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Animals, ethics, and the progress of science

Summary

Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…

Matches: 8 hits

  • … was sought in another set of experiments by George John Romanes. This time the creatures were plants …
  • … but inconclusive (see letter from G. J. Romanes, 14 July 1875 ). Eventually Romanes, who had …
  • … physiologists’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 18 July 1875 ). Darwin was concerned that the method be …
  • … into close contact with England’s leading physiologists, John Scott Burdon Sanderson, Thomas Lauder …
  • … as ‘demons let loose from hell’ ( letter to F. B. Cobbe, [14 January 1875] ). Darwin’s …
  • … position most frankly in a letter to Henrietta, 4 January [1875] . I have long thought …
  • … present agitation. ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 4 January [1875] ) Darwin worked closely …
  • … death in this country. ( letter To T. H. Huxley, 14 January 1875 ) Legislation was passed …

Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year

Summary

The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…

Matches: 26 hits

  • not retract his criticism in his own second edition (Dana 1875, p. 274). Descent
  • had been in two volumes and had cost twenty-four shillings.) Murrays partner, Robert Francis Cooke, …
  • Quarterly Review  discussing works on primitive man by John Lubbock and Edward Burnett Tylor. It
  • of anonymous reviews. Its proprietor was none other than John Murray, Darwins publisher. So
  • wording of both the letter to the editor and the letter to Murray to accompany it. The depth of
  • a new publisherand advised that Darwin should not push Murray to the point of cutting off
  • … [6 or 7 August 1874] ). When the letter was finally sent to Murray, Darwin referred only to their
  • … ‘asking a favour ‘. He explained why he had written to Murray and not the editor of the  Quarterly
  • to review me in a hostile spirit’ ( letter to John Murray, 11 August 1874 ). Darwin was
  • St G. J. Mivart, 11 January [1872] ). To Darwins relief, Murray replied immediately: ‘I have lost
  • number of the Review & in the same type’  ( letter from John Murray, 12 August 1874 ). George
  • anonymous reviews. While staying with Hooker over Christmas, John Tyndall, professor at and
  • asthe natural outflow of his character’ ( letter from John Tyndall, 28 December 1874 ). …
  • … (Correspondence vol. 23, from J. D. Hooker, 3 January [1875] ), preferring to attack Mivart in
  • Anthropogenie  in the  Academy   (2 January 1875; see Appendix V, pp. 6445) . The affair
  • wrote a polite, very formal letter to Mivart on 12 January 1875 , refusing to hold any future
  • in almost total failure of observations in New Zealand (see G. B. Airy ed. 1881). Darwins
  • in prettiness & snugness’ ( letter from Emma Darwin to J. B. Innes, 12 October [1874] ).   …
  • position of vicar of Deptford ( letter from Emma Darwin to J. B. Innes, 12 October [1874] ), but
  • to purchase the wooded land, which he had been renting from John Lubbock, led to a straining of
  • the sale was agreed in April for £300 ( letter from John Lubbock, 2 April 1874 ), a high price
  • for about a week ( letter from E. E. Klein, 14 May 1874 ). John Burdon Sanderson sent the results
  • of other insect-eating plants. The surgeon and botanist John Ralfs sent  Utricularia  from
  • children shedding tears as tiny babies ( letter from F. S. B. François de Chaumont, 29 April 1874
  • … ( Circular to John Lubbock, P. L. Sclater, Charles Lyell, W. B. Carpenter, and Michael Foster, [7
  • and a second French edition was published in January 1875 ( letter from C.-F. Reinwald , 4 February

Women as a scientific audience

Summary

Target audience? | Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those exchanged with his editors and publisher, reveal a lot about his intended audience. Regardless of whether or not women were deliberately targeted as a…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … chapters of Origin of Species to his publisher, John Murray. He hopes that his views are …
  • … Letter 10072 - Pape, C. to Darwin, [16 July 1875] Charlotte Pape responds to …

Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life

Summary

1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time.  And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth.  All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…

Matches: 10 hits

  • … vol. 23, letter from Ernst von Hesse-Wartegg, 20 September 1875 ). He began to compile an account …
  • … end of the previous year. He had been incensed in December 1875 when the zoologist Edwin Ray …
  • … The controversial issue had occupied Darwin for much of 1875. In January 1876, a Royal Commission …
  • … had been founded in March 1876 by the London physiologist John Scott Burdon Sanderson to discuss how …
  • … to Insectivorous plants , which was published in July 1875, with a US edition published later …
  • … in February 1876 (despite bearing a publication date of 1875), Darwin must have been gratified by …
  • … Darwin, who had communicated the paper to the society in 1875 at Tait’s request, with the ‘awful job …
  • … Darwin rejoiced to hear that the Cambridge astronomer John Couch Adams not only approved of George’s …
  • … at the pre-publication sale dinner held by his publisher, John Murray ( letter to John Murray, 15 …
  • … ). In England, the clergyman botanist George Henslow, son of John Stevens Henslow, Darwin’s …

Darwin's in letters, 1873: Animal or vegetable?

Summary

Having laboured for nearly five years on human evolution, sexual selection, and the expression of emotions, Darwin was able to devote 1873 almost exclusively to his beloved plants. He resumed work on the digestive powers of sundews and Venus fly traps, and…

Matches: 12 hits

  • … would culminate in two books,  Insectivorous plants  (1875) and  Cross and self fertilisation  …
  • … Thomas Lauder Brunton, a specialist in pharmacology, and John Scott Burdon Sanderson, a professor at …
  • … “for Heaven knows when it will be ready” ( letter to John Murray, 4 May [1873] ). Keeping …
  • … with leading physiologists such as David Ferrier and John Hughlings Jackson. Darwin declined to …
  • … Instinct  In February, Darwin received a letter from John Traherne Moggridge on the nature of …
  • … fund was first suggested in early April by Katharine Murray Lyell in conversation with Emma Darwin, …
  • … A group of Huxley’s close friends, including Hooker, John Lubbock, Herbert Spencer, John Tyndall, …
  • … edition was called for. There were commercial advantages for Murray in bringing out a substantially …
  • … your own power & usefulness”, citing the examples of John Stuart Mill and Charles Lyell, who …
  • … from Ernst Meitzen, 17 January 1873 ). A poor-law officer, John Farr, wrote: “Faith like Species, …
  • … more permanent than species are permanent” ( letter from John Farr, 7 July 1873 ). Further …
  • … closer to home, when he was graced by an invitation from John Jenner Weir to act as a patron of the …

Forms of flowers

Summary

Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … results of similar work carried out by correspondents like John Scott . Scott had been studying …
  • … earlier papers on dimorphic and trimorphic plants. In early 1875, he briefly considered adding this …
  • … hinted at the possibility of functional differences, but by 1875 he had completed Insectivorous …
  • … to write Forms of flowers . He contacted his publisher John Murray in early April 1877, …

Darwin in letters, 1881: Old friends and new admirers

Summary

In May 1881, Darwin, one of the best-known celebrities in England if not the world, began writing about all the eminent men he had met. He embarked on this task, which formed an addition to his autobiography, because he had nothing else to do. He had…

Matches: 9 hits

  • eager to send his draft to the printers without delay, asked John Murray, his publisher, to make an
  • laboratory. The Lake District may have reminded Darwin of John Ruskin, who lived there. Sending the
  • 29 July 1881 ). The degree of Darwins distress prompted Murray to offer to publish as soon as the
  • … ). His scientific friends, however, did not agree. Both John Lubbock and Hooker asked for Darwins
  • about the year 1840(?) on all our minds’ ( letter to John Lubbock, [18 September 1881] ). When
  • not have read the evidence given by physiologists to the 1875 Royal Commission for the regulation of
  • on 27 May . Romanes assured Darwin that the artist, John Collier, Huxleys son-in-law, wassuch a
  • after expressing their wish to visit Darwin ( letter from E. B. Aveling, 27 September [1881] ). …
  • Darwin told his old Cambridge University friend John Price on 27 December . As Darwin rejoiced in

Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts

Summary

At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of  Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … and amphibians, while Roland Trimen in South Africa and John Jenner Weir in London sent more …
  • … contributed to  Insectivorous plants , published in 1875. Prompted by a request from a …
  • … and broadening the forums in which Darwinism was discussed. John Murray brought out the first issue …
  • … that to me would have been a pleasing sight’ ( letter to John Murray, [after 18 September 1869] ). …

Darwin and the Church

Summary

The story of Charles Darwin’s involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It shows another side of the man who is more often remembered for his personal struggles with faith, or for his role in large-scale controversies over the…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … scientific interests. Indeed, Darwin’s Cambridge mentor, John Stevens Henslow, and his friend and …
  • … the work of Non-conformist preachers in the village. John Brodie Innes Many of the …
  • … to such strained relations that Darwin’s neighbour, John Lubbock, was forced to send a series of …
  • … chapter . Edited by Francis Darwin. 3 vols. London: John Murray. 1887–8. Moore, James. 1985. …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 24 hits

  • the transcript) and the non-scientific on the right (labelledb’). He continued this separation of
  • scientific books in Darwins library were catalogued in 1875, and this manuscript catalogue is in
  • Archipelago [Crawfurd 1820] Raffeles d[itt]o [T. S. B. Raffles 1817] Buffon Suites
  • 183941]— in Geograph Soc Siebolds Japan [P. F. B. von Siebold 183350]— d[itt]o Kalm
  • Domestic Improvement ] Loudons. Journal of Nat Hist Z & B [ Magazine of Natural History
  • Nemesis to China [Bernard 1844]. The Emigrant, Head [F. B. Head 1846] St. Johns
  • of Birds from distant countries Birds of Japan [P. F. B. von Siebold 183350] Zoolog. Soc
  • 1766] Count Dandalo on silk worm Eng. Translat 1825Murray [Dandolo 1825] /good/ M rs
  • B.M. 6. 6. Black Edin. Longman [Ramsay 1848] St. Johns Nat. Hist. of Sutherlanshire, Murray
  • Liebigs Lectures on Chemistry [Liebig 1851]. Sir John Davies. China during the War and Peace
  • 1801]. well Skimmed B. Edwards Hist. of W. Indies [B. Edwards 17931801]. d[itt]o. …
  • 1766]. good Bas. Montagus Select from old Divines [B. Montagu 1805] [DAR 119: 10a] …
  • … ] to end of Vol: XVIII & Part I. of V. 19 (1843) 25. Murray Domestic Poultry.— Domestic
  • th  Kings & Lays Missionary Voyage [King and Lay 1839] —— B. Halls Schloss Hainfell
  • d . Series. vol 3. p. 1 to 312 30 th  Colquhoun (John) The Moor & the Loch [Colquhoun
  • 18349] Dec 12 th  The Emigrant by Sir F. B. Head [F. B. Head 1846] —— 16 th
  • Buffon [Milne-Edwards 183440]. March 5 th  St. Johns Highlands [Saint John 1846] 8
  • Tone Autobiography [Tone 1826] very amusing March 10 John Galt Autobiography [Galt 1833] poor
  • 1848] Madam Malguet [Torrens] 1848] —— Lives of John & Alex. Belthune [?Bethune 1840 and
  • Ireland [Thompson 184956]. Vol. I. II & 3 May. St. Johns Tour in Sutherlandshire [Saint
  • many vols. I have read.— [DAR *128: 149] Murray Geograph. Distrib. Price William
  • up the River   Amazon, including a residence at Pará . (Murrays Home and Colonial Library.) …
  • Translated from the German and French by Lady Duff Gordon. (Murrays Home and Colonial Library.) …
  • in DAR 71: 18091.]  *119: 22v.; 119: 22a Murray, Andrew. 1866The geographical