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Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 6 hits
- … a series of experiments, reporting back to Bornet in August 1867 that all but one of the varieties …
- … ( To Fritz Müller, [late December 1866 and] 1 January 1867 ). The following year, his experiments …
- … to the conditions that might affect his results. In March 1867, he told his close friend Joseph …
- … two distinct plants’ ( To J. D. Hooker, 17 March [1867] ). He noted another factor in a letter to …
- … & so have been rarely crossed’ ( To Asa Gray, 15 April [1867] ). One of these ‘exotics’ was …
- … for part of the year ( To J. T. Moggridge, 1 October [1867] ). Darwin was beginning to suspect …
Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments
Summary
The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…
Matches: 17 hits
- … his long paper on climbing plants in the Journal of the Linnean Society , and, arising from this, …
- … the year, Darwin was elected an honorary member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The year …
- … was ready to submit his paper on climbing plants to the Linnean Society of London, and though he was …
- … Darwin’s nomination for the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1864, had staunchly …
- … of species ( Origin ), which the Council of the Royal Society had failed to include among the …
- … scarlet fever), and was wondering whether to send it to the Linnean Society, or to the Royal Society …
- … 7 January [1865] ). After sending the manuscript to the Linnean, he complained to Hooker: ‘For the …
- … ). An abstract of the paper was read before the Linnean Society on 2 February, and in April …
- … books that he needed for references, probably from the Linnean Society ( letter to [Richard Kippist …
- … from which Darwin edited and submitted in October to the Linnean Society for publication in Müller’s …
- … vol. 13). Before submitting the letters to the Linnean Society, Darwin enlisted the help of …
- … published his results in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Scott 1867), and Darwin …
- … the duke of Argyll, had delivered an address to the Royal Society of Edinburgh criticising Origin …
- … himself in December elected an honorary member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. ‘Here is a really …
- … Mensch (Rolle 1866), a study of the development of human society in the light of Origin and …
- … in person, Hooker’s enthusiasm for science and scientific society was evidently undimmed: Frances, …
- … each other are again full of botany and news of scientific society. Darwin finished the year well …
John Murray
Summary
Darwin's most famous book On the origin of species by means of natural selection (Origin) was published on 22 November 1859. The publisher was John Murray, who specialised in non-fiction, particularly politics, travel and science, and had published…
Matches: 4 hits
- … for a joint paper by Darwin and Wallace to be read at the Linnean Society of London on 1 July …
- … intercrossing (Orchids) , which Darwin had prepared for the Linnean Society of London. Murray only …
- … more despondent: ‘I fear it can never pay’ (3 January [1867] Letter 5346 ). In the end Murray …
- … ), which had first appeared in the Journal of the Linnean Society of London. This edition of …
Climbing plants
Summary
Darwin’s book Climbing plants was published in 1865, but its gestation began much earlier. The start of Darwin’s work on the topic lay in his need, owing to severe bouts of illness in himself and his family, for diversions away from his much harder book on…
Matches: 5 hits
- … about where he could publish his opus. The Journal of the Linnean Society seemed the obvious …
- … him, ‘ Bentham craves your paper however long—for the Linnean, & so do I ’. A more relaxed …
- … but an excerpt from it was read by the secretary of the Linnean Society, Frederick Currey , on 2 …
- … on 12 June 1865 in a double issue of the Journal of the Linnean Society ( Botany ). In spite …
- … for publication and appeared in the Journal of the Linnean Society ( Botany ) in November …
Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Matches: 7 hits
- … in Primula ’), which he read at a meeting of the Linnean Society of London on 21 November 1861. …
- … and 21 December 1862. The paper was read at a meeting of the Linnean Society on 3 February 1863. …
- … was eager to finish in order to have the paper read at the Linnean Society before the summer break. …
- … the three forms of Lythrum salicaria ’, was sent to the Society on 10 June 1864 and read six days …
- … you from publishing on the subject ’. In March 1867, Darwin received a small book from …
- … and trimorphic plants’, was read at a meeting of the Linnean Society on 20 February, while the …
- … published in the June 1868 issue of the Journal of the Linnean Society of London ( Botany ). …
Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health
Summary
On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…
Matches: 17 hits
- … forms of Lythrum salicaria ’) and sent it to the Linnean Society of London, thus completing the …
- … were also marked by the award to Darwin of the Royal Society’s Copley Medal; he had been nominated …
- … medal was considered the greatest accolade that the Royal Society could bestow. The announcement of …
- … (‘Climbing plants’), which Darwin submitted to the Linnean Society in January 1865. Climbers …
- … of Origin . He communicated Crüger’s paper to the Linnean Society, in addition to a paper on …
- … one of Scott’s papers on the orchid Oncidium to the Linnean Society in 1864 (Scott 1864b). …
- … on the Primulaceae that was communicated by Darwin to the Linnean Society (Scott 1864a); other …
- … George Bentham expressed in his presidential address to the Linnean Society; Darwin, however, …
- … that were first presented at the Royal Geographical Society, and later elaborated in letters and …
- … dispute with officers of the recently formed Anthropological Society of London, many of whose …
- … between the polygenist views of the Anthropological Society, which for the most part consisted of …
- … human races, and the monogenist views of the Ethnological Society, most of whose members believed …
- … Copley medal controversy After the award of the Royal Society’s Copley Medal, Darwin may have …
- … 7 November [1864] that half the significance of the Royal Society’s award related to the ‘question …
- … Darwin had earlier revealed his awareness that a Royal Society medal could not be easily won when he …
- … years. An 1863 letter from the president of the Royal Society, Edward Sabine, to the geologist John …
- … Sabine’s anniversary address was delivered at the Royal Society on 30 November, when the award of …
Women’s scientific participation
Summary
Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…
Matches: 11 hits
- … Letter 5745 - Barber, M. E. to Darwin, [after February 1867] Mary Barber responds to …
- … Letter 7223 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., [8 June 1867 - 72] Darwin asks his niece, …
- … Edward Blyth, curator of the museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, sends specimens and bird …
- … Letter 5602 - Sutton, S. to Darwin, [8 August 1867] Sutton, the keeper of the …
- … 5705 - Haast, J. F. J. von to Darwin, [4 December 1867] Explorer and geologist Haast …
- … experiments from Miss Bateman, the first woman admitted to Linnean Society. Men: …
- … James Tenant, keeper of the aquarium at the Zoological Society’s gardens, sends Darwin the results …
- … Letter 5585 - Darwin to Darwin, H. E., [26 July 1867] Darwin praises Henrietta’s …
- … Letter 5403 - Darwin to Carus, J. V. [17 February 1867] Darwin thanks Carus for his …
- … Darwin seeks to decline the Secretaryship of the Geological Society. Once his writing skills and …
- … 5410 - Darwin to Muller, J. F. T., [22 February 1867] Darwin thanks Muller for …
Fritz Müller
Summary
Fritz Müller, a German who spent most of his life in political exile in Brazil, described Darwin as his second father, and Darwin's son, Francis, wrote that, although they never met 'the correspondence with Müller, which continued to the close of…
Matches: 4 hits
- … plants’ in a double issue of the Journal of the Linnean Society ( Botany ). Having now …
- … sent off the letters for publication in the Journal of the Linnean Society ( Botany ). The …
- … periodicals. Müller had returned to the mainland in 1867, once again homesteading and living …
- … and published in the Transactions of the Entomological society of London in 1879 on Darwin’s …
Controversy
Summary
The best-known controversies over Darwinian theory took place in public or in printed reviews. Many of these were highly polemical, presenting an over-simplified picture of the disputes. Letters, however, show that the responses to Darwin were extremely…
Matches: 5 hits
- … 5500 — Darwin, C. R. to Haeckel, E. P. A., 12 Apr [1867] Darwin is sympathetic to Haeckel’s …
- … Letter 5533 — Haeckel, E. P. A. to Darwin, C. R., 12 May 1867 Haeckel thanks Darwin for the …
- … 5544 — Darwin, C. R. to Haeckel, E. P. A., 21 May [1867] Darwin discusses his previous …
- … presentation of the theory through joint papers at the Linnean Society of London, and presided over …
- … Letter 2299 — Hooker, J. D. & Lyell, Charles to Linnean Society, 30 June 1858 Hooker …
Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small
Summary
In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…
Matches: 13 hits
- … ‘Action of carbonate of ammonia on roots’, read at the Linnean Society of London on 6 and 16 March, …
- … produced by planting in apposition’, was read at the Linnean Society on 4 May, but not published. …
- … sat for Collier in 1881 for a portrait commissioned by the Linnean Society. Collier sent Darwin a …
- … consult another physician. ‘Ever since I met Frank at the Linnean,’ he wrote, ‘I have been greatly …
- … his memory more than I shall. I have just come from the Linnean when we adjourned as a small tribute …
- … life in the 1840s: his duties as secretary of the Geological Society, his work on geology, coral …
- … In May 1857, Darwin wrote to the secretary of the Royal Society, William Sharpey, with …
- … by Thomas Francis Jamieson in a paper to the Geological Society. Darwin was a referee for the paper …
- … from my continued ill-health has been my seclusion from society & not becoming acquainted with …
- … Lyell had been a strong advocate of common descent. In 1867, Lyell expressed his enthusiasm for …
- … of the organic world ( letter from Charles Lyell, 16 July 1867 ). In the same year, Darwin made a …
- … property’ ( letter to George Warington, 11 October [1867] ). Respecting the privacy of …
- … ‘the imbecile, the maimed, and other useless members of society’. He regarded this as the highest …
Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex
Summary
The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…
Matches: 8 hits
- … Darwin had sent the manuscript to the publisher in February 1867, and had spent a good deal of that …
- … Record. Dallas had begun the work in November 1867 and had expected to complete it in a fortnight. …
- … He asked Bates, who was president of the Entomological Society of London, to raise the question at …
- … by several other entomologists who had been present at the society’s meeting. Darwin circulated his …
- … emotional expression. His questionnaire, first sent out in 1867, was circulated to remote parts of …
- … and trimorphic plants’. They were read before the Linnean Society of London on 19 March. In a letter …
- … and supported Farrer’s candidacy for fellowship of the Linnean Society ( letter from George Bentham …
- … [23 December 1868] ). Barber’s paper was read before the Linnean Society on 4 February 1869, but …
Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours
Summary
Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…
Matches: 9 hits
- … he had written between 1861 and 1868 and presented to the Linnean Society of London. In the book, …
- … nitrogenous matter. His work on teasel was sent to the Royal Society of London by Darwin, who …
- … perfectly heard & understood’. An abstract appeared in the society’s Proceedings , but the …
- … Rade, a civil servant active in the Westphalian Provincial Society for Science and Art. In a letter …
- … from the director and secretary of the Dutch Zoological Society , whose council had organised the …
- … blending and swamped within a larger population ([Jenkin] 1867). Darwin had addressed this criticism …
- … not give up Pangenesis with wicked imprecations’ (Trollope 1867; letter to G. J. Romanes, [1 and 2 …
- … College, and avoided dinner at the Cambridge Philosophical Society. ‘I am not able to spend an …
- … Henry Huxley delivered a rousing speech at the Philosophical Society dinner), and busy himself …
Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest
Summary
The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of Origin. Darwin got the fourth…
Matches: 5 hits
- … Ernest Edwards, and visit the gardens of the Zoological Society at Regent’s Park. He also astonished …
- … had grown over the past few years. Emma described the Royal Society event in a letter to George: …
- … friends were indeed delighted at his return to scientific society; Hooker remarked, ‘I am longing to …
- … paper on the subject, read several weeks later at the Linnean Society of London (Henslow 1866a). …
- … began work on the new translation (Bronn and Carus trans. 1867), incorporating the revisions Darwin …
