney Barber Josiah Skertchly . Skertchly …
- … of Skertchly’s research, see J. Geikie 1877 , pp. 536–46. Louis Agassiz pointed out signs …
- … vols. London: John Murray. Geikie, James. 1877. The great ice age and its relation to the …
- … 16 November 1876 and n. 7, and J. Geikie 1877 , p. 24. Geikie rewrote the section on the …
From Hermann Müller 28 December 1876
Summary
No papers on heterostyly have appeared since 1873.
Author: | Heinrich Ludwig Hermann (Hermann) Müller |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 28 Dec 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 171: 309 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10736 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … appeared in Jenaer Literaturzeitung 1877, pp. 178–81. CD’s copy is in the Darwin Pamphlet …
- … revised versions of CD’s earlier papers on heterostyled plants, were published in 1877. …
- … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1877. Müller, Hermann. 1873. Die Befruchtung der …
- … fertilised by insects. By Charles Darwin. 2d edition, revised. London: John Murray. 1877. …
From Otto Zacharias 2 October 1876
Summary
Can CD send sheets of Cross and self-fertilisation as previously promised? OZ writing article on subject ["Darwin über Kreuzung und Selbstbefruchtung im Pflanzenreiche", Das Ausland (1877)].
German Darwinists preparing a Darwin album with photographs of themselves as gift.
Author: | Otto Zacharias |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 2 Oct 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 184: 3 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10628 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … im Pflanzenreiche", Das Ausland (1877)]. German Darwinists preparing a Darwin album with …
- … from Emil Rade, [before 16] February 1877 ). It is at Down House. The notice has not been …
- … für Sie Interesse hat! Zum 12. Febr. 1877. bereitet ein grosser Theil von Anhängern der …
- … be of interest to you! For February 12, 1877, a substantial portion of the followers of …
From E. M. Heckel 27 December 1876
Summary
Has read and greatly admires CD’s latest book, Cross and self-fertilisation; seeks permission to translate it into French and to add some annotations. [EMH’s translation was published in 1877.]
Author: | Édouard Marie (Édouard) Heckel |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 27 Dec 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 166: 128 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10735 |
From G. H. Darwin [27? November 1876]
Summary
Sends W. Thomson’s complimentary opinion of his paper "On the influence of geological changes on the earth’s axis" [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 167 (1877): 271–312].
Author: | George Howard Darwin |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | [27? Nov 1876] |
Classmark: | DAR 210.2: 56 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10689 |
From Ernst Haeckel 30 December 1876
Summary
Describes new journal, Kosmos, to be edited by Ernst Krause. Asks CD to lend his name to journal.
Has sent Anthropogenie, 3d ed.
Will send his study [Biologische Studien, pt 2: Studien zur Gastraea-theorie (1877)] in January.
Thanks CD for hospitality at Down.
Author: | Ernst Philipp August (Ernst) Haeckel |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 30 Dec 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 166: 69 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10738 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … Studien , pt 2: Studien zur Gastraea-theorie (1877)] in January. Thanks CD for hospitality …
- … developmental history of humans; Haeckel 1877 ) is in the Darwin Library–Down. The final …
- … Theorie ( Haeckel 1870–7 ) was published in 1877; all the parts are in the Darwin Pamphlet …
- … The first issue was published in April 1877; for more on the founding of the journal and …
From Hermann Müller 6 December 1876
Summary
Thanks for Cross and self-fertilisation.
Fritz Müller has been appointed "Naturalista Viajante" of the Rio de Janeiro Museum, which will help his income greatly.
Author: | Heinrich Ludwig Hermann (Hermann) Müller |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 6 Dec 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 171: 308 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10702 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … pp. 210–12; 10 February 1876, pp. 289–92; 22 June 1876, pp. 173–5; 8 February 1877, pp. …
- … 317–19; 29 March 1877, pp. …
- … 473–5; 11 October 1877, pp. 507–9. Müller, Hermann. 1873. Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch …
- … caterpillars’ in Nature , 18 January 1877, p. 264. Fritz had observed a small caterpillar …
From G. J. Romanes [after 23 September 1876]
Summary
No results yet with graft-hybrids.
Has been writing a paper.
"Lankester seems to have doubled up [H.] Slade [the medium] in fine style".
Author: | George John Romanes |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | [after 23 Sept 1876] |
Classmark: | E. D. Romanes 1896, p. 45 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10584 |
Matches: 5 hits
- … Read 6 April 1876 and 18 January 1877. ] Journal of the Linnean Society ( Zoology ) 12 ( …
- … E. D. Romanes 1896 , p. 14; G. J. Romanes 1877 , p. 659). Romanes was preparing several …
- … was read at the Linnean Society on 18 January 1877 ( G. J. Romanes 1876–7 ), and a …
- … locomotor system was presented at the Royal Society of London on 11 January 1877 ( G. …
- … J. Romanes 1877 ). CD had sent Romanes a copy of Ernst Haeckel’s work on perigenesis ( …
From G. J. Romanes [c. 19 March 1876]
Summary
Thanks for copy of 2d ed. of Variation.
Author: | George John Romanes |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | [c. 19 Mar 1876] |
Classmark: | E. D. Romanes 1896, pp. 44–5 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10421F |
From Mary Treat 3 April 1876
Summary
Encloses Pinguicula specimens.
Believes she has found a new species of water-lily.
Author: | Mary Lua Adelia (Mary) Davis; Mary Lua Adelia (Mary) Treat |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 3 Apr 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 178: 178 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10439 |
From W. E. Darwin 30 November [1876]
Summary
Pleased to hear about GHD’s paper at the Royal Society.
Author: | William Erasmus Darwin |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 30 Nov [1876] |
Classmark: | Cornford Family Papers (DAR 275: 65) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-11260F |
From J. V. Carus 19 March 1876
Summary
Insectivorous plants is out
and Climbing plants is at the printer’s.
He is now at work on the geological writings.
Thinks all of CD’s papers extremely interesting "for the spirit and the method".
Cites some misprints in Climbing plants.
Author: | Julius Victor Carus |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 19 Mar 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 161: 103 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10419 |
From S. B. Herrick 12 February 1876
Summary
Inquires whether insectivorous habit in plants supplements or replaces the normal method of plant nutrition.
Author: | Sophie McIlvaine Bledsoe (Sophie) (Bledsoe) Herrick |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 12 Feb 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 166: 189 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10390 |
From Casimir de Candolle 30 July 1876
Summary
Experimenting on climbing plants.
Has no further information on Dionaea.
Author: | Anne Casimir Pyramus (Casimir) de Candolle |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 30 July 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 161: 32 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10567 |
From Asa Gray 22 December 1876
Summary
Discusses some dimorphic plants.
Sends specimens of Rhamnus but his few specimens of Leucosmia are very poor.
Author: | Asa Gray |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 22 Dec 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 110: B36–7, B74–5 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10731 |
From Richard Spruce [1876–7]
Summary
Notes on various instances of dimorphic stamens.
Author: | Richard Spruce |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | [1876–7] |
Classmark: | DAR 109: B119 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-4372 |
From G. H. Darwin 1 June 1876
Author: | George Howard Darwin |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 1 June 1876 |
Classmark: | DAR 210.2: 54 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10522 |
letter | (50) |
Darwin, G. H. | (3) |
Gray, Asa | (3) |
Haeckel, Ernst | (3) |
Hooker, J. D. | (3) |
Romanes, G. J. | (3) |
Darwin, C. R. | (50) |
Darwin, G. H. | (3) |
Gray, Asa | (3) |
Haeckel, Ernst | (3) |
Hooker, J. D. | (3) |
Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours
Summary
Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…
Matches: 28 hits
- … , Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and …
- … from a family that the Darwins had befriended. The year 1877 was more than usually full of honours. …
- … of a very heavy shower’, William wrote on 24 August 1877 . ‘The leaves were not at all depressed; …
- … gardeners ( letter from W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 25 August 1877 ). At Down House, Darwin and …
- … a delicate twig’ ( letter to R. I. Lynch, 14 September 1877 ). Research on movement would continue …
- … of some Infusoria’ ( letter from F. J. Cohn, 5 August 1877 ). Francis’s paper eventually appeared …
- … wrote to the editor, George Croom Robertson, on 27 April 1877 , ‘I hope that you will be so good …
- … had written to the editor Ernst Ludwig Krause on 30 June 1877 , ‘I have been much interested by …
- … the German debate (letters to W. E. Gladstone, 2 October 1877 and 25 October [1877] ). …
- … and lively’ ( letter from W. E. Gladstone, 23 October 1877 ). Gifts of German and Dutch …
- … Darwin and Ernst Haeckel). Writing to Darwin on 11 March 1877 , Krause declared the journal ‘an …
- … the director, Adriaan Anthoni van Bemmelen, on 12 February 1877 : ‘I suppose that every worker at …
- … of his 70th year. Darwin was in fact 68 on 12 February 1877. Distinguished guests and …
- … & smooth as butter’ ( letter to C. E. Norton, 16 March 1877 ). Hooker was asked repeatedly by …
- … & me to dejeuner!!!’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 14 June 1877 ). Darwin was staying in …
- … centuries to come’ ( letter from C. C. Graham, 30 January 1877 ). Graham then gave a lengthy …
- … man and of societies’ ( letter from Marcellin de Bonnal, [1877] ). A similar complaint came from …
- … by a duke!’ ( letter to J. M. Rodwell, 3 June 1877 ). Back home, he learned from his brother that …
- … order of the day’ ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 27 January [1877] ). Carlyle’s remarks were …
- … . In a letter from an unknown correspondent on 13 June 1877 , he was criticised for having quoted …
- … monstrosity ( letter from C. T. E. Siebold, 10 October 1877 ). An American banker, William Burrows …
- … back our civilization’ ( letter from W. B. Bowles, 17 May 1877 ). Bowles proposed that such …
- … of humanity beneath’ ( letter from W. B. Bowles, 18 May 1877 ). More transitional human …
- … inflexible tails ( letter from Arthur Mellersh, 1 January 1877 ). The American physician Jesse …
- … (Trollope 1867; letter to G. J. Romanes, [1 and 2 December 1877] ). Dispute and …
- … George and Francis. He wrote to Francis on 24 September 1877 about his forthcoming work, Life …
- … value’, he confessed in a letter of 25 November 1877 that the book had ‘resolved itself into a …
- … physical’ ( letter from W. M. Moorsom, 10 September 1877 ). Darwin was doubtful of the elephant …
1877 letters now online
Summary
Flowers, bloom, a son married . . . and a suspended monkey in Cambridge at Darwin's honorary LLD ceremony. The transcripts and footnotes of over 600 letters written to and from Darwin in 1877 are now online. Read more about Darwin's life in 1877…
Matches: 1 hits
- … of over 600 letters written to and from Darwin in 1877 are now online. Read more about Darwin& …
Photograph album of German and Austrian scientists
Summary
The album was sent to Darwin to mark his birthday on 12 February 1877 by the civil servant Emil Rade, and contained 165 portraits of German and Austrian scientists. The work was lavishly produced and bound in blue velvet with metal embossing. Its ornate…
Matches: 7 hits
- … album was sent to Darwin to mark his birthday on 12 February 1877 by the civil servant Emil Rade …
- … have ever received ( Letter to Ernst Haeckel, 16 February 1877 ) …
- … the start of his 70th year, but Darwin was only 68 in 1877. Despite this oversight, the album …
- … world.— ( Letter from Leonard Blomefield, 12 March 1877 ) Familiar faces Ernst …
- … with the final album. He wrote to Darwin on 9 February 1877 : ‘what will perhaps astonish you is …
- … worth to give you ( Letter from J. V. Carus, 22 March 1877 ) The professor of …
- … scientific work. ( Letter from C. G. Semper, 26 April 1877 ) Carl Kraus, an …
4.25 'Punch' 1877 re. Cambridge doctorate
Summary
< Back to Introduction Punch often ridiculed Darwin by showing him as a monkey or in other animalistic forms, but in 1877, when he at last received an honorary degree from Cambridge University, it paid its tribute to ‘wisdom’. ‘Punch to Dr. Darwin’…
Matches: 3 hits
Photograph album of Dutch admirers
Summary
Darwin received the photograph album for his birthday on 12 February 1877 from his scientific admirers in the Netherlands. He wrote to the Dutch zoologist Pieter Harting, An account of your countrymen’s generous sympathy in having sent me on my…
Matches: 5 hits
- … the photograph album for his birthday on 12 February 1877 from his scientific admirers in the …
- … lasting pleasure. ( Letter to Pieter Harting, 19 March 1877 ) Harting had also written …
- … it states his ‘69th Birthday’, when in fact he was 68 in 1877. It was arranged in alphabetical order …
- … from A. A. van Bemmelen and H. J. Veth, 6 February 1877 ) Dutch correspondents …
- … ( Letter from C. W. Thomson, 30 June 1877 ) Much earlier, in 1861, Tiberius Cornelis …
German and Dutch photograph albums
Summary
Darwin Day 2018: To celebrate Darwin's 209th birthday, we present two lavishly produced albums of portrait photographs which Darwin received from continental admirers 141 years ago. These unusual gifts from Germany and the Netherlands are made…
Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 6 hits
- … of plants.’ ( From Friedrich Hildebrand, 18 January 1877 ). Hermann Müller enthused that Darwin’s …
- … my book’ ( To Gardeners’ Chronicle , 19 February [1877] ). In contrast, as Hooker told Darwin, …
- … gloats over it' ( From J. D. Hooker, 27 January 1877 ). Darwin was especially pleased with …
- … have quite eviscerated it’ ( To Asa Gray, 18 February [1877] ). By mid-March 1877, the edition was …
- … index a little altered’ ( To R. F. Cooke, 11 December [1877] ). These changes were necessitated by …
- … wheat that he had studied ( From A. W. Rimpau, 10 December 1877 ). By the end of February 1878, …
Capturing Darwin’s voice: audio of selected letters
Summary
On a sunny Wednesday in June 2011 in a makeshift recording studio somewhere in Cambridge, we were very pleased to welcome Terry Molloy back to the Darwin Correspondence Project for a special recording session. Terry, known for his portrayal of Davros in Dr…
Matches: 1 hits
- … tiredness of the later years (e.g. letter to E.M. Dicey, [1877] ). Working …
Language: key letters
Summary
How and why language evolved bears on larger questions about the evolution of the human species, and the relationship between man and animals. Darwin presented his views on the development of human speech from animal sounds in The Descent of Man (1871),…
Matches: 1 hits
- … Letter 11074: Sayce, A. H. to Darwin, C. R., 27 July 1877 Darwin’s study of human nature …
Diagrams and drawings in letters
Summary
Over 850 illustrations from the printed volumes of The Correspondence of Charles Darwin have been added to the online transcripts of the letters. The contents include maps, diagrams, drawings, sketches and photographs, covering geological, botanical,…
Matches: 1 hits
- … activity at the site of a Roman villa, 15 November 1877 W. T. Thiselton-Dyer's …
Have you read the one about....
Summary
... the atheistical cats, or the old fogies in Cambridge? We've suggested a few - some funny, some serious - but all letters you can read here.
Matches: 1 hits
- … ... the atheistical cats, or the old fogies in Cambridge? We've suggested a few - some funny, some …
Charles Harrison Blackley
Summary
You may not have heard of Charles Harrison Blackley (1820–1900), but if you are one of the 15 million people in the UK who suffer from hay fever, you are indebted to him. For it was he who identified pollen as the cause of the allergy. Darwin was…
Matches: 1 hits
- … grains by a dilution method. In his letter of 9 March 1877 , Darwin wrote: ‘Your calculation of …
People featured in the Dutch photograph album
Summary
List of people appearing in the photograph album Darwin received from scientific admirers in the Netherlands for his birthday on 12 February 1877. We are grateful to Hester Loeff for providing this list and for permission to make her research available.…
German poems presented to Darwin
Summary
Experiments in deepest reverence The following poems were enclosed with a photograph album sent as a birthday gift to Charles Darwin by his German and Austrian admirers (see letter from From Emil Rade, [before 16] February 1877). The poems were…
Matches: 6 hits
- … (see letter from From Emil Rade , [before 16] February 1877). The poems were composed by …
- … in Rade’s account of the making of the album (Rade 1877, pp. 39–40), but the others were published …
- … Letter from Emil Rade 1 [before 16] February 1877 2 Münster i./Westf. …
- … From Emil Rade [before 16] February 1877 2 Münster i./Westf. February 1877. …
- … this letter and the letter to Emil Rade, 16 February 1877. 3. The gift was a photograph …
- … Appendix VI. A number of other poems were included in Rade 1877. …
Darwin on race and gender
Summary
Darwin’s views on race and gender are intertwined, and mingled also with those of class. In Descent of man, he tried to explain the origin of human races, and many of the differences between the sexes, with a single theory: sexual selection. Sexual…
Matches: 1 hits
- … Treat, 5 January 1872 Letter to [E. M. Dicey?], [1877] Letter to C. A. Kennard …
Darwin in public and private
Summary
Extracts from Darwin's published works, in particular Descent of man, and selected letters, explore Darwin's views on the operation of sexual selection in humans, and both his publicly and privately expressed views on its practical implications…
Exercise: Caricatures of Science
Summary
Caricatures provide intriguing insights into both ideals and transgressions of gender. The following six images show caricatured representations of nineteenth-century men and women of science. They provide insight into the boundaries of what was deemed …
Matches: 1 hits
- … Lydia Becker (1877) Caricature of Lydia Becker from …
Movement in Plants
Summary
The power of movement in plants, published on 7 November 1880, was the final large botanical work that Darwin wrote. It was the only work in which the assistance of one of his children, Francis Darwin, is mentioned on the title page. The research for this…
Floral Dimorphism
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Floral studies In 1877 Darwin published a book that included a series of smaller studies on botanical subjects. Titled The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, it consisted primarily of…
Matches: 5 hits
- … | Experiment Floral studies In 1877 Darwin published a book that included a …
- … findings on floral dimorphism were eventually published in 1877, but these experiments and …
- … SOURCES Book Darwin, C. R. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the …
- … experiment, the class read chapter 1 of Charles Darwin’s 1877 T he Different Forms of …
- … Flowers on Plants of the Same Species (London: John Murray, 1877), 16. [2] Ibid., 30. …
1.14 William Richmond, oil
Summary
< Back to Introduction William Blake Richmond’s portrait of Darwin, dating from 1879, celebrated his honorary degree of LL.D (Doctor in Laws), awarded by Cambridge University in 1877. Darwin’s return to his alma mater for the presentation ceremony…