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Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year
Summary
The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…
Matches: 19 hits
- … over an anonymous review that attacked the work of Darwin’s son George dominated the second half of …
- … been the naturalist and traveller Alexander von Humboldt’s 105th birthday, Darwin obliged with a …
- … be done by observation during prolonged intervals’ ( letter to D. T. Gardner, [ c . 27 August …
- … pleasures of shooting and collecting beetles ( letter from W. D. Fox, 8 May [1874] ). Such …
- … And … one looks backwards much more than forwards’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 11 May [1874] ). …
- … Andrew Clark, whom he had been consulting since August 1873. Darwin had originally thought that …
- … was an illusory hope.— I feel very old & helpless’ ( letter to B. J. Sulivan, 6 January [1874] …
- … inferred that he was well from his silence on the matter ( letter from Ernst Haeckel, 26 October …
- … rubbish’, he confided to Joseph Dalton Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 18 January [1874] ). …
- … had suggested a new edition of the coral book in December 1873, when he realised the difficulty a …
- … vol. 21, letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 17 December [1873] ). Darwin himself had some trouble …
- … letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 8 January 1874 , letter to J. D. Hooker, 8 January 1874 , and …
- … for misinterpreting Darwin on this point ( letter from J. D. Dana, 21 July 1874 ); however, he did …
- … of human evolution and inheritance himself. In August 1873, he had published in the Contemporary …
- … Mivart (see Correspondence vol. 20, letter to St G. J. Mivart, 11 January [1872] ). To Darwin …
- … the use of the Down schoolroom as a winter reading room in 1873 (see Correspondence , vol. 21, …
- … a week ( letter from E. E. Klein, 14 May 1874 ). John Burdon Sanderson sent the results of his …
- … He also did experiments with pepsin ( letter from J. S. Burdon Sanderson, 25 April 1874) , and …
- … with his lecture at the Royal Institution ( letter to J. S. Burdon Sanderson, 21 March 1874 ). …
Darwin's in letters, 1873: Animal or vegetable?
Summary
Having laboured for nearly five years on human evolution, sexual selection, and the expression of emotions, Darwin was able to devote 1873 almost exclusively to his beloved plants. He resumed work on the digestive powers of sundews and Venus fly traps, and…
Matches: 20 hits
- … and the expression of emotions, Darwin was able to devote 1873 almost exclusively to his beloved …
- … and Cross and self fertilisation (1876). Darwin’s son Francis became increasingly involved in …
- … renouncing plans for a medical career to become his father’s scientific secretary. Darwin had always …
- … The subject was brought closer to home by Francis Galton’s work on inherited talent, which prompted …
- … efforts to alleviate the financial troubles of Anton Dohrn’s Zoological Station at Naples. …
- … I omitted to observe, which I ought to have observed” ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 January [1873] …
- … work your wicked will on it—root leaf & branch!” ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 12 January 1873 ) …
- … copy of the Handbook for the physiological laboratory (1873), a detailed guide to animal …
- … Lauder Brunton, a specialist in pharmacology, and John Scott Burdon Sanderson, a professor at …
- … an abstract of his preliminary results on Drosera to Burdon Sanderson, who had performed …
- … , and had specimens delivered to the Brown Institution. Burdon Sanderson used a galvanometer (a …
- … Darwin’s other main focus of botanical investigation in 1873 was cross- and self-fertilisation, work …
- … parts of the flower would become modified & correlated” ( letter to T. H. Farrer, 14 August …
- … it again, “for Heaven knows when it will be ready” ( letter to John Murray, 4 May [1873] ). …
- … we take notes and take tracings of their burrows” ( letter from Francis Darwin, 14 August [1873] ) …
- … in importance; and if so more places will be created” ( letter to E. A. Darwin, 20 September 1873 …
- … could be transmitted to its offspring ( letter from J. T. Moggridge, 1 February 1873 ). …
- … friend— but he is a deal too sharp” ( letter from J. D. Hooker, [7 April 1873] ). A group …
- … forced him to take periodic breaks from work ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 21 February [1873] ). They …
- … new facts which I have to compare & judge of” ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 20 December [1873] ). …
Darwin and vivisection
Summary
Darwin played an important role in the controversy over vivisection that broke out in late 1874. Public debate was sparked when the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals brought an unsuccessful prosecution against a French physiologist who…
Matches: 18 hits
- … was sympathetic to the cause, but found some of Cobbe’s rhetoric inflammatory, and he strongly …
- … me) attack on Virchow for experimenting on the Trichinae’ (letter to H. E. Litchfield, 4 January …
- … progress of physiology. He reiterated these concerns in a letter to Thomas Henry Huxley ten days …
- … research on insectivorous plants. Indeed, some of Darwin’s plant experiments, such as applying toxic …
- … Such work had drawn him into close contact with England’s leading physiologists, John Scott Burdon …
- … for the physiological laboratory (Klein et al . 1873), which became a focus of criticism in the …
- … because it failed to mention anaesthetics. Darwin’s indebtedness and allegiance to …
- … affection for animals and antipathy to cruelty. Darwin’s fondness for animals, especially dogs, is …
- … I love with all my heart’ ( Correspondence vol. 19, letter to ?, 19 May [1871] ). As a …
- … farmers and their staff (see Correspondence vol. 14, letter to a local landowner, [1866?] ). …
- … ‘an English gentleman would not himself give a moment’s unnecessary pain to any living creature, and …
- … by the prospect of animals suffering for science. In a letter to E. Ray Lankester, he wrote: ‘You …
- … the bill on vivisection, he consulted with Huxley and Burdon Sanderson, with legal experts Godfrey …
- … of Derby. The resulting document went through many stages. Burdon Sanderson first drew up a …
- … [4 April 1875] ). This was evidently passed back to Burdon Sanderson, who drafted a memorial, …
- … already been prepared for the House of Lords (see letter to J. S. Burdon Sanderson, [11 April 1875 …
- … as president of the Royal Society of London (letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 April [1875] ). The next …
- … (letter from T. H. Huxley, 19 May 1875 , letter from J. S. Burdon Sanderson, 23 May [1875] ). …
Animals, ethics, and the progress of science
Summary
Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…
Matches: 18 hits
- … Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical …
- … worm on a hook (‘Recollections’, pp. 358, 388). Darwin’s concern for animals aligned with that of …
- … by the prospect of animals suffering for science. In a letter to E. Ray Lankester, he wrote: ‘You …
- … another word about it, else I shall not sleep to-night’ ( letter to E. R. Lankester, 22 March [1871 …
- … hour of his life’ ( Descent 1: 40). Darwin’s closest encounter with vivisection came in …
- … pangenesis. Darwin was taken aback, and swiftly replied in a letter to Nature , insisting that he …
- … theory to apply to plants. He added, however that Galton’s experiments were ‘extremely curious’, and …
- … for further cross-circulation and ‘Siamesing’ ( letter from Francis Galton, 13 September 1871 ). …
- … Some of the results were promising, but inconclusive (see letter from G. J. Romanes, 14 July 1875 …
- … results will be necessary to convince physiologists’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 18 July 1875 ). …
- … for your work; & I suppose birds can be chloroformed (letter to G. J. Romanes, 27 December …
- … to those performed on dogs and other animals. Darwin’s work on insectivorous plants drew him into …
- … handbook for the physiological laboratory (Klein et al. 1873), a two volume work designed for …
- … branded physiologists as ‘demons let loose from hell’ ( letter to F. B. Cobbe, [14 January 1875] ) …
- … detail here . He stated his position most frankly in a letter to Henrietta, 4 January [1875] . …
- … to outside surveillance and interference. Vivisection’s critics included a number of eminent …
- … point of view I have rejoiced at the present agitation. ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 4 January …
- … position of a persecuted religious sect’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 4 June [1876] ). Experimenters …
Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings
Summary
‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…
Matches: 24 hits
- … Plants always held an important place in Darwin’s theorising about species, and botanical research …
- … the controversy involved a slanderous attack upon Darwin’s son George, in an anonymous review in …
- … V). Darwin remained bitter and dissatisfied with Mivart’s attempts at conciliation, and spent weeks …
- … On 8 January , he told Hooker: ‘I will write a savage letter & that will do me some good, if I …
- … of London, and a secretary of the Linnean Society, Darwin’s friends had to find ways of coming to …
- … the publisher of the Quarterly Review , in which Mivart’s anonymous essay had appeared. ‘I told …
- … to the Editor … Poor Murray shuddered again & again’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 16 January …
- … feel now like a pure forgiving Christian!’ Darwin’s ire was not fully spent, however, for he …
- … The vivisection issue was a delicate one within Darwin’s family, and he tried to balance his concern …
- … paper sent me by Miss Cobbe.’ Darwin found Cobbe’s memorial inflammatory and unfair in its …
- … on 12 May, one week after a rival bill based on Cobbe’s memorial had been read in the House of Lords …
- … Emanuel Klein, a German histologist who worked with John Burdon Sanderson at the Brown Animal …
- … on vivisection , p. 183). Darwin learned of Klein’s testimony from Huxley on 30 October 1875 : …
- … offered to pay the costs for printing an additional 250 ( letter to John Murray, 3 May 1875 ). …
- … & bless the day That ever you were born (letter from E. F. Lubbock, [after 2 …
- … that the originally red half has become wholly white’ ( letter from G. J. Romanes, [before 4 …
- … pp. 188–90). He drew attention to this discussion in a letter to George Rolleston, remarking on 2 …
- … heavily on his son Francis, who had made the decision in 1873 to abandon his medical studies and …
- … Darwin wrote, ‘I beg ten thousand pardon & more’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, [ c . February …
- … signed himself, ‘Your affect son … the proofmaniac’ ( letter from Francis Darwin, 1 and 2 May [1875 …
- … and the local vicar George Sketchley Ffinden resurfaced. In 1873, Charles and Emma Darwin and the …
- … both critical and reverential. On 16 July he received a letter from an advocate of women’s …
- … her presentation copy of Insectivorous plants ( letter to D. F. Nevill, 15 July [1875] ). Such …
- … on the digestive properties of Nepenthes since 1873. ‘You are aware that Dr Hooker has worked …
