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Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health
Summary
On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…
Matches: 29 hits
- … Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864 : ‘the venerable beard gives the …
- … Darwin corresponded little during the first three months of 1864, dictating nearly all his letters …
- … had consulted in 1863. In a letter of 26[–7] March [1864] , Darwin exclaimed to his close friend, …
- … letters of advice from Jenner. In a letter of 15 December [1864] to the surgeon and naturalist …
- … his cousin William Darwin Fox in a letter of 30 November [1864] , ‘the Copley being open to all …
- … five years earlier. His primary botanical preoccupation in 1864 was climbing plants. He had become …
- … ( Correspondence vol. 11). In a letter of [27 January 1864] , Darwin wrote to Hooker: ‘The …
- … produce tendrils’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [8 February 1864] ). Darwin’s excitement about his …
- … & therefore sacred’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 2 June [1864] ). When Darwin asked Oliver …
- … light of axioms’ ( letter from Daniel Oliver, [17 March 1864] ). Though Darwin replied with his …
- … . . .’ When he told Asa Gray in a letter of 29 October [1864] that he was continuing to study …
- … addition to his work on climbing plants, Darwin engaged in 1864 in botanical observations and …
- … were produced. Continuing from these earlier studies, in 1864 he conducted crossing experiments …
- … in causing sterility both within and between species in his 1864 paper, ‘Three forms of Lythrum …
- … trimorphic Lythrum , and when his health permitted in 1864 he drew up the results (see …
- … Darwin remarked to Hooker in a letter of 26 November [1864] that nothing had interested him so …
- … species with the common oxlip. In a letter of 22 October [1864] , Darwin triumphantly wrote to …
- … flowers ). A household enterprise Darwin’s 1864 correspondence with family members …
- … garden, taking notes by dictation. His niece Lucy Caroline Wedgwood sent observations of …
- … Forms of flowers . The greatest assistance in 1864, however, was provided by William, Darwin …
- … minute and painstaking observations, writing on 14 April [1864] , ‘I can do as much pollen work …
- … household news, were sometimes written by Darwin’s wife, Emma, or by Henrietta. Darwin’s own replies …
- … case of Dimorphism’ in Menyanthes ( letter from Emma and Charles Darwin to W. E. Darwin, [20 …
- … for my stomach’ ( letter to Daniel Oliver, 17 February [1864] ). Darwin was also impressed …
- … to inspire the research of others as well; he influenced the 1864 publication of a paper by another …
- … publish his new material on them. Nevertheless, his work in 1864 contributed to his 1869 paper …
- … continuing identification of insect pollinators in 1864 and following years. John Scott again …
- … on the orchid Oncidium to the Linnean Society in 1864 (Scott 1864b). Recognising Scott’s skills …
- … he saw few people outside the family and, according to Emma Darwin’s diary and his own ‘Journal’, …
Darwin's health
Summary
On 28 March 1849, ten years before Origin was published, Darwin wrote to his good friend Joseph Hooker from Great Malvern in Worcestershire, where Dr James Manby Gully ran a fashionable water-cure establishment. Darwin apologised for his delayed reply to…
Matches: 11 hits
- … of a fashionable spinal ice treatment. In April 1864, Darwin attributed his improved health to Dr …
- … gaining vigour .’ (letter to J. D. Hooker, 13 April [1864] ) Why was Darwin’s so ill? …
- … vol. 12, letter to F. T. Buckland, 15 December [1864] ). On Darwin’s early stomach …
- … vol. 4). Throughout the winter of 1863 and spring of 1864, he was sick almost daily (see …
- … Chapman. In a letter to J. D. Hooker, [20-] 22 February [1864] ( Correspondence vol. 12), …
- … 38, 47, 64). Fainting and ‘rocking’ had been recorded in Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242) on several …
- … Hooker, 1 June [1865] and 27 [or 28 September 1865] . Emma or another member of the household …
- … alive’. See also Correspondence vol. 12, letter from Emma Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 17 March …
- … October 1863 (see Correspondence vol. 11, letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox, 8 December …
- … doses of chalk, magnesia, and other antacids in March 1864 (see Emma Darwin’s diary, DAR 242, and n. …
- … vol. 12, letter to J. D. Hooker, 13 April [1864] ). …
2.3 Wedgwood medallions
Summary
< Back to Introduction Despite Darwin’s closeness to the Wedgwood family, he was studiously uninterested in the productions of his maternal grandfather Josiah Wedgwood I, the immensely successful ceramic manufacturer. In a letter to Hooker of January…
Matches: 14 hits
- … Introduction Despite Darwin’s closeness to the Wedgwood family, he was studiously …
- … of January 1863, Darwin described himself and his wife Emma (also a grandchild of Josiah) with mock …
- … children were allowed to play with family heirlooms such as Wedgwood medallions until many were …
- … in the spring of 1863 he borrowed from the Darwin family a Wedgwood medallion of Charles’s …
- … shared by his eldest son William, who developed a taste for Wedgwood ware that lasted his life: in …
- … medallion portraying him in profile, for manufacture by the Wedgwood firm: Hooker and William Darwin …
- … her Life in Letters of her father, dated his model for Wedgwood’s Darwin medallion to 1869. …
- … one Woolner design, still exist in the collections of the Wedgwood Museum at Barlaston. Two of them …
- … At the same time, it harks back to the neoclassicism of Wedgwood’s eighteenth-century medallions of …
- … such as John Locke and Adam Smith, who had been portrayed on Wedgwood medallions at an earlier …
- … WE.6132-2016 copyright holder V&A Wedgwood collection originator …
- … bibliography Much information on this work and on other Wedgwood portraits of Darwin has been …
- … Other letters from Hooker to Darwin about his Wedgwood enthusiasms and collecting: 5 Feb. 1864 (DCP …
- … 178, 360, 436–437. Robin Reilly and George Savage, Wedgwood: The Portrait Medallions (London: …
Women’s scientific participation
Summary
Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…
Matches: 8 hits
- … plants in her garden. Letter 4523 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [6 June 1864] …
- … her observations on the expression of emotion in dogs with Emma Darwin. Letter 8676 …
- … Letter 4436 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., [26-27 March 1864] Darwin thanks Hooker for …
- … Letter 5756 - Langton, E. & C. to Wedgwood S. E., [after 9 November 1868] Darwin …
- … - Wright, Charles to Gray, A., [20, 25, 26 March & 1 April 1864] Charles Wright tells …
- … E. to Darwin, W. E., [January 23rd 1887]: Emma Darwin tells her eldest son, William, …
- … E. to Darwin, W. E. , (March, 1862 - DAR 219.1:49) Emma Darwin updates her son, William, …
- … is a great critic”, thought the article worth reprinting, Emma was less convinced. Letter …
Natural Science and Femininity
Summary
Discussion Questions|Letters A conflation of masculine intellect and feminine thoughts, habits and feelings, male naturalists like Darwin inhabited an uncertain gendered identity. Working from the private domestic comfort of their homes and exercising…
Matches: 6 hits
- … made up of meals, family time and walks into town with Emma. Letter 555 - Darwin to …
- … microscopical spherical bodies found on flowers which Emma had gathered and brought into the house …
- … Letter 4377 - Haeckel, E. P. A. to Darwin, [2 January 1864] Haeckel sends Darwin some …
- … Letter 4436 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., [26-27 March 1864] Darwin thanks Hooker for …
- … Letter 4469 - Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, [20 April 1864] Hooker discusses the scientific …
- … Letter 4472 - Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, [26 or 27 April 1864] Hooker once again discusses …
Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex
Summary
The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…
Matches: 7 hits
- … the mating process. In a letter to Alfred Russel Wallace in 1864, Darwin claimed that sexual …
- … (Correspondence vol. 12, letter to A. R. Wallace, 28 [May 1864] ). Darwin’s theory of …
- … at Cambridge, George Robert Crotch, writing to his mother Emma in a letter dated [after 16 October …
- … Langton wrote from the south of France to Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood on 9 Novembe r, describing …
- … and received a number of reports from family members. Emma Darwin’s niece, Cicely Mary Hawkshaw, …
- … old daughter Katherine ( letter from C. M. Hawkshaw to Emma Darwin, 9 February [1868] ). Darwin’s …
- … other national papers, and within a few days Darwin and Emma were receiving letters of …
Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small
Summary
In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…
Matches: 12 hits
- … and was no longer able to take his daily strolls (Henrietta Emma Litchfield, ‘Charles Darwin’s death …
- … E. Litchfield to G. H. Darwin, 17 March 1882 (DAR 245: 319)) Emma wrote ten days later: ‘You will …
- … been a good deal plagued with dull aching in the chest’ (Emma Darwin to G. H. Darwin, [ c . 28 …
- … benefit & he escaped pain entirely yesterday’ (letter from Emma Darwin to G. H. Darwin, 6 April …
- … wrote to George, who had visited Down on 11 April (Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). ‘Father was taken …
- … H. Darwin, [19 April 1882] (DAR 245: 320)). It was left to Emma to convey the sorrowful news to his …
- … which I hope were never very violent’ ( letter from Emma Darwin to J. D. Hooker, [20 April 1882 …
- … they were the most overflowing in tenderness’ (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, 10 May 1882 …
- … was eagerly awaited by his family, including his cousin Emma Wedgwood. In long letters to her sister …
- … plied him with questions without any mercy’ ( letter from Emma Wedgwood to F. E. E. Wedgwood, [28 …
- … able to work’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, [ c . 10 April 1864] ). To the physician Henry Holland, …
- … History every day’ ( letter to Henry Holland, 6 November [1864] ). Writing to the clergyman and …
Science: A Man’s World?
Summary
Discussion Questions|Letters Darwin's correspondence show that many nineteenth-century women participated in the world of science, be it as experimenters, observers, editors, critics, producers, or consumers. Despite this, much of the…
Matches: 4 hits
- … In these notes, written shortly before his courtship with Emma, Darwin weighed the pros and cons of …
- … Letter 4377 - Haeckel, E. P. A. to Darwin, [2 January 1864] Haeckel sends Darwin some …
- … Letter 4441 - Becker, L. E. to Darwin, [30 March 1864] Lydia Becker sends Darwin a copy …
- … of physiology at Bedford College for girls. Appealing to Emma’s “feminine sympathies”, Cresy is keen …
What did Darwin believe?
Summary
What did Darwin really believe about God? the Christian revelation? the implications of his theory of evolution for religious faith? These questions were asked again and again in the years following the publication of Origin of species (1859). They are…
Matches: 19 hits
- … after her husband, the mathematician George Boole, died in 1864. Dear Sir Will you …
- … into such territory in this letter to a stranger. Emma Darwin In what is …
- … matters many years earlier with his cousin and fiancée, Emma Wedgewood. In their correspondence, …
- … but we gain a sense of what the couple discussed from Emma’s words to him: My reason …
- … It is clear from other correspondence that one of Emma’s most cherished beliefs was in an afterlife. …
- … she means so in eternity. There is a marked tension in Emma’s letter between reason and feeling, and …
- … to himself, and allowed his differences of belief with Emma to remain for the most part submerged. …
- … members of the Darwin family, offer a fuller perspective on Emma’s religious beliefs. The documents …
- … over Scriptural or doctrinal authority, as a foundation for Emma’s views. They also show that Emma’s …
- … was another important religious tradition in the Darwin and Wedgwood families. Josiah Wedgwood, who …
- … Unitarian school in Shrewsbury. The circle with whom he and Emma socialised when in London included …
- … were regular guests of Darwin’s brother Erasmus, and of Emma’s brother, Hensleigh Wedgwood and his …
- … liturgy. But we know, from Francis Darwin’s comments, that Emma used to make the family turn round …
- … to recite the creed, with its Trinitarian formula. Emma’s copy of the New Testament, …
- … to have been inauthentic, or added by later authors. Emma’s Bible also contains some …
- … as practical’. Some of the Biblical commentary that Emma and Charles read in this period …
- … written to Charles several months after their marriage, Emma suggests an appreciation for earnest …
- … nature and to revelation, like the openness that Charles and Emma so valued between each other–this …
- … through his early discussions on religion and science with Emma, to his publications on evolution, …
Darwin and Fatherhood
Summary
Charles Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and over the next seventeen years the couple had ten children. It is often assumed that Darwin was an exceptional Victorian father. But how extraordinary was he? The Correspondence Project allows an unusually…
Matches: 8 hits
- … Charles Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and over the next seventeen years the couple had ten …
- … a result, Darwin rarely spent a day without the company of Emma and at least some of his children. …
- … they employed eight servants including two nursery maids. Emma actively supervised and assisted with …
- … to see their father when he was working (Darwin to his wife Emma, [7-8 February 1845] ). Although …
- … daughter reveal (J. D. Hooker to Darwin, 16 September 1864 ). In addition to his fears for …
- … (Darwin to W. D. Fox, 10 October [1850] ) as he and Emma tried to choose suitable schools and …
- … children in letters to friends, and the choices that he and Emma made were deliberately conventional …
- … the age of twenty-six. This meant that in old age Darwin and Emma continued to share Down House with …
Scientific Networks
Summary
Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…
Matches: 7 hits
- … Letter 4463 — Scott, John to Darwin, C. R., 14 Apr [1864] Scott thanks Darwin for his …
- … Letter 4468 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 19 [Apr 1864] Darwin makes another plea to his …
- … Letter 4469 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 20 Apr 1864 Hooker again refuses to help Scott, …
- … Letter 4471 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 25 Apr [1864] Darwin thinks his friend Kew …
- … Letter 4611 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 13 Sept [1864] Darwin sends abstract of John Scott …
- … Letter 4441 — Becker, Lydia to Darwin, C. R., 30 Mar 1864 Becker sends Darwin a copy of her …
- … Letter 1176 — Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, Emma, [20–1 May 1848] Darwin writes to his wife Emma. …
Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments
Summary
The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…
Matches: 7 hits
- … for the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1864, had staunchly supported his candidacy, …
- … to CD’s theory of transmutation, in or before November 1864 ( Correspondence vol. 12, letter to …
- … ), and wrote up his results on his voyage to India in late 1864, despite suffering from sea-sickness …
- … in learned societies and in the popular press. In December 1864, George Douglas Campbell, the duke …
- … this and that modification of structure’ (G. D. Campbell 1864, pp. 275–6). Campbell argued further …
- … attending school, and spent some time travelling in Europe (Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242), Emma …
- … people weren’t so foolish’;. In November, Darwin and Emma visited Erasmus in London ( …
Expression
Summary
Darwin's interest in emotional expression can be traced as far back as the Beagle voyage. He was fascinated by the different sounds and gestures among the peoples of Tierra del Fuego, and on his return from the voyage he started recording observations…
Matches: 4 hits
- … the project to a conclusion. At a particularly low point in 1864, he even offered all his material …
- … his marriage, he shared his interest in expression with Emma (then his fiancée), and asked her to …
- … and their communications were often addressed either to Emma or her eldest daughter . 'I am …
- … extended to caged creatures. Darwin requested his niece Lucy Wedgwood to ' think of any fact …
Religion
Summary
Design|Personal Belief|Beauty|The Church Perhaps the most notorious realm of controversy over evolution in Darwin's day was religion. The same can be said of the evolution controversy today; however the nature of the disputes and the manner in…
Matches: 4 hits
- … members of his own family. Letter 441 — Wedgwood, Emma to Darwin, C. R., [21–22 Nov …
- … conscientious doubts”. Letter 471 — Darwin, Emma to Darwin, C. R., [c. Feb 1839] …
- … of Argyll’s address to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1864), Darwin used birds, flowers and …
- … of Argyll’s address [to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1864)] on beauty and sexual selection. He …
Discussion Questions and Essay Questions
Summary
There are a wide range of possibilities for opening discussion and essay writing on Darwin’s correspondence. We have provided a set of sample discussion questions and essay questions, each of which focuses on a particular topic or correspondent in depth.…
Matches: 5 hits
- … did readers draw from Darwin’s theories?[Mary Boole (1864), F. E. Abbot (1871-4), John Fordyce (1879 …
- … [John Lubbock (1854-6), John Scott (1861-4), William Darwin (1864-6)] Who counted as a ‘real …
- … sexual dimorphism (1862), Fritz Müller and climbing plants (1864), Hermann Müller and the …
- … in relation to private or personal life? [Charles Lyell, Emma Wedgwood, W. D. Fox (1830s)] How …
- … in letters? [Hooker on geographic distribution of species (1864--6 and earlier), Wallace on the …
Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life
Summary
1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…
Matches: 11 hits
- … life in Down House measured by the ongoing tally of his and Emma’s backgammon games. ‘I have won, …
- … was never far away in the Darwin family. In April, while Emma was suffering from a feverish cold, …
- … In the same month, Darwin heard that his sister Caroline Wedgwood continued to languish in …
- … associated with a happy event. On 7 September, Charles and Emma became grandparents for the first …
- … have heart to go on again . . . I cannot conceive Emma and Charles exhibited a practical …
- … August to be with her daughter at the time of the birth, and Emma was unimpressed by her. ‘The more …
- … word she says’, she confided to Henrietta (letter from Emma Darwin to H. E. Litchfield, [31 August …
- … ability to console Francis after Amy’s death gained Emma’s respect. ‘She is always able to speak’, …
- … of Darwin’s recently completed autobiography (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, [13 September …
- … & his wife (very pleasing) & a Prof. Romer came to lunch’, Emma Darwin reported to Leonard …
- … from different forms of dimorphic and trimorphic plants in 1864 showed that hybrid sterility in …
Darwin’s reading notebooks
Summary
In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…
Matches: 9 hits
- … 1833] (Boot) Leslie life of Constable [Leslie 1843]. (Emma) (read) M rs Fry’s Life …
- … Public Library. 3 ‘Books … Read’ is in Emma Darwin’s hand. 4 “”Traité …
- … 6 The text from page [1v.] to page [6] is in Emma Darwin’s hand and was copied from Notebook C, …
- … to old Aristotle.’ ( LL 3: 252). 10 Emma Darwin wrote ‘7 th ’ instead of “3 d “ …
- … 12 A mistranscription for ‘Entozoa’ by Emma Darwin. See Notebook C, p. 266 ( Notebooks ). …
- … wrote ‘Transact’ to replace ‘Journal’ written in Emma Darwin’s hand. 16 Emma Darwin …
- … The text from page [1a] to half way down page [5a] is in Emma Darwin’s hand and is a copy of CD’s …
- … in ink by CD. 73 This entry was written by Emma Darwin. 74 “8 … …
- … 1855. The senses and the intellect . London. [2d ed. (1864) in Darwin Library.] *128: 165 …
