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Darwin’s first love
Summary
Darwin’s long marriage to Emma Wedgwood is well documented, but was there an earlier romance in his life? How was his departure on the Beagle entangled with his first love? The answers are revealed in a series of flirtatious letters that Darwin was…
Matches: 24 hits
- … Darwin’s long marriage to Emma Wedgwood is well documented, but was there an …
- … answers are revealed in a series of flirtatious letters that Darwin was supposed to destroy. …
- … at my fury and revenge— Had nineteen-year-old Darwin followed this instruction in a …
- … Fanny Mostyn Owen, wrote a series of revealing letters to Darwin, giving glimpses into their …
- … not know whether Fanny burnt the letters she received from Darwin, but he carefully kept the letters …
- … father, William Mostyn Owen, ‘ the Governor ’. Darwin first heard about Fanny when he was an …
- … The high-spirited, fun-loving Fanny, two years older than Darwin, clearly established the terms of …
- … her love of the dramatic, and most of all her inclusion of Darwin in a make-believe private world, …
- … Forest that shaped the relationship she developed with Darwin. The characters include Peter, a …
- … creditors) to a ruined abbey in a forest. In Fanny’s first letter, and in many others she wrote to …
- … First and last pages of the letter from Fanny Owen, [late January 1828] (DAR …
- … Penny Post (1840), envelopes were rarely used. Instead, the letter was folded and held shut with …
- … her older sister, Sarah, were visiting Brighton in January 1828 and attending balls and parties …
- … awfully dull and prosy ’. She closed her letter with instructions to ‘ burn this, or if it …
- … ) Fanny’s thanks came in a characteristic letter. Apologies for not writing sooner, were …
- … in the Play House — We went six inside the family Van, your two sisters, M rs . Parker …
- … mania go on, are you as constant as ever ?’ In this letter, the postilion and housemaid are …
- … ‘ la belle Fanny ’. Letter from Fanny Owen, 27 January [1830] (DAR …
- … Darwin that she would remember him. Responding to a recent letter he had written in a ‘ Blue …
- … there was not to be an end of them!! In her last letter before the Beagle sailed, she …
- … Little wonder that Darwin felt bereft when he learned in a letter from his sister Catherine, …
- … once, and Biddulph had to prove himself to the Mostyn Owen family, having had a flirtation with …
- … The first and last pages of Fanny Owen’s letter of 1 March 1832 (DAR 204:55), in which Fanny …
- … so very engaging and delightful about her.— ’ In the letter accompanying his book in 1872, Darwin …
Darwin in letters, 1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage
Summary
Darwin's first known letters were written when he was twelve. They continue through school-days at Shrewsbury, two years as a medical student at Edinburgh University, the undergraduate years at Cambridge, and the of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle.…
Matches: 21 hits
- … Darwin's first known letters were written when he was twelve. They continue …
- … in Correspondence vol. 13, Supplement), no letters by Darwin are known before October 1825, but …
- … from his sisters reveal much about life at The Mount, the family home in Shrewsbury, and of the role …
- … observation, illuminate the close friendship between their family and the Darwins and the …
- … of the 1820s and 1830s. The letters from William Darwin Fox, Frederick William Hope, and …
- … organisations and publications. The letters written to Darwin during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle …
- … Science. Early years In the earliest letters Darwin was already keenly interested in …
- … Cambridge University Library, indicate that Robert Waring Darwin gave his own copy to his son in …
- … When himself a medical student at Edinburgh University, Darwin devoted much of his time to natural …
- … beetles. Fox also introduced him to John Stevens Henslow and Darwin was a regular presence at the …
- … the professor of botany. And it was Henslow who, encouraging Darwin to broaden his scientific …
- … fellows your friends at Barmouth must be’ ( see letter to J. M. Herbert, [13 September 1828] ). …
- … arose because of Henslow’s recognition of the abilities Darwin had displayed during his years at …
- … reasonably answered. During the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Darwin’s letters convey the excitement …
- … life of scientific enquiry. Coupled with this commitment was Darwin’s growing recognition of his …
- … in 1839. London scientific society When Darwin returned to England in October 1836 it …
- … following years that testify to the wealth and quality of Darwin’s collections and observations. But …
- … passed by systematists on some of his specimens that Darwin became a committed transmutationist a …
- … on organising his notes on the birds he had collected. Then, Darwin wrote of the Galápagos mocking …
- … the stability of species awaited further consideration. As Darwin was able properly to consider the …
- … conviction that species were mutable. By the spring of 1837 Darwin was a transmutationist and had …
Darwin’s reading notebooks
Summary
In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…
Matches: 28 hits
- … In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished …
- … used these notebooks extensively in dating and annotating Darwin’s letters; the full transcript …
- … *128). For clarity, the transcript does not record Darwin’s alterations. The spelling and …
- … book had been consulted. Those cases where it appears that Darwin made a genuine deletion have been …
- … a few instances, primarily in the ‘Books Read’ sections, Darwin recorded that a work had been …
- … of the books listed in the other two notebooks. Sometimes Darwin recorded that an abstract of the …
- … own. Soon after beginning his first reading notebook, Darwin began to separate the scientific …
- … has pub. German pamphlet on crossing oats &c [Wiegmann 1828] Horticultural Transact 15 …
- … [Winch 1819] M. Girou de Buzareingues on generation. 1828 [Girou de Buzareingues 1828a]. …
- … [Reimarius 1760] The Highlands & Western Isl ds letter to Sir W Scott [MacCulloch 1824 …
- … 30 [Jesse 1838] Salmonia— Sir. H Davy [H. Davy 1828] 31 An analysis of …
- … [J. L. Scott 1841] Lockarts Life of Burns [Lockhart 1828] Seguir. Russian Expedition …
- … de la fôret de Bialowcka. Varsovie 1826 [Brincken 1828] quoted by Weissenborn on Aurochs …
- … 1839]— Meckel’s Anatomy. French Translat. [Meckel 1828–38] in Royal Soc D r . Holland says …
- … 1834–40]: In Portfolio of “abstracts” 34 —letter from Skuckard of books on Silk Worm …
- … 1840] (read) 37 Sweet has written Book on family of Geranium [Sweet 1820–30] (var s …
- … M rs Fry’s Life [Fry 1847] Horace Walpoles letter to C t . of Ossory [Walpole 1848] …
- … Napiers Hist. of Peninsular War [W. F. P. Napier 1828–40] Campbell’s Chief Justices [J. …
- … Asiatic Society ]—contains very little Macleay’s letter to D r Fleming [Macleay 1830] …
- … [Coleridge 1835]. Campbell’s Poems [T. Campbell 1828]. Some of Shellys Poems [Shelley …
- … Memorials of [Ray 1846] —— 10 th The Falcon Family [Savage] 1845] 27 th Keppells …
- … [Heer 1854].— Hooker has it.— Very important Hookers letter Jan. 1859 Yules Ava [Yule 1858] …
- … of the material from these portfolios is in DAR 205, the letter from William Edward Shuckard to …
- … ( Notebooks , pp. 319–28). 55 The letter was addressed to Nicholas Aylward Vigors …
- … pencil. The nutcracker is a bird ( Nucifraga ) of the crow family. 106 CD marked …
- … The Wabash; or, adventures of an Englishman’s family in the interior of America. 2 vols. …
- … London. 119: 13b ——. 1843a. The home; or, family cares and family joys . Translated …
- … 119: 22b [——]. 1849. The Caxtons. A family picture . 3 vols. Edinburgh and London. 128 …
Books on the Beagle
Summary
The Beagle was a sort of floating library. Find out what Darwin and his shipmates read here.
Matches: 26 hits
- … Captain FitzRoy in the Narrative (2: 18). CD, in his letter to Henslow, 9 [September 1831] , …
- … . . . There will be plenty of room for Books.’ (Letter from Robert FitzRoy, 23 September 1831 …
- … the ‘immense stock’ which CD mentions may be had from a letter FitzRoy wrote to his sister during an …
- … from the unpublished zoological and geological notes in the Darwin Archive (DAR 29–38), a brief …
- … is of four kinds: There are volumes now in the Darwin Library in Cambridge that contain …
- … as he wrote. A few books are mentioned in letters from the family as having been sent to CD (e.g., …
- … notes made by CD during the voyage. They are in the Darwin Archive in the Cambridge University …
- … and symbols are used: DAR — Darwin Archive CUL — Cambridge University …
- … on board the Beagle § — mentioned in a letter or other source as being on board …
- … , conveys the following information: CD’s copy, now in Darwin Libary–CUL, was used on board. The …
- … 1 of volume 32 of CD’s geological diary (DAR 32.1) in the Darwin Archive. The copy in the Darwin …
- … . 2 vols. Strasbourg, 1819. (Inscription in vol. 1: ‘C. Darwin HMS Beagle’; DAR 32.1: 61). Darwin …
- … 26, 27, 28 . London, 1831. (DAR 31.1: 276v.; 33: 253v.). Darwin Library–CUL, 1832 Philadelphia …
- … Zoologie . Paris, 1816–30. (DAR 30.1: 6, 12v.). Darwin Library–CUL. § Blainville, Henri …
- … Naturelle 3 (1834): 84–115. (DAR 37.1: 677v.; letter to J. S. Henslow, 12 July 1835). * …
- … d’histoire naturelle . 17 vols. Paris, 1822–31. (Letter from J. S. Henslow, 15–21 January [1833]). …
- … a report of the proceedings . . . Cambridge, 1833. (Letter to Charles Whitley, 23 July 1834). …
- … of the 2d meeting . . . Oxford, 1832 . London, 1833. (Letter to J. S. Henslow, March 1834 and …
- … also Hawkesworth, John). (DAR 32.2: 89v.; Robert FitzRoy’s letter to the South African Christian …
- … residence in New Zealand in 1827 . . . London, 1832. (Letter to Caroline Darwin, 27 December 1835). …
- … 33: 254). § Euclid. Elements of geometry. (Letter to J. S. Henslow, 30 October 1831). …
- … The philosophy of zoology . . . 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1822. (Letter from Susan Darwin, 15 October …
- … Manuel d’ornithologie. 2 vols. Paris, 1828. (DAR 30.2: 182v., 184). Darwin Library–Down. * …
- … researches and illustrations. Vol. 1, Pt 1. Cork, 1828–30. (DAR 30.2: 133v.). Turnbull, …
- … of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean, in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H.M. Sloop …
- … of Ansichten der Natur , 2d ed., 1826. 2 vols. Paris, 1828. (Letter to Catherine Darwin, 5 July …
Robert FitzRoy
Summary
Robert FitzRoy was captain of HMS Beagle when Darwin was aboard. From 1831 to 1836 the two men lived in the closest proximity, their relationship revealed by the letters they exchanged while Darwin left the ship to explore the countries visited during the…
Matches: 23 hits
- … Robert FitzRoy was captain of HMS Beagle when Darwin was aboard. From 1831 to 1836 the two men …
- … relationship revealed by the letters they exchanged while Darwin left the ship to explore the …
- … evolutionary theory. FitzRoy is now too often viewed through Darwin’s increasingly negative opinion …
- … at sea FitzRoy, who commanded the Beagle from 1828 to 1836 during two surveying voyages …
- … of Tierra del Fuego. FitzRoy’s losses through untimely family deaths may have been unusual, but his …
- … Captain Pringle Stokes, had committed suicide in 1828 after six months of solitary survey work. It …
- … Admiralty that a ‘Savant’ had been found, ‘ A M r Darwin grandson of the well known philosopher …
- … on 2 October 1836, two years later than originally planned, Darwin told FitzRoy: ‘ If you do not …
- … a most inconvenient time to marry ’, according to Darwin. FitzRoy then turned to the production of …
- … His contributions were eclipsed by the volume written by Darwin, which went on to have an …
- … of Tierra del Fuego was far less extreme than that of Darwin ; they were, according to FitzRoy, …
- … but adamant in the importance of missionary work. In 1836, Darwin joined with FitzRoy in …
- … voyage was philosophical in its aims, not only because Darwin was on board, but because of FitzRoy’s …
- … ‘You will be amused with FitzRoy’s Deluge Chapter’, Darwin wrote to his sister Caroline, adding that …
- … political obstacles and his religious beliefs hardened. Darwin embarked on the Beagle as a young …
- … secretary of the Geological Society of London. In 1834, Darwin had reported that FitzRoy’s ‘ most …
- … Others were dismayed by FitzRoy’s opposition to Darwin’s theory of evolution. In 1866, Victor Carus …
- … yours. ’ Decline and fall FitzRoy and Darwin had spent the Beagle voyage …
- … of himself and the officers on the Beagle in Darwin’s volume of the Narrative . Just weeks …
- … manner ’. When FitzRoy moved away from London in 1839, Darwin was ‘right glad of it’ as he was …
- … returned from his difficult governorship of New Zealand, Darwin set the tone of their relationship …
- … tears into my father’s eyes ’. From 1854, Darwin was a member of the Royal Society committee …
- … FitzRoy was the head, but the two men rarely met. In 1859, Darwin guessed that FitzRoy was the …
Darwin and the Church
Summary
The story of Charles Darwin’s involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It shows another side of the man who is more often remembered for his personal struggles with faith, or for his role in large-scale controversies over the…
Matches: 21 hits
- … The story of Charles Darwin’s involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It …
- … unique window into this complicated relationship throughout Darwin’s life, as it reveals his …
- … belief (and doubt) than many non-conformist denominations. Darwin’s parents attended a Unitarian …
- … professions. As a young man, Charles went up to Cambridge in 1828 with the aim of completing the …
- … few parsonages paid enough to support even a small family in comfort, and the possession of an …
- … compatible with the pursuit of scientific interests. Indeed, Darwin’s Cambridge mentor, John Stevens …
- … (Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine (1887): 321). Darwin started on his journey around the world …
- … & I can see it even through a grove of Palms.—’ (letter to Caroline Darwin, 25–6 April [1832] …
- … wrote to the contrary: ‘I am sorry to see in your last letter that you still look forward to the …
- … near the British Museum or some other learned place’ (letter from E. A. Darwin, 18 August [1832] …
- … it is a sort of scene I never ought to think about—’ (letter to W. D. Fox, [9–12 August] 1835 ). …
- … Kent. There was no Unitarian chapel in the vicinity, and the family went dutifully to the local …
- … baptised and confirmed in the Church of England. The whole family took the sacrament, although Emma …
- … at Downe (Moore 1985 and n. 19). Much of the family’s church involvement can be attributed to …
- … inroads on Anglican authority in the countryside. The Darwin family took an interest in, and even at …
- … However, what remains is cordial; in the first extant letter of the correspondence, Darwin wrote to …
- … (a local charity), which he administered from 1848 to 1869 (letter to J. B. Innes, [8 May 1848] …
- … he would make an excellent Guardian [of the Poor Fund]’ (letter to J. W. Lubbock, 28 March [1854] …
- … club the use of his own lawn for its meetings (Moore 1985; letter to J. S. Henslow, 17 January …
- … moved north. It was to the Darwins that Innes entrusted the family’s dog, Quiz, when he moved away …
- … [December 1880 – February 1881] ). Indeed, the Darwin family even altered the habits of the …
Darwin’s student booklist
Summary
In October 1825 Charles Darwin and his older brother, Erasmus, went to study medicine in Edinburgh, where their father, Robert Waring Darwin, had trained as a doctor in the 1780’s. Erasmus had already graduated from Cambridge and was continuing his studies…
Matches: 15 hits
- … In October 1825 Charles Darwin and his older brother, Erasmus, went to study medicine in Edinburgh, …
- … who had moved on to London for further medical training (see letter from E. A. Darwin, [29 …
- … not to continue the study of medicine, and in January 1828 he went up to Cambridge to read for a …
- … of England. This list is difficult to date precisely. Darwin mentions reading Granby in a …
- … The position of Granby on the list would suggest that Darwin was very busy reading in January …
- … training in Edinburgh, returned to Manchester to work in the family chemical business and wrote the …
- … , which was edited by David Brewster; and Robert Grant took Darwin to meetings of the Wernerian …
- … university. There are several books of travel, and Darwin seems to have been particularly …
- … arctic zoology. Two titles are closely connected with Darwin’s family. Zoonomia was …
- … a week between March 1750 and March 1752. Both he and Dr Darwin had Lichfield connections, but the …
- … Almack’s , Granby and Brambletye House. Darwin wrote to his sister Susan on 29 January …
- … <Ni>tric Oxide? (DAR 19: 3–4) Darwin’s student booklist - the text …
- … Henry Chemistry 17 2 Vols 8 Vo Sewards memoirs of Darwin 18 1 Vol 8 Vo. Several …
- … 3 Abernethy 1822. There is a lightly annotated copy in the Darwin Library–CUL, bound with Abernethy …
- … CD described Lister 1826 as an ‘entertaining book’ (see letter to S. E. Darwin, 29 January [1826] …
New material added to the American edition of Origin
Summary
A ‘revised and augmented’ American edition of Origin came on the market in July 1860, and was the only authorised edition available in the US until 1873. It incorporated many of the changes Darwin made to the second English edition, but still contained…
Matches: 20 hits
- … Introduction Soon after Origin was published, Darwin received a letter from Asa Gray …
- … the new Edit to be reprinted, & not the old.— Darwin was motivated by more than …
- … edition— and were preparing for distribution. Acting on Darwin’s behalf, Gray duly contacted D. …
- … the second English edition, transmitting their response to Darwin (see letters from Asa Gray, [10 …
- … States law to honour foreign copyright, they agreed to grant Darwin a share of the profits from …
- … had been fixed through the process of stereotyping (see letter from Asa Gray, 23 January [1860] and …
- … preparing a new edition at some future date and asked Darwin to provide them with any changes he …
- … of species (two letters to Baden Powell, 18 January 1860), Darwin subsequently changed his mind. On …
- … espousing favourable views of the transmutation of species; Darwin sent this off to Gray enclosed in …
- … [1860] and 1 February [1860]). A month later, in his letter of 8 March [1860], Darwin sent …
- … (especially that given by Hewett Cottrell Watson in his letter of [3? January 1860]) that Darwin …
- … corrected Second Edition with additional corrections” (letter to Asa Gray, 1 February [1860]). …
- … resulting from three separate printings of Origin (see letter to Asa Gray, 22 May [1860] and …
- … augmented’ American edition. Most of the emendations that Darwin had sent were incorporated into the …
- … edition, yet it incorporated many of the other changes Darwin made to the second edition; it also …
- … are various degenerations of the same type. It was not until 1828 that he published his conviction …
- … * It is curious how completely my grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, anticipated these erroneous …
- … and descent of species. Charles Darwin Down, Bromley, Kent, Feb. …
- … with fishes. In this latter class members of the shark family would not, it is probable, tend to …
- … of Origin ( Origin 3d ed., pp. 363–6). See also letter from John Lubbock, [after 28 April …
Satire of FitzRoy's Narrative of the Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, by John Clunies Ross. Transcription by Katharine Anderson
Summary
[f.146r Title page] Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle Supplement / to the 2nd 3rd and Appendix Volumes of the First / Edition Written / for and in the name of the Author of those / Volumes By J.C. Ross. / Sometime Master of a…
Matches: 28 hits
- … obtain such a one I was (in a manner) compelled to take Mr Darwin on a far too independent footing. …
- … of this Supplement exhibit evidence to that effect – in Mr Darwin’s instance – especially in respect …
- … to be noticed. Being of course ambitious to rival Mr Darwin in the line of Theory-invention – …
- … merciless Spaniards.” [ f.153r p.13 ] “Prior to 1828 – the Settlers of Carmen on the Rio Negro …
- … – with the exception of one of the class – which Mr Darwin bribed the Aborigines to perform – we …
- … I therefore hit upon the expedient of giving it to Mr Darwin to put into his Volume. Here – said …
- … to the soils of the coral formation. Nevertheless Mr Darwin (doubtless from his not looking …
- … and very pretty view.” Now bearing in mind that Mr Darwin is exceedingly “fond” of dry bones …
- … my fairness of statement that I have thus recapitulated Mr Darwin’s sentiments – albeit – so adverse …
- … village he has constructed there, for the residence of his family and party of followers amongst …
- … that he should take out to the Cocos in the ship – his family and such followers as he thought …
- … J. And J. Hare)^ of proceeding (after he had placed his family and party in the Cocos) to that …
- … a moment longer to come home as he deserved to do.” That letter they shewed to Mr Ross and requested …
- … establishing another Harem at Batavia.” IX Mr Darwin's volume of the Adventure and …
- … Merchant Ship arrived from England – bringing with him his family and goods for Settlement. The …
- … Ross' previous exploration &c as also his having brought his family and “party” of …
- … “You guessed right (said he) and I have now brought my family and my party to establish a Settlement …
- … to somewhere else” – so now read “your brother's letter and then we may have something sure to …
- … wrote to him immediately before leaving for Sumatra – a letter calculated to elicit something …
- … – not all exaggerated – and Mr R sent him back with a letter [ f.183r p.73 ] as he proposed. …
- … was not of any profitable description but of what Mr H in letter to Mr R denominated “fiddle faddle” …
- … to a note from Mr H concerning the last mentioned fugitive a letter which – Mr H sent to Mr R – …
- … ] The three or four runaways mentioned in the forgoing letter had run to apply to Mr Ross – and on …
- … from frequenting your islands &c” and in this his second letter he writes “I told you how it …
- … illegal in any slave holding colony – that living with his family – his party and his slaves – all …
- … the latter days of Dec r 1827 and first days of Jan y 1828. Nothing more occurred after it …
- … effect share with him in any such profits – that for each family he would have a comfortable …
- … of our visit. Bicho-do-mar there are – and Mr Ross had in 1828 – a party of three Chinese brought in …
Introduction to the Satire of FitzRoy's Narrative of the Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle
Summary
'a humble toadyish follower…': Not all pictures of Darwin during the Beagle voyage are flattering. Published here for the first time is a complete transcript of a satirical account of the Beagle’s brief visit in 1836 to the Cocos Keeling islands…
Matches: 25 hits
- … obtain such a one I was (in a manner) compelled to take Mr Darwin on a far too independent footing. …
- … fond of Natural History”… Not all pictures of Darwin during the Beagle voyage are …
- … in 1836 to the Cocos Keeling islands, the only coral atoll Darwin observed first-hand. The satire, …
- … didn’t meet them personally, Ross took bitter exception to Darwin and FitzRoy’s later accounts of …
- … captain, Robert FitzRoy and his naturalist companion Charles Darwin. Ross’ unique perspective on the …
- … foreman on the one hand and the texts written by FitzRoy and Darwin on the other. We can certainly …
- … but by no means least, the coral reef theories of Charles Darwin. (For that particular concern see …
- … interest. Ross’ picture of both FitzRoy and Darwin on this voyage is unlike any others we …
- … influenced Ross’ own enterprises. His attitude to Darwin was somewhat less resentful, but still …
- … at home. Finally, according to Ross, neither man wrote well: Darwin was trite and conventional , …
- … and are marked in roman numerals. Others relate to Darwin’s 1839 or 1845 volumes and Belcher’s …
- … are not so marked. A final set refers to a comparison of a letter and a newspaper editorial. In all …
- … It appears that all British residents except the Ross family, left after 1837. John Clunies …
- … this period, Ross decided to emigrate with his growing family and had begun to consider prospective …
- … in December 1825. Returning to London, Ross collected his family and a settlement party (his wife, …
- … initial visit but before the latter’s arrival with his family in early 1827. Ross seems have been …
- … serving in South America. He took command of Beagle in 1828, during her first South American …
- … as John Murray’s publication of the new edition of Darwin’s Beagle journal was achieving success …
- … to depression and died by suicide in 1865. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) A young naturalist, …
- … prone to rash speculations. Ross was conscious that Darwin was a rising star in the scientific world …
- … Voyage of HMS Beagle Around the World . At Cocos Keeling, Darwin was keenly interested in the …
- … criticism of his account of Cocos Keeling seems fair: Darwin did write in a highly conventional …
- … polypii.” Ross promised a further discussion of Darwin’s coral theories, which seems to refer to a …
- … for encouraging discontent in 1837. Leisk and his family “decamped” from Cocos Keeling about April …
- … “Reading and Writing the Scientific Voyage: FitzRoy, Darwin and John Clunies Ross.” British …
