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Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 17 hits
- … self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom , published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a …
- … of the young plants is highly remarkable’ ( To Asa Gray, 10 September [1866] ). By early December, …
- … of self-fertility over subsequent generations. In June 1869, Müller remarked, on receiving a new …
- … relationship had lessened the fertility of the offspring (F. Müller 1868b, p. 629). Darwin urged …
- … will be published’ ( To J. V. Carus, 8 May [1873] ). Hermann Müller also wrote from Germany, …
- … will decide in a great measure my further working’ ( From Hermann Müller, 10 June 1873 ). Darwin, …
- … though we have reached them by different routes’ ( To Hermann Müller, 30 May 1873 ). Although …
- … had ‘begun to prepare for press observations continued for 10 years on the effects of crossing …
- … to intercross’ ( To Thomas Meehan, 3 October 1875 ). Hermann Müller had also read Meehan’s work …
- … their best work in order to obscure this matter’ ( From Hermann Müller, 23 October 1875 ). The …
- … for half a century after Kölreuter’s papers’ ( To Hermann Müller, 26 October 1875 ). Darwin’s copy …
- … worth reading. ( To Otto Zacharias, 5 October [1876] ). Hermann Müller, in contrast, wrote that …
- … silence writers like Meehan, Pedecino, and Comes ( From Hermann Müller, 4 October 1876 ). …
- … 12 November 1876 ). The book was published on 10 November 1876. Within days, Darwin received …
- … ( From Friedrich Hildebrand, 18 January 1877 ). Hermann Müller enthused that Darwin’s references …
- … most efficacious encouragement for further work’ ( From Hermann Müller, 6 December 1876 ). …
- … of rye and wheat that he had studied ( From A. W. Rimpau, 10 December 1877 ). By the end of …
List of correspondents
Summary
Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. Click on a name to see the letters Darwin exchanged with that correspondent. "A child of God" (1) Abberley,…
Matches: 27 hits
- … (12) Agassiz, Louis (10) Agent for Mr Allen …
- … Arruda Furtado, Francisco d’ (10) Ashburner, Lionel (1) …
- … (1) Babbage, Charles (10) Babington, C. C. …
- … Breese, Charles (1) Brehmer, Hermann (2) …
- … (1) Covington, Syms (10) Cowper-Temple, W. F. …
- … Crowe, J. R. (2) Crüger, Hermann (6) …
- … (9) Errera, L. A. (10) Erskine, H. N. B. …
- … (13) Forbes, Edward (10) Forbes, J. D. …
- … François de Chaumont, F. S. B. (10) Fraser, George (3) …
- … (1) Gosse, P. H. (10) Goubert, E. M. J. M. P. …
- … (1) Harcourt, E. W. V. (10) Hardwicke’s …
- … Rudolf (1) Hoffmann, Hermann (6) …
- … Kindermann, A. D. (1) Kindt, Hermann (13) …
- … (1) Leighton, W. A. (10) Leng, H. H. …
- … (60) Litchfield, R. B. (10) Literary Fund …
- … (1) Miller, W. H. (10) Milne Home, David …
- … Fritz (111) Müller, Hermann (53) …
- … Orton, James (7) Otto, Hermann (1) …
- … (7) Reeks, Henry (10) Reeks, Trenham …
- … (5) Reuter, Adolf (10) Reviewer (1) …
- … Senior, N. W. (1) Settegast, Hermann (2) …
- … (1) Stanley, M. C. (10) Stanley, Thomas …
- … W. H. de (1) Vöchting, Hermann (2) …
- … (14) Wedgwood, F. J. (10) Wedgwood, F. M. …
- … (72) Weismann, August (10) Weisz, Béla …
- … (4) Westwood, J. O. (10) Wetherell, N. T. …
- … (1) Wollaston, T. V. (10) Wolstenholme, Joseph …
Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots
Summary
Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…
Matches: 9 hits
- … 9 February 1879 ). The botanist and schoolteacher Hermann Müller wrote on 12 February to wish …
- … day , in which he expressed his distress at hearing that Müller had been treated shamefully by the …
- … party in the German house of representatives had accused Müller of corrupting his students by …
- … statement ‘In the beginning was carbon’ ( letter from Hermann Müller, 14 February 1879 ). …
- … interesting to the public’ ( letter to Reginald Darwin, 10 April [1879] ). However, even members …
- … he disagreed with Henrietta, or that Krause had written on 10 July to say that he had derived …
- … & experiment’ ( letter from J. F. Moulton, 10 December 1879 ). In reply to Darwin’s response …
- … or working for the public good. Darwin promoted Fritz Müller’s discoveries in Brazil by enabling the …
- … Leopold Würtenberger fared better. When he wrote on 10 January to ask whether Darwin could find him …
Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute
Summary
Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…
Matches: 19 hits
- … theory. Three important new correspondents in 1867 were Hermann Müller and Anton Dohrn in Germany, …
- … In a letter of 22 February [1867] to Fritz Müller in Brazil, in which he asked for information …
- … differences in mammals and birds. In his letter to Fritz Müller of 22 February [1867] , Darwin …
- … in males and females. In his reply of 1 April 1867 , Müller supplied Darwin with information …
- … and he gained a valuable new correspondent in this area, Hermann Müller. Darwin had already …
- … with Darwin and had even suggested research projects that Hermann, a secondary-school teacher in …
- … first extant letter to Darwin, that of 23 March 1867 , Hermann told Darwin of his research plans. …
- … the fertilisation of flowers by insects.’ By the summer, Hermann was already making observations on …
- … are fertilised by insects ( Orchids ). In October, Müller wrote to thank Darwin for his …
- … an observation that he thought might be of some interest. Müller had observed the special adaptation …
- … well as suck nectar from flowers they visited ( letter from Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867 ). The …
- … the first known depiction of this singular adaptation. Müller’s work not only confirmed many of …
- … continued to receive a wealth of information from Fritz Müller in Brazil. As well as providing …
- … two or three botanists put together’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 7 February [1867] ). Müller had …
- … effect when applied to its own stigma ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 January 1867 ). Darwin replied …
- … into a scientific book’ ( letter to Charles Kingsley, 10 June [1867] ). With respect to …
- … of the hostile kind’ ( letter to Charles Kingsley, 10 June [1867] ). Kingsley himself had remarked …
- … beaks shorter than average’ ( letter to Charles Kingsley, 10 June [1867] ). Typically, …
- … letters about Variation . Darwin wrote to Carus on 10 December , informing him of errors …
Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small
Summary
In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…
Matches: 7 hits
- … & experimentising on them’ ( letter to J. E. Todd, 10 April 1882 ). While enthusiasm drove him …
- … ‘ slight attack’ (Darwin pocket diary, 1882, 6, 7, 10 April 1882). Some days he was able to walk …
- … 20 years, & it is a consolation to me to think that the last 10 or 12 years were the happiest …
- … in tenderness’ (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, 10 May 1882 (DAR 219.1: 150)). …
- … I am able to work’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, [ c . 10 April 1864] ). To the physician Henry …
- … some of whom drew substantially on his theory. In 1869, Hermann Müller (brother to Fritz) sent …
- … investigated the stomach contents of bats?’ ( letter to Hermann Müller, 14 March 1870 ). …
Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments
Summary
The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…
Matches: 13 hits
- … , and, arising from this, the editing of excerpts from Fritz Müller’s letters on climbing plants to …
- … given it up by early July ( see letter to J. D. Hooker, [10 July 1865] ). In July, he …
- … people two whom Darwin sent a copy of the paper was Fritz Müller, in Destêrro (now Florianópolis), …
- … in difficult German, he had it translated, and wrote to Müller in August 1865 that he had just …
- … in October to the Linnean Society for publication in Müller’s name ( see letter from Fritz Müller, …
- … 20 October [1865] ). Darwin was particularly interested in Müller’s observations of tendrils formed …
- … to the second edition of Climbing plants reflecting Müller’s findings. Although he wrote to …
- … similarly coloured varieties (see Correspondence vol. 10, letter to John Scott, 19 November …
- … ‘industry & ability’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, [10 March 1865] ). Scott took these …
- … of transmutation to humans (see Correspondence vol. 10, letter from J. H. Balfour, 14 January …
- … ( Correspondence vol. 11, letter from J. D. Hooker, 10 June 1863 ). However, probably …
- … Cresy, 7 September [1865] , and letter from Edward Cresy, 10 September 1865 ). Francis and …
- … observations for him in India (John Scott) and Brazil (Fritz Müller). Although not well enough to …
Darwin in letters, 1872: Job done?
Summary
'My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, 'is so nearly closed. . . What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’, and the tenor of his correspondence throughout the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye…
Matches: 4 hits
- … `in another world’ ( letter from St G. J. Mivart, 10 January 1872 ). Darwin, determined to have …
- … ). ‘I wanted some encouragement’, he wrote to Hermann Müller in early May, ‘as extremely few …
- … buzzing place where I myself was standing’ ( letter to Hermann Müller, [before 5 May 1872] ). …
- … doubted he would ever use it ( letter to C. L. Dodgson, 10 December 1872 ). Darwin …
Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life
Summary
1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…
Matches: 8 hits
- … however, continued to be raised in various ways. On 10 January, Charles O’Shaughnessy , an Irish …
- … mind, able to investigate them to such extent?’ enthused Hermann Hoffmann on 10 January , while …
- … of plant digestion further, had already reported on 10 January that he had confirmed the ‘more …
- … work he admired. He was so interested in a letter from Fritz Müller in Brazil describing the …
- … Caroline home, they had experienced a further calamity. On 10 May, William suffered serious …
- … mentioned his oldest daughter Annie, who died at the age of 10 in 1851, but William, who was 11 …
- … On receiving a copy of Cross and self fertilisation , Hermann Muller looked forward to reading it …
- … he had, he declared it a ‘wonderful work’ (letters from Hermann Muller, 6 December 1876 and 28 …
Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Matches: 5 hits
- … of Lythrum salicaria ’, was sent to the Society on 10 June 1864 and read six days later at the …
- … exhibited different forms . With typical enthusiasm, Müller had reported finding several new …
- … proves the absolute distinctness of the parents ’. Fritz Müller was enthusiastic, commenting, ‘ …
- … of Linum’ (p. 82) and clarified the meaning to Fritz Müller in a letter in September 1866, ‘ What I …
- … without comparing pollen-grains & stigmas’. When Hermann Müller wrote to say that, in his …
Darwin in letters,1870: Human evolution
Summary
The year 1870 is aptly summarised by the brief entry Darwin made in his journal: ‘The whole of the year at work on the Descent of Man & Selection in relation to Sex’. Descent was the culmination of over three decades of observations and reflections on…
Matches: 3 hits
Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health
Summary
On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…
Matches: 6 hits
- … a letter, insect specimens, and an article on orchids from Hermann Crüger, head of the botanic …
- … perseverance, and his knowledge’ ( letter to John Scott, 10 June 1864 ). Hooker met Scott in …
- … work was being read with particular enthusiasm in Germany. Hermann Kindt, a German living in England …
- … the materialist philosophy of Ludwig Buchner ( letter from Hermann Kindt, 5 September 1864 ). …
- … “Darwin–Mann” ’ ( letter from Ernst Haeckel, 10 August 1864 ). Haeckel sent Darwin a number of his …
- … most of the old Testament’ ( Correspondence vol. 10, letter to Asa Gray, 6 November [1862] ). …
Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings
Summary
‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…
Matches: 11 hits
- … vol. 22, letters from E. E. Klein, 14 May 1874 and 10 July 1874 ). ‘I am astounded & …
- … the process of writing and revising at all satisfying. On 10 February he complained to Hooker : …
- … objectless & all being vanity of vanities,’ he wrote on 10 February . ‘But this will wear …
- … the Oxford professor of oriental languages, Friedrich Max Müller. George’s article also rehearsed …
- … which had become a debating point between Whitney and Max Müller. In Descent 2d ed., pp. 86–8, …
- … through unconscious processes, and had criticised Max Müller’s insistence that language was an …
- … Darwin 1874c, p. 894). On previous occasions, Max Müller and Darwin had aired their …
- … vol. 21), and George’s review prompted Max Müller to write to Darwin affirming that his convictions …
- … I find it in language & what is implied by language.’ Max Müller also published an article in …
- … offer on astronomy, or the Duke of Wellington on art (Max Müller 1875, pp. 305–7). The debate …
- … long-term correspondents such as Ernst Haeckel, Fritz and Hermann Müller, and Anton Dohrn. …
Darwin’s reading notebooks
Summary
In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…
Matches: 26 hits
- … Marcel de Serres Cavernes d’Ossements 7 th Ed. 10 8 vo . [Serres 1838] good to trace Europ. …
- … on wheat [Le Couteur 1836] Bechstein on Caged Birds. 10 s 6 d . translated by Rennie …
- … [DAR *119: 17v.] At end of 2 d . Vol of Müller Phy. [Müller 1837–42] references to some …
- … Soc read Prichards. Nat: History of Man. Bailliere. 1.10 [Prichard 1843] must be studied . …
- … Berlin 1836.— “Vergleich: Anat der Myxinoiden”. Müller [Müller 1837] Towards end of paper describes …
- … Des ). De leur Anatomie, Reproduction et Culture. 4to. Avec 10 planches. Amsterdam, 1768. 12 s . …
- … Society of London 1839] (List from Muller & Bronn [Müller 1837–42 and Bronn 1842–3] in …
- … G. Browne 1799]— well skimmed 1839 Jan 10 All life of W. Scott [Lockhart 1837–8] …
- … Voyage of Kolff to the Molucca Sea [Kolff 1840] 10 th Surville-Marion [Crozet 1783]. …
- … th First vol of Muller’s Physiolog. 850 pages Muller [Müller 1837–42]. references at end 23 …
- … 1839]. References at end. chiefly on instincts 10 th . Blackwalls Researches in Zoology …
- … 1839–40]. references at end.— Maer (June 10 to Nov. 14. 1840) Smellies Buffon 3 d …
- … Hilaire: [I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1841] d[itt]o: 10 th Journal de Phys. [ Observations …
- … [Lyman 1781] [DAR 119: 10b] Dec. 10 th The Hour & Man. H. Martineau [H. …
- … Dog [C. H. Smith 1839–40] 2 d . vol. d[itt]o Nov. 10 th Sprengel. Endeckte Geheimniss. …
- … Nat. Lib. vol 14 [Waterhouse 1841] Marked—— 10 th Veterinary [ Veterinarian ] 1828 Vol 1 …
- … & Mary. & Anne [Smollett 1805].— 1842 Jan 10 M rs Hamilton Grays Etruria [E …
- … to 1806. extracted. 9 th Müllers Physiology [Müller 1837–42] 2 d . vol. ref: at end …
- … Royle Prod. Resources of India [Royle 1840] abst June 10 th Miller’s old Red Sandstone [H. …
- … Clarendons History [Hyde 1704]. 1843 Jan 10. Last Vol of Clarendons History [Hyde …
- … 26 Hinds Regions of Vegetation [Hinds 1843]. June 10 th . Linnæan Trans. [ Transactions of …
- … 3. vols. [Bradley 1724] (nothing) scarcely —— 10 Johnson’s Field Sports of India [D. Johnson …
- … or Geograph. Distrib:” [Gérard 1844–5] Dec. 10 Ray. Society. Vol I. Reports [Ray Society 1845 …
- … 1830] 19 th Abhand. Konig. Ak. Berlin. 1834. Müller on Myxine [Müller 1837] 20 th …
- … London. [Other eds.] 119: 9b Burmeister, Karl Hermann Konrad. 1846. The organization of …
- … J. Moscheles. 2 vols. London. *119: 14 Schlegel, Hermann. 1843. Essay on the physiognomy …
Photograph album of German and Austrian scientists
Summary
The album was sent to Darwin to mark his birthday on 12 February 1877 by the civil servant Emil Rade, and contained 165 portraits of German and Austrian scientists. The work was lavishly produced and bound in blue velvet with metal embossing. Its ornate…
Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts
Summary
At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…
Matches: 3 hits
- … for himself: William Sweetland Dallas’s edition of Fritz Müller’s Für Darwin (Dallas trans. 1869 …
- … than Christian’. Müller confessed to his brother Hermann that he thought this a rather good joke, …
- … Henrietta Emma Darwin wrote to her brother George on 10 April (DAR 245: 291) about the incident: …
Movement in Plants
Summary
The power of movement in plants, published on 7 November 1880, was the final large botanical work that Darwin wrote. It was the only work in which the assistance of one of his children, Francis Darwin, is mentioned on the title page. The research for this…
Matches: 5 hits
- … his work on movement with other correspondents. He told Hermann Müller, ‘ I am working away on …
- … ( letter from W. E. Darwin, 10 February [1880] ). Francis became increasingly frustrated …
- … number of copies they should print ( letter to John Murray, 10 July 1880 ). Moreover, since he …
- … ). Cooke replied that although the actual cost would be £10, he advised, ‘you should make these …
- … he must not know that I have let the Frenchman have them for 10£ ’. With the November …
Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex
Summary
The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…
Matches: 5 hits
- … waltz and was much admired for it by other birds. Fritz Müller sent information on the auditory …
- … and the comparative fertility of different flower forms. Müller offered observations of orchids, …
- … information in the second printing of the book in February. Hermann Müller remarked in a letter …
- … am not sure’, Darwin reflected in a letter dated [8–10 September 1868] , ‘whether it w d not …
- … walked with village girls at night ( letter to J. B. Innes, 10 December [1868] ). ‘The Church will …
