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Dramatisation script
Summary
Re: Design – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig Baxter – as performed 25 March 2007
Matches: 14 hits
- … – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig Baxter – as …
- … quotes from the correspondence or published writings of Asa Gray, Charles Darwin, Joseph Dalton …
- … read the words of the following: Actor 1 – Asa Gray Actor 2 – Charles Darwin …
- … day archivist, this actor uses the words of Jane Loring Gray, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Hugh Falconer, …
- … in which the play unfolds and acting as a go-between between Gray and Darwin, and between the …
- … are described by his widow Jane the final days of Professor Asa Gray, Harvard Botanist. A series of …
- … of the Life of Darwin. At this time in his life, Asa Gray is in his late 70s. JANE …
- … secret and potentially incendiary ideas. A younger Asa Gray (now in his mid 40s) arrives in …
- … you might reasonably expect… Yours most sincerely Asa Gray. DARWIN: 16 My dear …
- … 25 I send enclosed [a letter for you from Asa Gray], received this morning. I send my own, also, …
- … instructive to me. 42 Ever most cordially yours, Asa Gray Darwin, after a short …
- … should not be in conflict. A TREMENDOUS FURORE: 1859-1860 In which Darwin distributes …
- … in the long run prevail. CERTAIN BENEFICIAL LINES: 1860 Asa Gray presents his argument …
- … 1859 70 A GRAY TO JD HOOKER, 5 JANUARY 1860 71L AGASSIZ, JULY 1860 …
Darwin in letters, 1860: Answering critics
Summary
On 7 January 1860, John Murray published the second edition of Darwin’s Origin of species, printing off another 3000 copies to satisfy the demands of an audience that surprised both the publisher and the author. It wasn't long, however, before ‘the…
Matches: 19 hits
- … On 7 January 1860, John Murray published the second edition of Darwin’s Origin of …
- … in railway stations ( letter to Charles Lyell, 14 January [1860] ). By May, with the work …
- … out in the United States and in Germany, he expressed to Asa Gray his astonishment at the widespread …
- … thinking that it would be nice easy reading.’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 22 May [1860] ). …
- … his main argument ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 3 January [1860] ). Darwin’s magnanimous …
- … utterly smashed’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 3 July [1860] ). (A chronological list of all the …
- … the only track that leads to physical truth’ (Sedgwick 1860) that most wounded Darwin. Having spent …
- … investigation.—’ ( letter to J. S. Henslow, 8 May [1860] ). Above all else Darwin prided …
- … were inexplicable by the theory of creation. Asa Gray’s statement in his March review that natural …
- … solely by explaining an ample lot of facts.’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 18 February [1860] ). To those …
- … as real.’ ( letter to C. J. F. Bunbury, 9 February [1860] ). This helps to explain why Darwin was …
- … progression ( letter to Charles Lyell, 18 [and 19 February 1860] ). To this and Lyell’s many other …
- … than a success ( see letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 February [1860] ). I think geologists …
- … to reasoning.’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 18 May 1860 ). Darwin began to tabulate (and …
- … perfected structure as the eye. As Darwin admitted to Lyell, Gray, and others, imagining how …
- … caused him greater discomfort. As he readily admitted to Gray: ‘The sight of a feather in a peacock …
- … change of form’, namely those of embryology ( letter to Asa Gray, 10 September [1860] ). Only his …
- … in letters to his closest confidants Hooker, Lyell, and Gray. Initially he found it curious ‘how …
- … not thoroughly . . . I must be a very bad explainer.' Asa Gray and design in nature …
Darwin in letters, 1862: A multiplicity of experiments
Summary
1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the extent and breadth of the botanical experiments…
Matches: 18 hits
- … and assistance with experiments. In January, he wrote to Asa Gray thanking him for some ‘new cases …
- … had ‘different functions’. He continued to write to Gray throughout the year about his quest for …
- … time on the problem: ‘the labour is great’, he told Gray ( letter to Asa Gray, 10–20 June [1862] ) …
- … By October, Darwin was flagging and declared to Gray: ‘I am utterly routed, beaten, “whipped” by …
- … by the extent of the sterility of own-form crosses. He told Gray: ‘Taking sexual power as the …
- … may be said to be generically distinct’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 14 July [1862] ). The case was so …
- … seed. The case clearly excited Darwin, who exclaimed to Gray ( letter to Asa Gray, 9 August [1862] …
- … had enjoyed observing the orchids: he described the work to Gray as a ‘hobby-horse’ that had given …
- … of the orchids that puzzled him, and was thrilled by Gray’s observations of North American species. …
- … of natural selection through the back door ( letter to Asa Gray, 23[–4] July [1862] ). Moreover, …
- … his opposition to the Origin ’ ( letter from Asa Gray, 2–3 July 1862 ). Henry Walter …
- … ). War abroad. Anxiety at home As usual, Asa Gray took care that Americans should know …
- … & genius you have for these researches’ ( letter from Asa Gray, 18 May 1862 ). In thanking …
- … ‘not a shade of feeling against slavery’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 16 October [1862] ). It was …
- … ‘fearful evil to the whole world’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 16 October [1862] )—appreciated how well …
- … had ‘come to wish for Peace at any price’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 23[–4] July [1862] ), the couple …
- … plant, Drosera . As he had at Eastborne in the summer of 1860 (see Correspondence vol. 8), Darwin …
- … Richard Owen, one of his ‘chief enemies’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 23[–4] July [1862] ), challenging …
Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad
Summary
At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…
Matches: 17 hits
- … vol. 8, letter to Charles Lyell, 10 January [1860] ). In the same letter he reminded Lyell of …
- … ( letter from Charles Lyell, 11 March 1863 ). The botanist Asa Gray, Darwin’s friend in the United …
- … Huxley’s book would scare them off ( see letter from Asa Gray, 20 April 1863 ). In May, Darwin …
- … who was already ill-disposed towards Owen following his 1860 review of Origin , wrote to Falconer …
- … and letter to Athenæum , 18 April [1863] ). He told Gray: ‘Under the cloak of a fling at …
- … Lyells amended verdict on the Origin’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 20 April [1863] ). Darwin quoted a …
- … 1862 (see Correspondence vol. 10). He sent a copy to Asa Gray to review in an American journal, …
- … January [1863] and 31 January [1863] , and letter to Asa Gray, 31 May [1863] ). Asa Gray …
- … over the angles of leaves, asking the professional botanists Gray, Hooker, and Daniel Oliver for …
- … letter from Daniel Oliver, 17 February 1863 , letter to Asa Gray, 20 April [1863] , letter to …
- … was ‘enough to drive the quietest man mad’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 11 May [1863] ). Hooker and Gray …
- … exercise Darwin was Huxley’s assertion, first made in his 1860 review of Origin , that in order …
- … forms that he had started the previous year ( letter to Asa Gray, 4 August [1863] ). The results …
- … Darwin concluded: ‘It was beautiful’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 20 April [1863] ). Cross …
- … and pistils mature at different times ( see letter to Asa Gray, 11 May [1863] ). The fertility of …
- … and Viola species, had interested Darwin since 1860; it continued to capture his attention ( …
- … all its modifications as anything in orchids’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 4 August [1863] ). He acquired …
Review: The Origin of Species
Summary
- by Asa Gray THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION (American Journal of Science and Arts, March, 1860) This book is already exciting much attention. Two American editions are announced, through which it will become familiar to many…
Matches: 1 hits
- … - by Asa Gray THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION (American Journal of …
Religion
Summary
Design|Personal Belief|Beauty|The Church Perhaps the most notorious realm of controversy over evolution in Darwin's day was religion. The same can be said of the evolution controversy today; however the nature of the disputes and the manner in…
Matches: 7 hits
- … of design. The first is between Darwin and Harvard botanist Asa Gray, taking as their point of …
- … force”. Letter 2855 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 3 July [1860] Darwin writes to …
- … for the attention now given to the subject. He poses Gray a question on design in nature, as he is …
- … an angel. Letter 3342 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 11 Dec [1861] Darwin writes to …
- … white flag than to fire my usual long-range shot”. He asks Gray some questions about design. …
- … gives an “excellent idea of Pangenesis”. He talks about Gray giving him a good slap at his …
- … theist and evolutionist, giving the examples of Kingsley and Asa Gray. As regards his own views, his …
Essays & reviews by Asa Gray
Summary
Asa Gray wrote a series of reviews of Darwin’s works for American magazines such as Atlantic Monthly and The Nation. These gave publicity to Darwin’s theories, and they also contained extended reflections on the possible implications of these theories…
Matches: 3 hits
Essay: Natural selection & natural theology
Summary
—by Asa Gray NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENT WITH NATURAL THEOLOGY. Atlantic Monthly for July, August, and October, 1860, reprinted in 1861. I Novelties are enticing to most people; to us they are simply annoying. We cling to a long-accepted…
Essay: Design versus necessity
Summary
—by Asa Gray DESIGN VERSUS NECESSITY.—DISCUSSION BETWEEN TWO READERS OF DARWIN’S TREATISE ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, UPON ITS NATURAL THEOLOGY. (American Journal of Science and Arts, September, 1860) D.T.—Is Darwin’s theory atheistic or pantheistic…
New material added to the American edition of Origin
Summary
A ‘revised and augmented’ American edition of Origin came on the market in July 1860, and was the only authorised edition available in the US until 1873. It incorporated many of the changes Darwin made to the second English edition, but still contained…
Matches: 11 hits
- … Origin was published, Darwin received a letter from Asa Gray offering to arrange an American …
- … a share in possible profits. Darwin responded favourably to Gray’s proposal in his letter of 21 …
- … their heads that a species is an entity.—‘ After Gray had contacted the Boston publishing …
- … preparing for distribution. Acting on Darwin’s behalf, Gray duly contacted D. Appleton to inquire …
- … transmitting their response to Darwin (see letters from Asa Gray, [10 January 1860], [17 January …
- … fixed through the process of stereotyping (see letter from Asa Gray, 23 January [1860] and n. 2). …
- … of species (two letters to Baden Powell, 18 January 1860), Darwin subsequently changed his mind. On …
- … of the transmutation of species; Darwin sent this off to Gray enclosed in his letter of [8 or 9 …
- … given by Hewett Cottrell Watson in his letter of [3? January 1860]) that Darwin wanted inserted at …
- … American edition in the letter to Lyell, 18 [and 19 February 1860]. Darwin suggested to Gray that …
- … Second Edition with additional corrections” (letter to Asa Gray, 1 February [1860]). By 1 May …
Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I
Summary
Darwin encountered problems with the term ‘natural selection’ even before Origin appeared. Everyone from the Harvard botanist Asa Gray to his own publisher came up with objections. Broadly these divided into concerns either that its meaning simply wasn’t…
Matches: 9 hits
- … ( Charles Darwin to Charles Lyell 6 June [1860 ]) Darwin encountered problems with the …
- … Origin appeared. Everyone from the Harvard botanist Asa Gray to his own publisher came up with …
- … outline of his theory written in 1842 , and, as he told Asa Gray in September 1857 , he intended …
- … years, Natural Selection . With that letter to Gray, Darwin enclosed a brilliantly …
- … for the good of each organic being’. It was Gray’s now missing response to that exposition …
- … ” ’. It was the draft of this enclosure to Gray , along with extracts from Darwin’s …
- … under domestication & nature ’, other readers reinforced Gray’s original criticism that …
- … ( Charles Darwin to Charles Lyell, 6 June [1860]) To Lyell, Darwin wrote: ‘ I doubt …
- … applicable to them! —a reference to John Edward Gray, who Darwin exclaimed understood …
Darwin in letters, 1861: Gaining allies
Summary
The year 1861 marked an important change in the direction of Darwin’s work. He had weathered the storm that followed the publication of Origin, and felt cautiously optimistic about the ultimate acceptance of his ideas. The letters from this year provide an…
Matches: 14 hits
- … of notes on variation at Down House. During the summer of 1860, he had become interested in …
- … . Having learned from his publisher John Murray in November 1860 that a new edition of Origin …
- … with natural theology. He made arrangements with his friend Asa Gray to reprint and distribute in …
- … me & Natural Selection, right good service’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 26–7 Februrary [1861] ). …
- … III). However, Darwin himself remained unconvinced by Gray’s suggestion that providence may have …
- … fourth child, remained desolate over the death in September 1860 of their first-born, Noel, he and …
- … in the voyage of the Beagle is well known. As late as 1860, Henslow had defended Darwin against …
- … intercrossing between distinct individuals. He told Gray that such cases could perhaps ‘throw some …
- … form of typhus fever’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 11 May 1860 ). This hope was realised. By the end …
- … America that threatened peace in Britain in 1861. The end of 1860 and the beginning of 1861 saw …
- … profoundly interesting’, Darwin told the Harvard botanist Asa Gray on 5 June, and added, despite the …
- … or heard a soul who is not with the North’. Darwin and Gray both unreservedly supported the northern …
- … views and sentiments are perfectly satisfactory to me’, Gray wrote to Darwin on 31 December. …
- … greatest curse on Earth Slavery abolished’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 5 June [1861] ): Some …
Evolution: Selected Letters of Charles Darwin 1860-1870
Summary
This selection of Charles Darwin’s letters includes correspondence with his friends and scientific colleagues around the world; letters by the critics who tried to stamp out his ideas, and by admirers who helped them to spread. It takes up the story of…
Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Matches: 13 hits
- … species would give rise to fertile progeny (T. H. Huxley 1860, pp.562-5). He later claimed, in a …
- … have ever been produced from a common stock’ (T. H. Huxley 1860, p. 198). In Origin , p. 272, …
- … first noticed differences in the flowers of cowslips in May 1860. ‘ I have this morning been …
- … produced seed capsules. He told the American botanist Asa Gray , ‘ If it should prove that the …
- … it will be. ’ Darwin was surprised again in December 1860, as he reported to Hooker, ‘ the other …
- … make 126 additional crosses!! ’ Nevertheless, on telling Gray about the need for this further work, …
- … often adapted for insect visitation. In his reply to Darwin, Gray unsurprisingly revealed, ‘ I know …
- … believe in my results. ’ Undeterred, Darwin reported to Gray at the beginning of August, ‘I have …
- … triple marriage between three hermaphrodite. ’ Gray replied, ‘ If your Lythrum -paper shall be …
- … , a species of lungwort also known as blue cowslip. He told Gray in October 1865 that with respect …
- … of Origin . He encouraged Huxley to read it, noting, ‘ Asa Gray & Fritz Müller (the latter …
- … in as many natural families as possible’, explaining to Gray that he had ‘ become convinced that …
- … term heterostyly in preference to di- or trimorphism. Gray objected and suggested his own …
Rewriting Origin - the later editions
Summary
For such an iconic work, the text of Origin was far from static. It was a living thing that Darwin continued to shape for the rest of his life, refining his ‘one long argument’ through a further five English editions. Many of his changes were made in…
Matches: 8 hits
- … the last proof sheets on 26 December 1859 ; published 1860 1 st US ‘revised and augmented’ …
- … 2 nd to 3 rd editions; US edition By June 1860 Darwin was at least open to the …
- … be needed ‘ soon, ever, or never ’. By November 1860 he had heard that it was , and it was …
- … additions now sent.— In the meantime, in July 1860, a ‘revised and augmented’ American …
- … acknowledged earlier work. According to a letter to Asa Gray he had yet to start it on 28 …
- … correspondent for the first set of revisions to Origin , Asa Gray, who masterminded the US …
- … (see letter from Jeffries Wyman, [ c . 15] September 1860 ). Among pigs in a particular …
- … who only began corresponding with Darwin in November 1860, too late for the third edition. …
Darwin and Down
Summary
Charles and Emma Darwin, with their first two children, settled at Down House in the village of Down (later ‘Downe’) in Kent, as a young family in 1842. The house came with eighteen acres of land, and a fifteen acre meadow. The village combined the…
Matches: 4 hits
- … the struggle for existence in his own weed garden. To Asa Gray, 5 September [1857] : …
- … On cross- and self-fertilisation: To Asa Gray, 5 September [1857] : on Lobelia and kidney …
- … plant sensitivity: To Charles Lyell, 24 November [1860] : describing experiments on …
- … On co-adaptation: To J. D. Hooker, 12 July [1860] : on adaptation in Orchis pyramidalis …
Climbing Plants
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment A monograph by which to work After the publication of On the Origin of Species, Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, The Descent of Man, and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in…
Matches: 7 hits
- … was led to take up this subject by reading a short paper by Asa Gray, published in 1858, on the …
- … of Climbing Plants , Chapter 1. Papers Gray, Asa. "Note on the Coiling of …
- … was a wise course of action. Letter 8545 - Asa Gray to Charles Darwin, 6 October …
- … in the plant. The rest of the letter is filled with news of Gray’s trip to the Western United States …
- … old papers on climbing plants. Letter 8656 - Asa Gray to Charles Darwin, 2 December …
- … of experimental information is exchanged between Darwin and Asa Gray? Do you think Darwin was …
- … seconds. Through this experiment the students, just like Asa Gray and Charles Darwin, were able to …
Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute
Summary
Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…
Matches: 8 hits
- … part of his long-delayed ‘big book’, started in January 1860, and advertised in the press since 1865 …
- … to his newly completed book: a paragraph throwing doubt on Asa Gray’s doctrine that each variation …
- … Trail, 5 April 1867 ). Darwin told his American friend Asa Gray, ‘I am repeating this experiment on …
- … the universality of human expressions. As early as January 1860, he had sent a list of specific …
- … from Thomas Bridges to the queries Darwin had sent in 1860 and relaying a promise from a missionary …
- … the queries to acquaintances in remote areas. On 26 March, Asa Gray wrote, ‘You see I have …
- … one to send them to, so do not want any more’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 15 April [1867] ). …
- … , 31 August 1867. Another version, possibly derived from Asa Gray’s printed queries, was published …
Darwin in letters, 1858-1859: Origin
Summary
The years 1858 and 1859 were, without doubt, the most momentous of Darwin’s life. From a quiet rural existence filled with steady work on his ‘big book’ on species, he was jolted into action by the arrival of an unexpected letter from Alfred Russel Wallace…
Matches: 5 hits
- … new to the experts. Darwin was delighted to hear from Asa Gray that he was not aware of such a …
- … for what actually occurred in nature ( see letter to Asa Gray, 4 April [1858] , and Natural …
- … of his theory, along with an abstract of his views sent to Asa Gray in September 1857. The …
- … points in Darwin’s work with which they disagreed. Both Gray and Huxley, who were to become Darwin’s …
- … to note that in the list of corrections Darwin sent to Asa Gray for a possible American edition, the …
Sexual selection
Summary
Although natural selection could explain the differences between species, Darwin realised that (other than in the reproductive organs themselves) it could not explain the often marked differences between the males and females of the same species. So what…
