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Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 16 hits
- … on the California poppy ( Eschscholzia californica ). Fritz Müller, writing from Brazil in …
- … cultivation in divergent climatic conditions’ ( From Fritz Müller, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin’s …
- … several uncovered plants to produce capsules’ ( To Fritz Müller, 30 January [1868] ). Müller, in …
- … of self-fertility over subsequent generations. In June 1869, Müller remarked, on receiving a new …
- … circumstances fertility sometimes depends’ ( From Fritz Müller, 15 June 1869 ). By May 1870, …
- … that of the offspring of English fertile plants’ ( To Fritz Müller, 12 May 1870 ). From a …
- … relationship had lessened the fertility of the offspring (F. Müller 1868b, p. 629). Darwin urged …
- … great step in the essence of sexual reproduction’, he told Müller ( To Fritz Müller, 28 November …
- … from seeds from the same pod were mutually sterile ( From Fritz Müller, 14 March 1869 ). ‘The case …
- … replied, adding that he had sown seeds of this plant sent by Müller ( To Fritz Müller, 18 July …
- … setting to moderate self-fertility in his hothouse ( To Fritz Müller, 2 August [1871] ). By …
- … I finish with this & get it published’ ( To Asa Gray, 11 March [1873] ). In April 1873, …
- … optimistic regarding the publication of his results, telling Fritz Müller that he hoped to publish …
- … to seedling plants by the crossing of their parents’ ( To Fritz Müller, 25 September 1873 ). But …
- … as he wanted to make corrections for a new edition. On 11 December, Darwin sent corrected sheets to …
- … repaged & the index a little altered’ ( To R. F. Cooke, 11 December [1877] ). These changes …
Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute
Summary
Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…
Matches: 19 hits
- … Three important new correspondents in 1867 were Hermann Müller and Anton Dohrn in Germany, and …
- … asking again for information on Fuegian expressions. On 11 January 1867, Sulivan replied , …
- … old In a letter of 22 February [1867] to Fritz Müller in Brazil, in which he asked …
- … to Alfred Russel Wallace, who suggested in his response of 11 March [1867] that Darwin send his …
- … sexual differences in mammals and birds. In his letter to Fritz Müller of 22 February [1867] , …
- … in males and females. In his reply of 1 April 1867 , Müller supplied Darwin with information …
- … he gained a valuable new correspondent in this area, Hermann Müller. Darwin had already benefited …
- … with a view to supporting Darwin’s theory (letter from Fritz to Hermann Müller, 11 February 1867, in …
- … are fertilised by insects ( Orchids ). In October, Müller wrote to thank Darwin for his …
- … an observation that he thought might be of some interest. Müller had observed the special adaptation …
- … suck nectar from flowers they visited ( letter from Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867 ). The letter …
- … the first known depiction of this singular adaptation. Müller’s work not only confirmed many of …
- … Darwin continued to receive a wealth of information from Fritz Müller in Brazil. As well as …
- … than any two or three botanists put together’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 7 February [1867] ). …
- … effect when applied to its own stigma ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 January 1867 ). Darwin replied …
- … the decay might be ‘parasitic cryptogams’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 22 February [1867] ). Müller …
- … once seen a parasitic cryptogam on the plant ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 April 1867 ). Darwin …
- … the material to the proof-sheets ofVariation ( letter to Fritz Müller, 31 July [1867] ). …
- … keeps it a secret in his trade of nurseryman’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 26 May [1867] ). Darwin …
Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small
Summary
In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…
Matches: 7 hits
- … with an exchange with one of his favourite correspondents, Fritz Müller. The men discussed the …
- … of crosses between differently styled plants ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 January 1882 , and …
- … rather the best of the fight’ ( letter from G. F. Crawte, 11 March 1882 ). The battle apparently …
- … a ‘Glycerin Pepsin mixture’ (letters to W. W. Baxter, 11 March 1882 and 18 March [1882 ]). …
- … immediately wrote to George, who had visited Down on 11 April (Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). …
- … man’s private property’ ( letter to George Warington, 11 October [1867] ). Respecting the …
- … of whom drew substantially on his theory. In 1869, Hermann Müller (brother to Fritz) sent Darwin his …
Darwin’s queries on expression
Summary
When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect observations more widely and composed a list of queries on human expression. A number of handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller…
Matches: 11 hits
- … copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller, 22 February [1867] ). The …
- … Blair, R.H. 11 July 1871 Worcester College for the …
- … Chaumont, F.S.B.F. de 11 March 1871 Woolston, …
- … astonishment Muller, Fritz 22 Feb [1867] …
- … Expression, p. 137 Muller, Fritz 30 Jan …
- … 9 Nov 1870 11 St Mary Abbot's Terrace, London, England …
- … 1 Feb 1871 11 St Mary Abbot's Terrace, London, England …
- … 7 Sept 1872 11 St Mary Abbot's Terrace, London, England …
- … 1 Feb. 1871 11 Saint Mary Abbot's Terrace, Kensington. W., London, …
- … Sulivan, B.J. 11 Jan 1867 Bournemouth, England …
- … Wallace, A. R. 11 March [1867] 9 St. Mark’s Crescent …
Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments
Summary
The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…
Matches: 9 hits
- … , and, arising from this, the editing of excerpts from Fritz Müller’s letters on climbing plants to …
- … of the people two whom Darwin sent a copy of the paper was Fritz Müller, in Destêrro (now …
- … in difficult German, he had it translated, and wrote to Müller in August 1865 that he had just …
- … in October to the Linnean Society for publication in Müller’s name ( see letter from Fritz Müller, …
- … 20 October [1865] ). Darwin was particularly interested in Müller’s observations of tendrils formed …
- … to the second edition of Climbing plants reflecting Müller’s findings. Although he wrote to …
- … crossing experiments in 1863 (see Correspondence vol. 11, letter from John Scott, 21 September …
- … interest in Darwin’s theory ( Correspondence vol. 11, letter from J. D. Hooker, 10 June 1863 ) …
- … make observations for him in India (John Scott) and Brazil (Fritz Müller). Although not well enough …
Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest
Summary
The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of Origin. Darwin got the fourth…
Matches: 10 hits
- … theory of phytophagic varieties and species of insects, Fritz Müller’s research on crustacean …
- … Haeckel. The German zoologist had written to Darwin on 11 January 1866 , ‘Every time I succeed in …
- … (Correspondence vol. 9, letter from Asa Gray, 11 October 1861 ). Darwin wished to establish …
- … diœcious’ ( letter from W. E. Darwin, [7 May – 11 June 1866] ). On examining more specimens later …
- … on human races. Darwin replied with a modified list, adding Fritz Müller’s Für Darwin , and a …
- … , letter to J. D. Hooker, 24 December [1866] ). Fritz Müller Fritz Müller, the …
- … same subjects that have lately interested me’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 25 September [1866] ). Not …
- … competitor in the struggle for existence ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 December 1866 ). By the …
- … you for that I hardly know how to begin’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, [before 10 December 1866] ). …
- … ‘I am glad to hear from Spencer’, Huxley wrote on 11 November , ‘that you are on the right (that …
Darwin in letters, 1881: Old friends and new admirers
Summary
In May 1881, Darwin, one of the best-known celebrities in England if not the world, began writing about all the eminent men he had met. He embarked on this task, which formed an addition to his autobiography, because he had nothing else to do. He had…
Matches: 11 hits
- … , he had told his valued South American correspondent Fritz Müller, ‘I feel myself a very old man, …
- … a sinner as those whom I have blamed.’ The book inspired Fritz Müller to send observations from …
- … a method to investigate aggregation. He explained to Fritz Müller on 10 September why he had …
- … Darwin told Francis on 9 November , and writing to Fritz Müller on 13 November , he confessed, …
- … new facts is but dull work.’ It was Fritz Müller who sparked Darwin’s interest in …
- … of dimorphism), to see whether his observations supported Müller’s conclusion. Set ‘on fire’ by …
- … in obtaining mature plants. On 12 April, he reported to Müller , ‘I have procured some plants of …
- … Britannica , telling the author, Arabella Buckley, on 11 July that he regretted that there …
- … entirely new will. Apart from providing for his family, on 11 September he instructed his …
- … for the Belfast potato-blight researcher James Torbitt; Fritz Müller was offered £100 to replace …
- … and plants, Darwin told the director, Archibald Geikie, on 11 November , ‘This leads me to make …
Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours
Summary
Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…
Matches: 8 hits
- … correspondents such as Daniel Oliver, Friedrich Hildebrand, Fritz Müller, and John Scott who had …
- … the popularity of his book, writing to Robert Cooke on 11 April , ‘though I believe it is of …
- … plants. He resumed experiments in the spring, writing to Fritz Müller on 14 May , ‘I have made …
- … for extended periods. In a letter to Thiselton-Dyer of 11 October , Darwin described how the …
- … Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel). Writing to Darwin on 11 March 1877 , Krause declared the …
- … visits from distinguished persons. Gladstone came to Down on 11 March. ‘I expected a stern, …
- … not been a difficulty to me,’ he replied to Romanes on 11 June , ‘as I have never believed in a …
- … that they become quite tipsy’ ( letter to W. M. Moorsom, 11 September [1877] ). Moorsom replied …
List of correspondents
Summary
Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. Click on a name to see the letters Darwin exchanged with that correspondent. "A child of God" (1) Abberley,…
Matches: 22 hits
- … (1) Athenæum (11) Atkin, J. R. (1) …
- … (3) Bosquet, J. A. H. de (11) Bostock, John …
- … (2) Breitenbach, Wilhelm (11) Brent, B. P. …
- … (2) Bunbury, C. J. F. (11) Bunbury, F. J. …
- … (1) Caspary, Robert (11) Cassell Petter & …
- … (40) Crick, W. D. (11) Crier, John …
- … (1) Crocker, C. W. (11) Crocq, Jean …
- … (1) Dobell, H. B. (11) Dobson, G. E. …
- … (7) Farrar, F. W. (11) Farrer, T. H. …
- … (280) Gray, G. R. (11) Gray, J. E. …
- … (1) Harvey, W. H. (11) Harward, John …
- … Hocken, T. M. (1) Hoddick, Fritz (1) …
- … (289) Hyatt, Alpheus (11) Hyndman, G. C. …
- … (1) Lewes, G. H. (11) Lewin, Friend …
- … (3) Lynch, R. I. (11) Lónyay, Menyhért …
- … (1) Morgan, L. H. (11) Morley, John …
- … Müller, Albert (4) Müller, Fritz (111) …
- … Eduard (4) Schultze, Fritz (2) …
- … (3) Shaw, James (11) Shaw, Robert (3 …
- … (4) Sowerby, G. B. (11) Sowerby, G. B., Jr …
- … (1) Strickland, H. E. (11) Struthers, John …
- … (2) Wedgwood, Elizabeth (11) Wedgwood, Emma …
Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life
Summary
1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…
Matches: 8 hits
- … to think of the future’, Darwin confessed to William on 11 September just hours after Amy’s …
- … work he admired. He was so interested in a letter from Fritz Müller in Brazil describing the …
- … facts to myself ’, Darwin later told Muller ( letter to Fritz Müller, [9 February 1876] ). …
- … naturalist Thomas Edward ( letter from F. M. Balfour, 11 December 1876 ; letter to Samuel Smiles …
- … of the sick body to the natural laws’ ( letter from Fritz Hoddick, 23 November 1876 ). In late May …
- … who died at the age of 10 in 1851, but William, who was 11 years old at the time of her death, would …
- … you are one of the best of all’ ( letter to W. E. Darwin, 11 September [1876] ). …
- … do I cannot conceive’, Darwin wrote anxiously to Hooker on 11 September. By the time Darwin …
Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Matches: 5 hits
- … in several species of the genus Linum ’, between 11 and 21 December 1862. The paper was read at …
- … . He encouraged Huxley to read it, noting, ‘ Asa Gray & Fritz Müller (the latter especially) …
- … exhibited different forms . With typical enthusiasm, Müller had reported finding several new …
- … proves the absolute distinctness of the parents ’. Fritz Müller was enthusiastic, commenting, ‘ …
- … in species of Linum’ (p. 82) and clarified the meaning to Fritz Müller in a letter in September 1866 …
Scientific Practice
Summary
Specialism|Experiment|Microscopes|Collecting|Theory Letter writing is often seen as a part of scientific communication, rather than as integral to knowledge making. This section shows how correspondence could help to shape the practice of science, from…
Matches: 4 hits
- … Letter 1514 — Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, T. H., 11 Apr [1853] Darwin offers to send zoologist T …
- … was the German naturalist and émigré to Brazil, Fritz Müller. Their letters often discussed the …
- … Letter 4895 — Darwin, C. R. to Müller, J. F. T., 20 Sept [1865] Darwin thanks Müller for …
- … with pollen of other species. Letter 5480 — Müller, J. F. T. to Darwin, C. R., 1 Apr …
Scientific Networks
Summary
Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…
Matches: 3 hits
Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots
Summary
Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…
Matches: 6 hits
- … 9 February 1879 ). The botanist and schoolteacher Hermann Müller wrote on 12 February to wish …
- … day , in which he expressed his distress at hearing that Müller had been treated shamefully by the …
- … party in the German house of representatives had accused Müller of corrupting his students by …
- … ‘In the beginning was carbon’ ( letter from Hermann Müller, 14 February 1879 ). Carus …
- … & scientific men’, Darwin wrote in reply on 11 January . ‘Search for the truth, & then …
- … thought or working for the public good. Darwin promoted Fritz Müller’s discoveries in Brazil by …
Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex
Summary
The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…
Matches: 9 hits
- … the enthusiastic breeder, who apologised in a letter of 11–13 May 1868 for his ‘voluminuous zeal …
- … Weir, 30 May [1868] ). Sexual selection On 11 February , Darwin wrote to the …
- … views differed. Of deer-hounds, Cupples wrote between 11 and 13 May , ‘much depends on the …
- … a German waltz and was much admired for it by other birds. Fritz Müller sent information on the …
- … subjects were a favourite topic in his correspondence with Fritz Müller, who was one of the few …
- … and the comparative fertility of different flower forms. Müller offered observations of orchids, …
- … facts which you have communicated to me’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 3 June 1868 ). it is …
- … in the second printing of the book in February. Hermann Müller remarked in a letter dated [after …
- … ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 1 September [1868], n. 11 ). ‘I am not sure’, Darwin reflected in a …
Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health
Summary
On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…
Matches: 5 hits
- … Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864 : ‘the venerable beard gives …
- … continue his observations indoors ( Correspondence vol. 11). In a letter of [27 January 1864] …
- … Buchner ( letter from Hermann Kindt, 5 September 1864 ). Fritz Müeller sent his book, Für Darwin …
- … two letters to the Athenæum ( Correspondence vol. 11). Darwin’s anxiety about the matter was …
- … and the question of human origins ( Correspondence vol. 11). Wallace, however, traced a possible …
Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts
Summary
At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…
Matches: 3 hits
John Murray
Summary
Darwin's most famous book On the origin of species by means of natural selection (Origin) was published on 22 November 1859. The publisher was John Murray, who specialised in non-fiction, particularly politics, travel and science, and had published…
