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List of correspondents

Summary

Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. Click on a name to see the letters Darwin exchanged with that correspondent. "A child of God" (1) Abberley,…

Matches: 24 hits

… Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. …
… (1) Agassiz, Alexander (12) Agassiz, Louis …
… (1) Berkeley, M. J. (12) Berlin (1) …
… Dareste, Camille (9) Darwin family (1) …
… Elizabeth (9) Darwin, Emma (191) …
… (1) Gaudry, Albert (12) Geach, F. F. …
… (3) Geikie, Archibald (12) Geikie, James …
… Hermenegildo (1) Gisborne, Emma (1) …
… (1) Grove, W. R. (12) Groves, Henry …
… J.-B. P. (1) Gärtner, Emma (2) …
… (3) Hooker, F. H. (12) Hooker, Hyacinth …
… (2) Judd, J. W. (12) Jukes, J. B. (9 …
… (2) Koch, Eduard (12) Koch, Heinrich …
… (3) Layton, Charles (12) Le Couteur, John …
… (1) Mackintosh, Daniel (12) Maclaren, Charles …
… (1) McLennan, J. F. (12) McNeill, Archibald …
… (1) Meehan, Thomas (12) Meitzen, August …
… Niven, James (1) Nixon, Emma (1) …
… Peel, Jonathan (5) Pender, Emma (1) …
… (9) Rolle, Friedrich (12) Rolleston, George …
… Elizabeth (11) Wedgwood, Emma (191) …
… (1) Whitley, C. T. (12) Whitney, W. D. …
… Wrigley, Alfred (8) Wuttke, Emma (1) …
… (2) Zacharias, Otto (12) Zeuschner, E. L. …

Women’s scientific participation

Summary

Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…

Matches: 22 hits

… | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a …
… community. Here is a selection of letters exchanged between Darwin and his workforce of women …
… Women: Letter 1194 - Darwin to Whitby, M. A. T., [12 August 1849] Darwin …
… peculiarities in inheritance. Letter 3787 - Darwin, H. E. to Darwin, [29 October …
… plants in her garden. Letter 4523 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [6 June 1864] …
… a trip to Egypt. Letter 7223 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., [8 June 1867 - 72] …
… Darwin's daughter, Henrietta. Letter 7179 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [5 …
… her observations on the expression of emotion in dogs with Emma Darwin. Letter 8676 …
… New Zealand. Letter 6453 - Langton, E. to Wedgwood, S. E., [9 November 1868] …
… Letter 5756 - Langton, E. & C. to Wedgwood S. E., [after 9 November 1868] Darwin …
… lakes in Pennsylvania. Letter 3681 - Wedgwood, M. S. to Darwin, [before 4 August …
… on holiday in Llandudno. Letter 4823 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, H. E., [May 1865] …
… any way he can. Letter 8144 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., [5 January 1872] …
… of hillside worm casting ridges. Letter 8169 - Wedgwood, L. to Darwin, [20 January, …
… Wedgwood, S. E. & J. to Darwin, [10 November 1837] Emma ’s sister, Sarah, passes on …
… Letter 10390 - Herrick, S. M. B . to Darwin, [12 February 1876] Sophia Herrick …
… E. to Darwin, W. E., [January 23rd 1887]: Emma Darwin tells her eldest son, William, …
… E. to Darwin, W. E. , (March, 1862 - DAR 219.1:49) Emma Darwin updates her son, William, …
… future. Letter 4038 - Darwin to Lyell, C., [12 -13 March 1863] Darwin …
… Letter 7858 - Darwin to Wa llace, A. R., [12 July 1871] Darwin tells Wallace that …
… is a great critic”, thought the article worth reprinting, Emma was less convinced. Letter …
… Letter 3316 - Darwin to Nevill, D. F., [12 November 1861] Darwin requests the …

1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait

Summary

< Back to Introduction Few likenesses of Darwin in his youth survive, although more may once have existed. In a letter of 1873 an old Shrewsbury friend, Arthur Mostyn Owen, offered to send Darwin a watercolour sketch of him, painted many years…

Matches: 19 hits

… < Back to Introduction Few likenesses of Darwin in his youth survive, although more …
… old Shrewsbury friend, Arthur Mostyn Owen, offered to send Darwin a watercolour sketch of him, …
… is unknown. Thus the surviving portraits of Darwin as a young man – other than cartoon …
… House, celebrated his marriage in January 1839 to his cousin Emma Wedgwood; the one of Darwin is …
… work can be gauged from a letter which Hooker wrote to Darwin some years later, complaining, with …
… But despite this tendency to prettify, Richmond registered Darwin’s receding hairline, and the …
… theories. As early as February 1839, Elizabeth Wedgwood had written to her sister Emma : ‘My …
… Italy – or would a portrait by Holmes be preferable?’ Emma in response promised, ‘I will go and get …
… not return from Italy until August or September 1839. Josiah Wedgwood himself wrote to his daughter …
… portraits dating from 1840 which is now at Down House had a Darwin family provenance. After Susan …
… arranging ‘to send you Richmond’s pictures of self and Emma ’: ‘self’ presumably means Charles, and …
… and from this he established the dates of various Darwin family commissions. In 1840 there were …
… Erasmus was entered separately at £31 10 s .) and ‘Mrs. Darwin’, and this must be the Down House …
… of twelve guineas for a second portrait of ‘Mrs Charles Darwin’ followed in 1842. Perhaps this …
… in format and composition to the documented 1840 portrait of Darwin is also at Down House …
… lent Richmond’s watercolour drawings of Charles and Emma , with a note that the one of Charles had an …
… – the only one she knew about – to 1840. However, in Emma Darwin: A Century of Family Letters …
… Murray, 1887), vol. 3, p. 371. Henrietta Litchfield (ed.), Emma Darwin: A Century of Family …
… University Press, 1933), frontispiece. Barbara and Hensleigh Wedgwood, The Wedgwood Circle 1730 …

Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year

Summary

The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…

Matches: 25 hits

… 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working …
… dispute over an anonymous review that attacked the work of Darwin’s son George dominated the second …
… and traveller Alexander von Humboldt’s 105th birthday, Darwin obliged with a reflection on his debt …
… ). The death of a Cambridge friend, Albert Way, caused Darwin’s cousin, William Darwin Fox, to …
… from W. D. Fox, 8 May [1874] ). Such reminiscences led Darwin to the self-assessment, ‘as for one …
… I feel very old & helpless The year started for Darwin with a week’s visit to …
… Andrew Clark, whom he had been consulting since August 1873. Darwin had originally thought that …
… ( letter to B. J. Sulivan, 6 January [1874] ). Darwin mentioned his poor health so frequently in …
… 1874 ). Séances, psychics, and sceptics Darwin excused himself for reasons of …
… by George Henry Lewes and Marian Evans (George Eliot), but Darwin excused himself, finding it too …
… the month, another Williams séance was held at the home of Darwin’s cousin Hensleigh Wedgwood. Those …
… (letters from George Cupples, 21 February 1874 and 12 March 1874 ); the material was …
… the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii; letters from T. N. Staley, 12 February 1874 and 20 February 1874 …
… was published in November 1874 ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 November 1874 ). Though containing …
… print runs would be very good ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 November 1874 ). Darwin's …
… Review & in the same type’ ( letter from John Murray, 12 August 1874 ). George’s letter …
… satisfaction. Assisted in the wording by his wife, Emma , and daughter Henrietta, he finally wrote a …
… a comfortable cabin ( see letter from Leonard Darwin to Emma Darwin, [after 26 June -- 28 September …
… to become Darwin’s secretary. They rented Down Lodge and Emma Darwin wrote, ‘They have . . . made …
… the average in prettiness & snugness’ ( letter from Emma Darwin to J. B. Innes, 12 October …
… letter to Down School Board, [after 29 November 1873] ). Emma saw a ‘great blessing’ in the rumour …
… dead uncle’s position of vicar of Deptford ( letter from Emma Darwin to J. B. Innes, 12 October …
… mechanism that Darwin agreed with ( letter to F. J. Cohn, 12 October 1874 ). Darwin’s American …
… bank with enormous tips to his ears ( letter from Asa Gray, 12 May 1874 ). The Manchester …
… excellent, & as clear as light’ ( letter to John Tyndall, 12 August [1874] ). Hooker …

Henrietta Darwin's diary

Summary

Darwin's daughter Henrietta kept a diary for a few momentous weeks in 1871. This was the year in which Descent of Man, the most controversial of her father's books after Origin itself, appeared, a book which she had helped him write. The small…

Matches: 10 hits

… Charles Darwin’s daughter Henrietta wrote the following journal entries in March and …
… 1871 in a small lockable, leather-bound notebook now in the Darwin Archive of Cambridge University …
… excised within it, presumably by Henrietta herself. Darwin’s letters in 1870 and 1871 ( …
… scepticism; many of her arguments are reminiscent of Darwin’s own discussion of religious belief in …
… on a discussion with her cousin, Frances Julia (Snow) Wedgwood, about religion and free will in …
… written one of Descent (see letter from Charles and Emma Darwin to F. J. Wedgwood, [March 1871?] …
… period of their courtship. We are grateful to William Darwin for permission to publish the …
… my telegram & I feared so to find from G. Lushingtons. 12 I think he must care—it can …
… 6 Laura May Forster . 7 Frances Julia Wedgwood (Snow) and George Eliot. The …
… parable of the talents see Matt. 25: 14–30. 12 Godfrey Lushington and Beatrice Ann …

Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small

Summary

In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…

Matches: 26 hits

… In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous …
… for scientific colleagues or their widows facing hardship. Darwin had suffered from poor health …
… of his scientific friends quickly organised a campaign for Darwin to have greater public recognition …
… Botanical observation and experiment had long been Darwin’s greatest scientific pleasure. The year …
… to Fritz Müller, 4 January 1882 ). These were topics that Darwin had been investigating for years, …
… working at the effects of Carbonate of Ammonia on roots,’ Darwin wrote, ‘the chief result being that …
… for some hours in a weak solution of C. of Ammonia’. Darwin’s interest in root response and the …
… London on 6 and 16 March, respectively. In January, Darwin corresponded with George John …
… letter from Arthur de Souza Corrêa, 28 December 1881 ). Darwin had a long-running interest in such …
… experiments had been conducted to lend support to Darwin’s theory of pangenesis (see …
… H. Gilbert, 9 January 1882, and letter to J. H. Gilbert, 12 January 1882 ). In Earthworms , …
… 20 March [1882] ; see also letter from T. L Brunton, 12 February 1882 , and letter to T. L. …
… and was no longer able to take his daily strolls (Henrietta Emma Litchfield, ‘Charles Darwin’s death …
… E. Litchfield to G. H. Darwin, 17 March 1882 (DAR 245: 319)) Emma wrote ten days later: ‘You will …
… been a good deal plagued with dull aching in the chest’ (Emma Darwin to G. H. Darwin, [ c . 28 …
… benefit & he escaped pain entirely yesterday’ (letter from Emma Darwin to G. H. Darwin, 6 April …
… wrote to George, who had visited Down on 11 April (Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). ‘Father was taken …
… H. Darwin, [19 April 1882] (DAR 245: 320)). It was left to Emma to convey the sorrowful news to his …
… which I hope were never very violent’ ( letter from Emma Darwin to J. D. Hooker, [20 April 1882 …
… were not wanting to tell me how you felt for me— Hope [Wedgwood] expresses a feeling that I should …
… & it is a consolation to me to think that the last 10 or 12 years were the happiest (owing to …
… they were the most overflowing in tenderness’ (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, 10 May 1882 …
… was eagerly awaited by his family, including his cousin Emma Wedgwood. In long letters to her sister …
… plied him with questions without any mercy’ ( letter from Emma Wedgwood to F. E. E. Wedgwood, [28 …
… ’ ( Correspondence vol. 17, letter from F. M. Malven, 12 February [1869] ). An extract from …
… the same class with his’ ( letter to F. M. Malven, [after 12 February 1869] ). Accompanying this …

Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings

Summary

‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…

Matches: 25 hits

… Editions Plants always held an important place in Darwin’s theorising about species, and …
… his periods of severe illness. Yet on 15 January 1875 , Darwin confessed to his close friend …
… way to continuous writing and revision, activities that Darwin found less gratifying: ‘I am slaving …
… bad.’ The process was compounded by the fact that Darwin was also revising another manuscript …
… coloured stamens.’ At intervals during the year, Darwin was diverted from the onerous task of …
… zoologist St George Jackson Mivart. In April and early May, Darwin was occupied with a heated …
… than insectivorous plants. As he confessed to Hooker on 12 December , ‘I have not felt so angry …
… chapter of the controversy involved a slanderous attack upon Darwin’s son George, in an anonymous …
… from his family, he sent a curt note to Mivart on 12 January , breaking off all future …
… Society of London, and a secretary of the Linnean Society, Darwin’s friends had to find ways of …
… pp. 16–17). ‘How grandly you have defended me’, Darwin wrote on 6 January , ‘You have also …
… in public. ‘Without cutting him direct’, he advised Darwin on 7 January , ‘I should avoid him, …
… & again’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 16 January 1875 ). Darwin had also considered taking up …
… , ‘I feel now like a pure forgiving Christian!’ Darwin’s ire was not fully spent, however, …
… in the same Quarterly article that attacked George. Darwin raised the matter at the end of the …
… to rest, another controversy was brewing. In December 1874, Darwin had been asked to sign a memorial …
… of philanthropists that included Hensleigh and Frances Wedgwood. She had corresponded with Darwin …
… could not sign the paper sent me by Miss Cobbe.’ Darwin found Cobbe’s memorial inflammatory …
… of a bill that was presented to the House of Commons on 12 May, one week after a rival bill based on …
… George Sketchley Ffinden resurfaced. In 1873, Charles and Emma Darwin and the Lubbocks had sought …
… and the Darwins did not warm thereafter. On 24 December , Emma wrote triumphantly to the former …
… The author, Fritz Schultze, contacted Darwin himself on 12 June , describing the aims of his book …
… the upper ranks of society could be especially taxing. As Emma remarked in a letter to William on 1 …
… Henry Eeles Dresser. ‘The horror was great’, Henrietta Emma Litchfield wrote to her brother Leonard …
… scientific Socy. has done in my time,’ he told Hooker on 12 December . ‘I wish that I knew what …

Darwin in letters, 1880: Sensitivity and worms

Summary

‘My heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old Shrewsbury friend Henry Johnson on 14 November 1880. Darwin became fully devoted to earthworms in the spring of the year, just after finishing the manuscript of…

Matches: 21 hits

… heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old …
… to adapt to varying conditions. The implications of Darwin’s work for the boundary between animals …
… studies of animal instincts by George John Romanes drew upon Darwin’s early observations of infants, …
… of evolution and creation. Many letters flowed between Darwin and his children, as he took delight …
… Financial support for science was a recurring issue, as Darwin tried to secure a Civil List pension …
… with Samuel Butler, prompted by the publication of Erasmus Darwin the previous year. …
… Charles Harrison Tindal, sent a cache of letters from two of Darwin’s grandfather’s clerical friends …
… divines to see a pig’s body opened is very amusing’, Darwin replied, ‘& that about my …
… registry offices, and produced a twenty-page history of the Darwin family reaching back to the …
… the world’ ( letter from J. L. Chester, 3 March 1880 ). Darwin’s sons George and Leonard also …
… and conciliate a few whose ancestors had not featured in Darwin’s Life . ‘In an endeavour to …
… could laugh’ ( letter from W. E. Darwin to Charles and Emma Darwin, 22 July 1880 ). Sales …
… Butler, 3 January 1880 ). At the top of Butler’s letter, Emma Darwin wrote: ‘it means war we think’ …
… leading journalist was sought. Leslie Stephen’s reply on 12 January [1881] echoed that of Huxley …
… my excitement’ ( letter from Horace Darwin to Emma Darwin, [18 September 1880] ). Darwin’s …
… We find that the light frightens them’ ( letter to Sophy Wedgwood, 8 October [1880] ). The …
… with diverse backgrounds and interests. In February, a 12 -year-old boy asked politely, ‘What causes …
… October 1880 ). The president of the society explained to Emma that the members of the union wished …
… …“Come of Age”‘ ( letter from W. C. Williamson to Emma Darwin, 2 September 1880 ). In April, …
… year was marked by the loss of several close family members. Emma ’s brother Josiah Wedgwood III died …
… Surrey, which became a regular destination for Charles and Emma , and also a site of scientific …

Darwin’s observations on his children

Summary

Charles Darwin’s observations on the development of his children, began the research that culminated in his book The Expression of the emotions in man and animals, published in 1872, and his article ‘A biographical sketch of an infant’, published in Mind…

Matches: 27 hits

… Charles Darwin’s observations on the development of his children,[1] began the …
… is available below . As with much of his other work, Darwin gathered additional information on the …
… lunatics, the blind, and animals. And as early as 1839 Darwin had begun to collect information on …
… the expression of emotions. As the following transcript of Darwin’s notes reveals, he closely …
… William Erasmus, the stages of his development suggesting to Darwin those expressions which are …
… The tone of the manuscript reflects an aspect of Darwin’s character clearly perceived by Emma during …
… “What does that prove”.’[6] For in these notes, Darwin’s deep scientific curiosity transcends his …
… period but in far less detail. By September 1844, Henrietta Emma was one year old, and there are a …
… 1850; and Horace, born 18 May 1851. It appears to have been Emma who resumed the observations on the …
… the notebook and, with the exception of two brief entries by Emma , made all the notes until July …
… certainly during first fortnight at sudden sounds. & at Emma ’s moving 3 [11] When …
… without a corresponding sensation. D r . Holland[12 ] informs me children do not learn …
… & inwards as in sleep.[14] Six weeks old & 3 days, Emma saw him smile—not only with …
… his eyes becoming fixed & the movements of his arms ceasing. Emma argues that his smiles were …
… made in the little noises he was uttering that he recognized Emma by sight when she came close to …
… been caused by the novelty of the situation producing fear. Emma thinks that when he was vaccinated …
… each scream approaches it.— 8 Between 11 & 12 weeks old in smiling. I observe he …
… present when screaming from pain When one day under 12 weeks took hold of Catherines[20] …
… the first time he used his right hand, was observed 12 weeks & one day whilst violently …
… it is easy to see, are those of inspiration.— 12 April 20 th .— Took my finger to his …
… whole expression appearing pleased.— Recognizes Emma Anne & myself perfectly— does not find …
… April 4 14wks & 1 day. 11 – 12 May 16 …
… was called.— 29 th . Cried at the sight of Allen Wedgwood[32] Is able to catch hold of a …
… Lady” were repeated.— 26 th . Cried, when Emma left off playing the pianoforte.— Did this …
… Anny says Papa pretty clearly—[40] A few days ago Emma gave her doll, but she sensibly shuddered, …
… to play with in farther part of room, she immediately led Emma by the hand towards the tea-chest. I …
… [6] Correspondence vol. 2, letter from Emma Wedgwood, [23 January 1839] . [7] …

Natural Science and Femininity

Summary

Discussion Questions|Letters A conflation of masculine intellect and feminine thoughts, habits and feelings, male naturalists like Darwin inhabited an uncertain gendered identity. Working from the private domestic comfort of their homes and exercising…

Matches: 10 hits

… thoughts, habits and feelings, male naturalists like Darwin inhabited an uncertain gendered identity …
… feminine powers of feeling and aesthetic appreciation, Darwin and his male colleagues struggled to …
… Letters Letter 109 - Wedgwood, J. to Darwin, R. W., [31 August 1831] Darwin …
… professional work on his return. Letter 158 - Darwin to Darwin, R. W., [8 & 26 …
… and taking in the aesthetic beauty of the world around him. Darwin describes the “striking” colour …
… made up of meals, family time and walks into town with Emma . Letter 555 - Darwin to …
… an Infant ’. Letter 2781 - Doubleday, H. to Darwin, [3 May 1860] Doubleday …
… borders of his garden. Letter 2864 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., [12 July 1860] …
… saw anything so beautiful”. Letter 4230 - Darwin to Gardeners’ Chronicle, [2 July 1863] …
… in his home. Letter 6453 - Langton, E. to Wedgwood, S. E., [9 November 1868] …

Darwin’s queries on expression

Summary

When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect observations more widely and composed a list of queries on human expression. A number of handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller…

Matches: 24 hits

… When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect …
… ease of distribution sometime in late 1867 or early 1868. Darwin went over his questions, refining …
… was the collection of observations on a global scale. Darwin was especially interested in peoples …
… cultural and conventional, or instinctive and universal. Darwin used his existing correspondence …
… and with the mouth a little drawn back at the corners?” Darwin’s questionnaire was an extension of …
… was also carefully devised so as to prevent the feelings of Darwin’s remote observers from colouring …
… and not the susceptibilities of a moral nature.” Darwin did not typically countenance such …
… the collection of information to its display in print. After Darwin received all of the replies to …
… except “yes” or “no.” “The same state of mind” Darwin would later assert in Expression of the …
… uniformity.” Table of Correspondence about Darwin’s Questionnaire (click on the letter …
… could available online ahead of schedule as part of the “Darwin and Human Nature” project, funded by …
… Southampton, England letter to W.E. Darwin shrugging/pouting of …
… blushing Darwin, Francis 20 June 1867 …
… Bartlett and S. Sutton Darwin, Francis …
… pouting Darwin, W.E. [after 29 March 1868] …
… blushing in blind students Darwin, W.E. [7 …
… blushing Darwin, W.E. [22? April 1868] …
… Haast, J.F.J. von 12 May - 2 June 1867 Christchurch, …
… Hagenauer, F.A. [12 Sept 1867] Lake Wellington, …
… Abbey Place, London, England letter to Emma Darwin baby expression …
… Penmaenmawr, Conway, Wales letter to Emma Darwin infant daughter …
… astonishment Wedgwood, F.J. [1867-72] …
… Wedgwood, Sarah E to ED [30 March-12 April 1868] …
… Wilson, Samuel 12 Nov 1867 Longerenong, Wimmera, …

Darwin's health

Summary

On 28 March 1849, ten years before Origin was published, Darwin wrote to his good friend Joseph Hooker from Great Malvern in Worcestershire, where Dr James Manby Gully ran a fashionable water-cure establishment. Darwin apologised for his delayed reply to…

Matches: 24 hits

… March 1849, ten years before Origin was published, Darwin wrote to his good friend Joseph Hooker …
… Manby Gully ran a fashionable water-cure establishment. Darwin apologised for his delayed reply to …
… See the letter At various periods in his life Darwin suffered from gastrointestinal …
… fatigue, trembling, faintness, and dizziness. In 1849, Darwin’s symptoms became so severe that he …
… for three months while he took Dr Gully’s water cure. In Darwin’s letter to Hooker, he described Dr …
… See the letter After returning from Malvern, Darwin continued his hydropathic …
… 1863. In a letter to Hooker in April of 1861, for example, Darwin used his delicate physiology to …
… Edward Wickstead Lane, and at Ilkley with Dr Edmund Smith, Darwin sought advice from his consulting …
… of a fashionable spinal ice treatment. In April 1864, Darwin attributed his improved health to Dr …
… Rolfe, 10 November [1858] , and Correspondence vol. 12 , letter to F. T. Buckland, 15 …
… troubles, see Correspondence vol. 2, letter to Caroline Wedgwood, [May 1838] , and letter to …
… 1864, he was sick almost daily (see Correspondence vol. 12 , letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox …
… [20-] 22 February [1864] ( Correspondence vol. 12 ), Darwin remarked that his vomiting usually …
… 38, 47, 64). Fainting and ‘rocking’ had been recorded in Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242) on several …
… sensations’ has been found. On Darwin’s reliance on Emma Darwin’s companionship and care see, for …
… Hooker, 1 June [1865] and 27 [or 28 September 1865] . Emma or another member of the household …
… , and Correspondence vol. 2, letter to Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood, [28 August 1837] ). His …
… feel a little alive’. See also Correspondence vol. 12 , letter from Emma Darwin to J. D. Hooker, …
… (see Correspondence vol. 4, letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 October 1849 , and Colp 1977, pp. 43-6 …
… October 1863 (see Correspondence vol. 11, letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox, 8 December …
… nitrate, mineral acids and alkalies (see Colp 1977, pp. 12 , 22, 37, 45-6, 65, 76, 78-80). Most …
… peltatum (May apple) (see Correspondence vol. 12 ). A book of prescriptions used by the Darwin …
… of chalk, magnesia, and other antacids in March 1864 (see Emma Darwin’s diary, DAR 242, and n. 8, …
… had checked his chronic vomiting ( Correspondence vol. 12 , letter to J. D. Hooker, 13 April …

Darwin in letters, 1872: Job done?

Summary

'My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, 'is so nearly closed. . . What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’, and the tenor of his correspondence throughout the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye…

Matches: 28 hits

… ‘My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, ‘is so nearly closed. . . What little …
… of On the origin of species , intended to be Darwin’s last, and of Expression of the …
… books brought a strong if deceptive sense of a job now done: Darwin intended, he declared to Alfred …
… 27 July [1872] ). By the end of the year Darwin was immersed in two of the studies that …
… of books and papers, and the latter formed the subject of Darwin’s last book, The formation of …
… worms , published in the year before his death. Despite Darwin’s declared intention to take up new …
… begun many years before. In his private life also, Darwin was in a nostalgic frame of mind, …
… The last word on Origin The year opened with Darwin, helped by his eldest son William, …
… on 30 January , shortly after correcting the proofs, and Darwin’s concern for the consolidation of …
… and sixth editions were costly to incorporate, and despite Darwin’s best efforts, set the final …
… to bring out the new edition in the United States, Darwin arranged with Murray to have it …
… had to be reset. The investment in stereotype reinforced Darwin’s intention to make no further …
… A worsening breach The criticisms against which Darwin had taken the greatest trouble to …
… objections to the theory of natural selection’, Darwin refuted point by point assertions published …
… Although Mivart was among those who wrote in January to wish Darwin a happy new year, before the …
… critical and anonymously published review of Descent . Darwin’s supporters had rallied to his …
… The republication of Wright’s paper had been arranged by Darwin himself (see Correspondence vol. …
… so bigotted a person as I am made to appear’, complained Darwin ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 5 …
… that he would willingly acknowledge himself at fault if only Darwin would renounce `fundamental …
… letter to St G. J. Mivart, 8 January [1872] ). Despite Darwin’s request that he drop the …
… ( letter from St G. J. Mivart, 10 January 1872 ). Darwin, determined to have the last word in …
… 11 January [1872] ). 'I hate controversy,’ Darwin wrote later in the year, possibly with this …
… ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 3 August [1872] ). Darwin's theories under siege …
… sexual selection in human evolution, continued to trouble Darwin. ‘At present natural selection is …
… about the level of support for his theories abroad and Darwin, directing operations from the safe …
… turn into an old honest Tory’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 July [1872] ). Darwin and …
… to contain wormcasts from India. Darwin’s niece Lucy Wedgwood, who had started her observations the …
… out such a litany of ill health to one correspondent that Emma protested: `My wife commands me to …

Religion

Summary

Design|Personal Belief|Beauty|The Church Perhaps the most notorious realm of controversy over evolution in Darwin's day was religion. The same can be said of the evolution controversy today; however the nature of the disputes and the manner in…

Matches: 13 hits

… the most notorious realm of controversy over evolution in Darwin's day was religion. The same …
… nineteenth century were different in important ways. Many of Darwin's leading supporters were …
… their religious beliefs with evolutionary theory. Darwin's own writing, both in print and …
… much as possible. A number of correspondents tried to draw Darwin out on his own religious views, …
… political contexts. Design Darwin was not the first to challenge …
… on the controversial topic of design. The first is between Darwin and Harvard botanist Asa Gray, …
… second is a single letter from naturalist A. R. Wallace to Darwin on design and natural selection. …
… of each fragment at the base of my precipice”. Darwin and Wallace Letter 5140 …
… members of his own family. Letter 441 — Wedgwood, Emma to Darwin, C. R., [21–22 Nov …
… conscientious doubts”. Letter 471 — Darwin, Emma to Darwin, C. R., [c. Feb 1839] …
… Letter 5648 — Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., 12–13 Oct [1867] Darwin thinks naturalist A. R …
… Letter 297 — Darwin, S. E. to Darwin, C. R., 12 Feb 1836 Darwin’s sister Sarah E. Darwin …
… Letter 6501 — Innes, J. B. to Darwin, C. R., 12 Dec 1868 J. B. Innes, vicar of Down is …

Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life

Summary

1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…

Matches: 21 hits

… The year 1876 started out sedately enough with Darwin working on the first draft of his book on the …
… life in Down House measured by the ongoing tally of his and Emma ’s backgammon games. ‘I have won, …
… regarding the ailments that were so much a feature of Darwin family life. But the calm was not to …
… four days later. ‘I cannot bear to think of the future’, Darwin confessed to William on 11 …
… once, the labour of checking proofs proved a blessing, as Darwin sought solace for the loss of his …
… and his baby son Bernard now part of the household, and Darwin recasting his work on dimorphic and …
… had involved much time and effort the previous year, and Darwin clearly wanted to focus his …
… When Smith, Elder and Company proposed reissuing two of Darwin’s three volumes of the geology of …
… single-volume edition titled Geological observations , Darwin resisted making any revisions at …
… silly to deserve an answer’ ( letter from S. B. Herrick, 12 February 1876 ). Others questioned …
… was never far away in the Darwin family. In April, while Emma was suffering from a feverish cold, …
… In the same month, Darwin heard that his sister Caroline Wedgwood continued to languish in …
… associated with a happy event. On 7 September, Charles and Emma became grandparents for the first …
… have heart to go on again . . . I cannot conceive Emma and Charles exhibited a practical …
… August to be with her daughter at the time of the birth, and Emma was unimpressed by her. ‘The more …
… word she says’, she confided to Henrietta (letter from Emma Darwin to H. E. Litchfield, [31 August …
… ability to console Francis after Amy’s death gained Emma ’s respect. ‘She is always able to speak’, …
… of Darwin’s recently completed autobiography (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, [13 September …
… & his wife (very pleasing) & a Prof. Romer came to lunch’, Emma Darwin reported to Leonard …
… for one so poor at figures as I am’, Gray conceded on 12 November , although he could reassure …
… Darwin’s oldest son William (see Correspondence vol. 12 and the Supplement to vol. 24). By the …

Women as a scientific audience

Summary

Target audience? | Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those exchanged with his editors and publisher, reveal a lot about his intended audience. Regardless of whether or not women were deliberately targeted as a…

Matches: 9 hits

… Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those …
… a broad variety of women had access to, and engaged with, Darwin's published works. A set of …
… women a target audience? Letter 2447 - Darwin to Murray, J., [5 April 1859] …
… that his views are original and will appeal to the public. Darwin asks Murray to forward the …
… and criticisms of style. Letter 2461 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., [11 May 1859] …
… typically-male readers. Letter 7124 - Darwin to Darwin, H. E., [8 February 1870] …
… to Darwin, E., [8 November 1872] Ann Cupples asks Emma to pass on thanks to Darwin for …
… Letter 10390 - Herrick, S. M. B. to Darwin, [12 February 1876] Sophia Herrick …
… Letter 13547 - Tanner, M. H. to Darwin, [12 December 1881] Mary Tanner tells …

Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments

Summary

The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…

Matches: 19 hits

… In 1865, the chief work on Charles Darwin’s mind was the writing of The variation of animals and …
… letters on climbing plants to make another paper. Darwin also submitted a manuscript of his …
… protégé, John Scott, who was now working in India. Darwin’s transmutation theory continued to …
… Argyll, appeared in the religious weekly, Good Words . Darwin received news of an exchange of …
… Butler, and, according to Butler, the bishop of Wellington. Darwin’s theory was discussed at an …
… in the Gardeners’ Chronicle . At the end of the year, Darwin was elected an honorary member of …
… year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend of …
… in August. There was also a serious dispute between two of Darwin’s friends, John Lubbock and …
… jolly’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 January [1865] ). Darwin was ready to submit his paper on …
… a sudden illness. Falconer was 56, almost the same age as Darwin himself. Falconer had seconded …
… to accept the award in person (see Correspondence vol. 12 ). In early January Falconer had …
… in or before November 1864 ( Correspondence vol. 12 , letter to Ernst Haeckel, 21 November [1864 …
… in Müller’s name ( see letter from Fritz Müller, [12 and 31 August, and 10 October 1865] ; since …
… to find employment in India (see Correspondence vol. 12 ), sent Darwin the results of his experiments …
… to Darwin may be gathered from Darwin’s letter to him of 12 July [1865] . Huxley had evidently …
… who also caught it, rapidly succumbed to it and died on 12 August. Hooker himself contracted …
… attending school, and spent some time travelling in Europe (Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242), Emma …
… people weren’t so foolish’;. In November, Darwin and Emma visited Erasmus in London ( …
… collection of letters written by Darwin when he was 12 years old. Over half of the letters in the …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 28 hits

… In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished …
… used these notebooks extensively in dating and annotating Darwin’s letters; the full transcript …
… *128). For clarity, the transcript does not record Darwin’s alterations. The spelling and …
… book had been consulted. Those cases where it appears that Darwin made a genuine deletion have been …
… a few instances, primarily in the ‘Books Read’ sections, Darwin recorded that a work had been …
… of the books listed in the other two notebooks. Sometimes Darwin recorded that an abstract of the …
… own. Soon after beginning his first reading notebook, Darwin began to separate the scientific …
… the second reading notebook. Readers primarily interested in Darwin’s scientific reading, therefore, …
… editors’ identification of the book or article to which Darwin refers. A full list of these works is …
… read There appears to be good art. on Entozore 12 by Owen in Encyclop. of Anat. & …
… all Vols. Marshall’s Rural Economy of Yorkshire, 12 s [Marshall 1788]—— often quoted by …
… Palaces. Fourth Edition with Woodcuts. 2 vols. fcap. 8vo., 12 s . 30 [Jesse 1838] …
… Animals (Deer, Antelopes, &c.) [Jardine 1835–6] 12 . Ruminating Animals (Goats, Sheep, …
… et Culture. 4to. Avec 10 planches. Amsterdam, 1768. 12 s . 41 Bailliére [Saint-Simon] 1768] …
… 1833] (Boot) Leslie life of Constable [Leslie 1843]. (Emma ) (read) M rs Fry’s Life …
… of Vertebrate animals 54 folio Plates. Maclise 2”12 .6. [Maclise 1847] good for woodcuts. (Roy. …
… Malthus on Population [Malthus 1826] Oct 12 th W. Earle’s 60 Eastern Seas [Earl 1837]. …
… vol. 19 Mungo Parks travels [Park 1799] Feb 12 Sir H. Davy consolations in travel [H. …
… [G. Dixon ed. 1789]. Voyages skimmed. Coral Theory 12 th Dampier [Dampier 1697]. 1 st …
… references at end of Hallam [Hallam 1837–9]) Feb. 12 th Charlsworths Journal [ Magazine …
… Public Library. 3 ‘Books … Read’ is in Emma Darwin’s hand. 4 “”Traité …
… 6 The text from page [1v.] to page [6] is in Emma Darwin’s hand and was copied from Notebook C, …
… to old Aristotle.’ ( LL 3: 252). 10 Emma Darwin wrote ‘7 th ’ instead of “3 d “ …
… 12 A mistranscription for ‘Entozoa’ by Emma Darwin. See Notebook C, p. 266 ( Notebooks ). …
… wrote ‘Transact’ to replace ‘Journal’ written in Emma Darwin’s hand. 16 Emma Darwin …
… (Liebig 1851). 50 Probably Elizabeth Wedgwood. 51 This note is a …
… The text from page [1a] to half way down page [5a] is in Emma Darwin’s hand and is a copy of CD’s …
… in ink by CD. 73 This entry was written by Emma Darwin. 74 “8 … …

Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex

Summary

The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…

Matches: 25 hits

… On 6 March 1868, Darwin wrote to the entomologist and accountant John Jenner Weir, ‘If any …
… he ought to do what I am doing pester them with letters.’ Darwin was certainly true to his word. The …
… and sexual selection. In Origin , pp. 87–90, Darwin had briefly introduced the concept of …
… process. In a letter to Alfred Russel Wallace in 1864, Darwin claimed that sexual selection was ‘the …
… to the stridulation of crickets. At the same time, Darwin continued to collect material on …
… his immediate circle of friends and relations. In July 1868 Darwin was still anticipating that his …
… which was devoted to sexual selection in the animal kingdom. Darwin described his thirst for …
… in January 1868. A final delay caused by the indexing gave Darwin much vexation. ‘My book is …
… 1867 and had expected to complete it in a fortnight. But at Darwin’s request, he modified his …
… the text. This increased the amount of work substantially. Darwin asked Murray to intervene, …
… … though it would be a great loss to the Book’. But Darwin’s angry letter to Murray crossed one from …
… blank’ ( letter from W. S. Dallas, 8 January 1868 ). Darwin sympathised, replying on 14 January …
… as stone, if it were not quite mollified by your note’. Darwin enclosed a cheque to Dallas for £55 …
… and descent in the Fortnightly Review , and asked Darwin for comments. Darwin was clearly …
… ‘fast passing away’ that sparked the most discussion. Darwin wrote to Hooker on 23 February , …
… authorship. John Murray thought it was by Gray himself, but Darwin corrected him: ‘D r Gray would …
… of Science, Robertson published a rejoinder, arousing Darwin’s ire still further: ‘he is a scamp …
… all sorts of subjects In writing Variation , Darwin had been careful to acknowledge …
… great influx of unsolicited letters from persons unknown to Darwin, offering additional facts that …
… at Cambridge, George Robert Crotch, writing to his mother Emma in a letter dated [after 16 October …
… Langton wrote from the south of France to Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood on 9 Novembe r, describing …
… and received a number of reports from family members. Emma Darwin’s niece, Cicely Mary Hawkshaw, …
… old daughter Katherine ( letter from C. M. Hawkshaw to Emma Darwin, 9 February [1868] ). Darwin’s …
… other national papers, and within a few days Darwin and Emma were receiving letters of …
… defender in England, Thomas Henry Huxley, remarked on 12 September on ‘the terrible “Darwinismus …

Darwin and vivisection

Summary

Darwin played an important role in the controversy over vivisection that broke out in late 1874. Public debate was sparked when the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals brought an unsuccessful prosecution against a French physiologist who…

Matches: 19 hits

… Darwin played an important role in the controversy over vivisection that broke …
… on live animals in Britain. In December 1874, Darwin was asked to sign a memorial by the …
… draft legislation that would protect animals from suffering. Darwin was sympathetic to the cause, …
… (letter to H. E. Litchfield, 4 January [1875] ). Darwin also worried that any bill passed by a …
… to T. H. Huxley, 14 January 1875 ). In the event, Darwin became closely involved with the …
… for assistance in preparing a bill for Parliament. Darwin almost never involved himself in …
… recent research on insectivorous plants. Indeed, some of Darwin’s plant experiments, such as …
… and because it failed to mention anaesthetics. Darwin’s indebtedness and allegiance to …
… subscriber to the RSPCA, he had campaigned with his wife Emma against the use of steel traps on game …
… to put an end to any suffering before his eyes’. Darwin was clearly disturbed by the prospect …
… to E. R. Lankester, 22 March [1871] ). In the same year, Darwin had published Descent of man , …
… some animals possessed social sympathies akin to conscience. Darwin even described an animal …
… 1: 40). Vivisection was a sensitive subject within Darwin’s family. In his letter of 14 …
… of a network of reformers and philanthropists that included Darwin’s brother, Erasmus, and his …
… (men of course) or I might get one or two’ (letter from Emma Darwin to F. P. Cobbe, 14 January …
… after night, prepares and sets instruments of torture’ ( Emma Darwin (1904) 2: 201). …
… and gave it to Huxley (letter from J. S. Burdon Sanderson, 12 February 1875 ). Darwin was in …
… to Burdon Sanderson, who drafted a memorial, sending it to Darwin on 7 April (letter from J. S. …
… in Parliament. The final bill was submitted by Playfair on 12 May. The Darwin Archive …

Darwin Correspondence Project

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