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From James Torbitt   18 September 1879

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Summary

Illness of his wife.

Potato crossing experiments; believes he has increased yield considerably.

Author:  James Torbitt
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  18 Sept 1879
Classmark:  DAR 178: 154
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12233

Matches: 3 hits

  • … Illness of his wife. Potato crossing experiments; believes he has increased yield …
  • … I have not neglected the experiments in crossing the potato. The varieties now ripe, I am …
  • … I suspect the advantage to be obtained by crossing the plant and growing it from the seed …

To F. B. Goodacre   29 August 1879

Summary

What should CD do with the geese? One gander chases and frightens his grandchild. Does FBG intend to publish his results?

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Burges Goodacre
Date:  29 Aug 1879
Classmark:  Dr John Goodacre (private collection)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12204

Matches: 2 hits

  • … taken part in Goodacre’s programme of crossing experiments with Chinese and common geese. …
  • … he could use the results of Goodacre’s crossing experiments for a publication in his …

From E. L. Sturtevant   4 December 1879

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Summary

Observations on maize.

Author:  Edward Lewis Sturtevant
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  4 Dec 1879
Classmark:  DAR 177: 270
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12341

Matches: 1 hit

  • … For Sturtevant’s later experiments with crossing maize, see the second part of Sturtevant …

From F. B. Goodacre   1 September 1879

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Summary

Would like CD to write a paper on the results of geese experiments; hopes CD will not object to his doing the same despite the variance of their conclusions [see F. B. Goodacre, "Question of identity of Chinese and domestic goose", Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1879): 710–12 and CD’s "Fertility of hybrids from the Chinese and common goose", Collected papers 2: 219–20].

Author:  Francis Burges Goodacre
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  1 Sept 1879
Classmark:  DAR 165: 67
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12210

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Meadows was assisting Goodacre in the crossing experiments with geese (see Correspondence …
  • … 29 August 1879 ). The results of the crossing experiments were eventually published in a …

To T. H. Farrer   23 October 1879

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Summary

Forwards newspaper reports by growers of Torbitt’s potatoes. Torbitt is in much distress and CD fears all his work will be thrown away unless he is aided.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Thomas Henry Farrer, 1st baronet and 1st Baron Farrer
Date:  23 Oct 1879
Classmark:  DAR 144: 97
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12268

Matches: 1 hit

  • … to produce a blight-resistant potato by crossing the most successful varieties (see …

From Frederick King   25 March 1879

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Summary

Cattle and sheep varieties removed from their native soils degenerate rapidly.

Author:  Frederick King
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  25 Mar 1879
Classmark:  DAR 169: 20
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-11952

Matches: 2 hits

  • … about 35 years ago by friends of mine, by crossing Hampshire Down Ewes with Cotswold Rams, …
  • … and the size can only be maintained by crossing with flocks at colder higher altitudes …

From George Henslow   8 February 1879

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Summary

GH no longer believes in the value of cross-fertilisation in plants.

Author:  George Henslow
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  8 Feb 1879
Classmark:  DAR 166: 175
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-11864

Matches: 1 hit

  • … CD’s thesis in Cross and self fertilisation that crossing was beneficial for plants. …

To F. B. Goodacre   13 August [1879]

Summary

Reports the results of breeding from FBG’s hybrid geese. The hybrids are fertile inter se. Would FBG like the geese back? If CD publishes his observations may he use FBG’s results?

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Burges Goodacre
Date:  13 Aug [1879]
Classmark:  Dr John Goodacre (private collection)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12193

Matches: 1 hit

  • … had sent CD Chinese and common geese for crossing experiments in 1878. Goodacre had asked …

To F. B. Goodacre   5 December 1879

Summary

Were the hybrid geese FBG sent to CD brother and sister from the same hatch? CD intends to send a letter on their breeding to Nature [Collected papers 2: 219–20].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Burges Goodacre
Date:  5 Dec 1879
Classmark:  Dr John Goodacre (private collection)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12345

Matches: 1 hit

  • … the Zoolog. Soc.  the results of your crossing. This being so I will send a short letter …

From James Torbitt   4 November 1879

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Summary

Success of his experiments; report on recent work.

Author:  James Torbitt
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  4 Nov 1879
Classmark:  DAR 52: E3; DAR 178: 155
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12292

Matches: 2 hits

  • … be needed, and I intend to continue the crossing so long as I am able. I did not publish …
  • … that the advantages to be obtained by the crossing of plants were similar to those which …

From F. B. Goodacre   11 August 1879

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Summary

Crossbreeding experiments with geese.

Author:  Francis Burges Goodacre
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  11 Aug 1879
Classmark:  DAR 165: 66
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12189

Matches: 1 hit

  • … anser ), in 1878; CD had agreed to do further crossing experiments with them at Down (see …

From Emil Witte   29 December 1879

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Summary

Relates case of selective immunity to rinderpest.

Author:  Emil Witte
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  29 Dec 1879
Classmark:  DAR 181: 134
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12376

Matches: 1 hit

  • … 1997 . Galicia is a historical region crossing the borders of modern Poland and Ukraine. …

From James Torbitt   30 April 1879

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Summary

Has had an account of his experiments published. Sends CD some specimens of seedlings and tubers.

Author:  James Torbitt
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  30 Apr 1879
Classmark:  DAR 178: 152
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12020

Matches: 1 hit

  • … I suppose was [6 words illeg] the crossing. I presume the [‘great’ del ] extraordinary …

To George Henslow   11 February 1879

Summary

Disagrees with GH over the value of cross-fertilisation.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  George Henslow
Date:  11 Feb 1879
Classmark:  DAR (CD Library - G. Henslow 1888)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-11870

Matches: 1 hit

  • … the good effects on the offspring from crossing being more than temporary, like the …

From J. D. Hooker   29 November 1879

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Summary

Congratulations on Erasmus Darwin; likes CD’s part better than Ernst Krause’s.

Received false notice of Asa Gray’s death.

Gray and JDH engaged in comparing widely separated but floristically similar regions.

Author:  Joseph Dalton Hooker
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  29 Nov 1879
Classmark:  DAR 104: 134–5
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12336

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Himalaya is the bridge between them, crossing the intermediate area. Further the Himalaya …

From James Torbitt   20 November 1879

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Summary

Intends to get his ideas on the "wearing out" of varieties printed.

This year’s crosses were failures.

Author:  James Torbitt
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  20 Nov 1879
Classmark:  DAR 178: 157
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12332

Matches: 1 hit

  • … the first, fourth, and fifth years. The crossing, this year was a complete failure. I had …

From Adam Fitch   20 December 1879

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Summary

Questions CD on the possibility of selecting disease-resisting potatoes to produce ultimately a disease-resistant variety.

Author:  Adam Fitch
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  20 Dec 1879
Classmark:  DAR 164: 129
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12367

Matches: 1 hit

  • … varieties best resisting disease and by crossing, a variety might eventually be raised, …

From James Torbitt   1 May 1879

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Summary

Describes one of his varieties of potato in its third and fourth years. [CD notes his observations on this variety grown at Down, July 1879.]

Author:  James Torbitt
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  1 May 1879
Classmark:  DAR 178: 153
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12023

Matches: 1 hit

  • … ripe I had it raised, and for purpose of crossing, kept it under lock, and planted it last …

To Grant Allen   [before 21 February 1879]

Summary

Read GA’s book [The colour-sense] with "great interest". Makes criticisms and suggestions.

Cannot believe in GA’s theory of the origin of pleasure and pain.

Is glad he defends sexual selection;

CD finds A. R. Wallace’s explanations "mere empty words" and for many years he has "quite doubted [ARW’s] scientific judgment".

Considers the possible effect of environmental colour on the colour tastes of animals.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Charles Grant Blairfindie (Grant) Allen
Date:  [before 21 Feb 1879]
Classmark:  Cleveland Health Sciences Library (Robert M. Stecher collection)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-11891

Matches: 1 hit

  • … same receptacle, except to allow of occasional crossing? & hybrid Forms have occasionally …

From Wilhelm Behrens   8 November [1879]

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Summary

Sends copy of his article ["Die Nectarien der Blüthen", Flora 62 (1879): 2–11, 17–27, 49–54, 81–90, 113–23, 145–53, 233–40, 241–7, 305–14, 369–75, 433–8, 449–57].

GWJB’s experiments inspired by reading CD’s botanical works.

Author:  Georg Wilhelm Julius (Wilhelm) Behrens
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  8 Nov [1879]
Classmark:  DAR 160: 124
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-12300

Matches: 1 hit

  • … of papilionaceous flowers, and on the crossing of kidney beans. By Charles Darwin. Annals …
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Darwin's 1876 letters online

Summary

Birth, tragic death . . . and cardigan jackets. To mark the 211th anniversary of Darwin's birth, we have released online the transcripts and footnotes of over 460 letters written to and from him in 1876 and a supplement of 180 letters written before…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … I am now getting ready a book on the advantages of crossing, which will be a sort of complement to …

Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health

Summary

On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’.  Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … him to carry out tasks like counting seeds of  Lythrum , crossing cowslips with polyanthuses, and …
  • … a full conviction of the change of species is.’ Crossing experiments In addition to …
  • … Continuing from these earlier studies, in 1864 he conducted crossing experiments between different …
  • … other papers of Scott’s followed, reporting the results of crossing experiments on different species …
  • … years, Darwin consulted Charles William Crocker about his crossing experiments with hollyhocks, and …
  • … and Friedrich Hildebrand in Germany compared results of crossing experiments with a  Pulmonaria …

Cross and self fertilisation

Summary

The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…

Matches: 9 hits

  • … to James Moggridge to ask him to observe whether spontaneous crossing of different varieties of this …
  • … I got fresh plants, & consequently took up the effect of crossing & self-fertilising plants …
  • … in Florence kept varieties of sweet peas separated to avoid crossing ( From Federico Delpino, 18 …
  • … native Mediterranean setting. Although he continued his crossing experiments through the early …
  • … what great vigour is given to seedling plants by the crossing of their parents’ ( To Fritz Müller, …
  • … & have strength to complete it) will be on the advantages of Crossing Plants, & this will …
  • … Meehan had been a vocal opponent of Darwin’s views on crossing, and his paper, ‘Are insects any …
  • … press observations continued for 10 years on the effects of crossing plants, & I think that …
  • … inferred from observations on self fertilising plants that crossing was of little importance …

Forms of flowers

Summary

Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … whether hybrid sterility was the inevitable result of crossing species. Thomas Huxley had stated …
  • … stigmas ’. Darwin had hoped to publish the results of the crossing experiments immediately, but by …
  • … 1863, when Lythrum was flowering, Darwin resumed his crossing experiments. He also wrote to …
  • … of the various crosses. For this, he turned to his earlier crossing experiments, which included some …
  • … adding this work to his book on ‘the good effects of crossing’ ( Cross and self fertilisation ), …

Orchids

Summary

Why Orchids? Darwin  wrote in his Autobiography, ‘During the summer of 1839, and, I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come to the conclusion in my…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that crossing played an important part in …

1877 letters now online

Summary

Flowers, bloom, a son married . . . and a suspended monkey in Cambridge at Darwin's honorary LLD ceremony. The transcripts and footnotes of over 600 letters written to and from Darwin in 1877 are now online. Read more about Darwin's life in 1877…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … , his fifth book on a botanical topic. Through extensive crossing experiments, and painstaking …
  • … number of floral structures and behaviours that facilitated crossing, especially with the aid of …

Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours

Summary

Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … was only one of many adaptations that had evolved to promote crossing between individuals of the …
  • … males and females of unisexual animals. Through extensive crossing experiments, and painstaking …
  • … a number of other structures and behaviours that facilitated crossing, especially with the aid of …

Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life

Summary

1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time.  And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth.  All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … the text. Orchids , which concentrated on the ‘means of crossing’, was seen by Darwin as the …
  • … , which provided evidence for the ‘advantages of crossing’ (letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876). …
  • … before a disease-free variety of potato had been produced by crossing the most pest-free varieties …
  • … self-fertilisation To demonstrate the advantages of crossing, Darwin presented the results …

Floral Dimorphism

Summary

Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Floral studies In 1877 Darwin published a book that included a series of smaller studies on botanical subjects. Titled The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, it consisted primarily of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … out of the meaning of heterostyled flowers. The results of crossing such flowers in an illegitimate …

Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II

Summary

The most forceful and persistent critic of the term ‘natural selection’ was the co-discoverer of the process itself, Alfred Russel Wallace.  Wallace seized on Herbert Spencer’s term ‘survival of the fittest’, explicitly introduced as an alternative way of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … his own copy of the first edition of Origin neatly crossing through every occurrence of ‘natural …

Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species

Summary

Many of the dates of letters in 1856 and 1857 were based on or confirmed by reference to Darwin’s manuscript on species (DAR 8--15.1, inclusive; transcribed and published as Natural selection). This manuscript, begun in May 1856, was nearly completed by…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … On the possibility of all organic beings occasionally crossing, & on the remarkable …

New material added to the American edition of Origin

Summary

A ‘revised and augmented’ American edition of Origin came on the market in July 1860, and was the only authorised edition available in the US until 1873. It incorporated many of the changes Darwin made to the second English edition, but still contained…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … to the action of external conditions, something to the crossing of already existing forms, and much …

Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute

Summary

Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … or the Principles of Variation, Inheritance, Reversion, Crossing, Interbreeding, and Selection under …
  • … on dimorphism and trimorphism and reported on a series of crossing experiments with orchids. Darwin …
  • … [1867] ). Darwin was also interested in experiments crossing different species of orchids …

Darwin and Down

Summary

Charles and Emma Darwin, with their first two children, settled at Down House in the village of Down (later ‘Downe’) in Kent, as a young family in 1842.   The house came with eighteen acres of land, and a fifteen acre meadow.  The village combined the…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … to study fertilisation (in particular the effects of crossing and of self-fertilisation); …

Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad

Summary

At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … Correspondence  vol. 10, Appendix VI). In addition to crossing varieties of  Primula  in 1863, he …
  • … the two men discussed a multitude of botanical subjects, the crossing experiments that Scott had …
  • … and he continued to observe individuals of the same species crossing with one another in a variety …
  • … particularly when he was working on the chapter he called ‘Crossing & Sterility’ (see …
  • … discussions, completing three sections, on inheritance, crossing and sterility, and selection, by …

Darwin on childhood

Summary

On his engagement to his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, in 1838, Darwin wrote down his recollections of his early childhood.  Life. Written August–– 1838 My earliest recollection, the date of which I can approximately tell, and which must have been before…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … effect, on my memory.–– I remember, when going there crossing in the carriage a broad ford, & …

Darwin in letters, 1862: A multiplicity of experiments

Summary

1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the extent and breadth of the botanical experiments…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … year’s results, and to observe the effects of repeated crossing with own-form pollen. He also began …
  • … the nature of variation, and on how it might be affected by crossing, physical conditions, and …

Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions

Summary

Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, with full debunking below...

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, …

Origin is 160; Darwin's 1875 letters now online

Summary

To mark the 160th anniversary of the publication of Origin of species, the full transcripts and footnotes of nearly 650 letters to and from Charles Darwin in 1875 are published online for the first time. You can read about Darwin's life in 1875…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … fertilisation , summing up many years of experiments on crossing plants. I wd gladly …

Darwin’s earthquakes

Summary

Darwin experienced his first earthquake in 1834, but it was a few months later that he was really confronted with their power. Travelling north along the coast of Chile, Darwin and Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, were confronted with a series of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … he collected. Travelling on from South America and crossing back half way round the world, …
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