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List of correspondents
Summary
Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. Click on a name to see the letters Darwin exchanged with that correspondent. "A child of God" (1) Abberley,…
Matches: 28 hits
- … (1) Agassiz, Alexander (12) Agassiz, Louis …
- … Bartlett, R. S. (1) Barwell, Richard (1) …
- … (1) Berkeley, M. J. (12) Berlin (1) …
- … Bishop, I. P. (1) Bishop, Richard (1) …
- … Ford, R. S. (1) Fordman, Richard (1) …
- … (2) Frean, Richard (2) Frere, G. E. …
- … (1) Gaudry, Albert (12) Geach, F. F. …
- … (3) Geikie, Archibald (12) Geikie, James …
- … (1) Grove, W. R. (12) Groves, Henry …
- … Hart, W. E. (1) Harte, Richard (1) …
- … Hill, Lewin (2) Hill, Richard (b) (5) …
- … (3) Hooker, F. H. (12) Hooker, Hyacinth …
- … (2) Judd, J. W. (12) Jukes, J. B. (9 …
- … College, London (1) Kippist, Richard (21) …
- … (2) Koch, Eduard (12) Koch, Heinrich …
- … (3) Layton, Charles (12) Le Couteur, John …
- … (1) Mackintosh, Daniel (12) Maclaren, Charles …
- … (1) McLennan, J. F. (12) McNeill, Archibald …
- … (1) Meehan, Thomas (12) Meitzen, August …
- … Ogle, William (38) Okes, Richard (1) …
- … Owen, G. S. (1) Owen, Richard (40) …
- … Ramu, H. (4) Randolph, Richard (2) …
- … Rich, Anthony (27) Richard, Henry (1) …
- … (9) Rolle, Friedrich (12) Rolleston, George …
- … Rice, Thomas (2) Spruce, Richard (5) …
- … T. M. (2) Strachey, Richard (4) …
- … (1) Whitley, C. T. (12) Whitney, W. D. …
- … (2) Zacharias, Otto (12) Zeuschner, E. L. …
Controversy
Summary
The best-known controversies over Darwinian theory took place in public or in printed reviews. Many of these were highly polemical, presenting an over-simplified picture of the disputes. Letters, however, show that the responses to Darwin were extremely…
Matches: 8 hits
- … with Adam Sedgwick, professor of geology at Cambridge, and Richard Owen, the eminent comparative …
- … respectful terms with his former professor. In the case of Owen, however, though their theoretical …
- … explain so many classes of facts”. Darwin and Owen Letter 2526 — Owen, …
- … of geology, Charles Lyell at length a conversation with Owen concerning Origin . Darwin notes …
- … Letter 2580 — Darwin, C. R. to Owen, Richard, 13 Dec [1859] Darwin responds to Owen’s remarks …
- … with Harvard botanist Asa Gray. Darwin is annoyed at Owen’s malignity [ Edinburgh Rev. 111 …
- … Letter 5500 — Darwin, C. R. to Haeckel, E. P. A., 12 Apr [1867] Darwin is sympathetic to …
- … Letter 5533 — Haeckel, E. P. A. to Darwin, C. R., 12 May 1867 Haeckel thanks Darwin for the …
Darwin in letters, 1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles
Summary
Darwin's study of barnacles, begun in 1844, took him eight years to complete. The correspondence reveals how his interest in a species found during the Beagle voyage developed into an investigation of the comparative anatomy of other cirripedes and…
Matches: 4 hits
- … ( Correspondence vol. 3, letter to J. D. Hooker, [5 or 12 November 1845] ). In the event, the …
- … Herschel, 4 February [1848] ). Letters between Darwin and Richard Owen, author of the zoological …
- … a young Balanus in this illformed little monster? Fig 12.— . . . It is manifest this curious little …
- … of Cryptophialus minutus . He sent the manuscript to Richard Owen, presumably for his comments, …
Rewriting Origin - the later editions
Summary
For such an iconic work, the text of Origin was far from static. It was a living thing that Darwin continued to shape for the rest of his life, refining his ‘one long argument’ through a further five English editions. Many of his changes were made in…
Matches: 4 hits
- … and expanded his thinking. Stung by a reported comment from Richard Owen that 'we do not want …
- … itself became a place for skirmishes over priority with Richard Owen . In contrast to the …
- … Darwin added the account to Origin 3d ed. , p. 12. Its significance, as he explained to …
- … feet, and a sly dig at his old foe and former friend, Richard Owen (see the 'historical …
Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad
Summary
At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…
Matches: 23 hits
- … literature, music, and the arts, the prominent anatomist Richard Owen denounced the account provided …
- … writing, & that L. will find great difficulty in answering Owen unaided ’ ( letter from J. D …
- … to J. D. Hooker, 17 March [1863] ). Falconer and Owen were already engaged in a dispute over …
- … in January, Darwin, who was already ill-disposed towards Owen following his 1860 review of Origin …
- … and others found an additional reason to be annoyed with Owen when it became clear that Owen’s …
- … of the Jurassic fossil. When informed by Falconer of Owen’s ‘slip-shod and hasty account’ of the …
- … letter to Hugh Falconer, 20 [January 1863] ). Aside from Owen’s apparent oversights, Falconer …
- … now famous fossil in his correspondence and publications; Owen’s perceived failings, however, …
- … [1863] ). In March, after hearing from Lyell that Owen in his paper on the aye-aye claimed …
- … disappointment that the paper gave him no scope to attack Owen even though he ‘had partly composed …
- … did find an opportunity to enter his own protest against Owen with the appearance of an anonymous …
- … 1863] , and Appendix VII). The reviewer, soon identified as Owen, accused Carpenter, a physician …
- … Foraminifera probably derived from a few ancestral types. Owen also censured Darwin for subscribing …
- … into which life was first breathed’ ( Origin , p. 484). Owen preferred Jean Baptiste de Lamarck’s …
- … matter.—’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [29 March 1863] ). Owen’s endorsement of Lamarck rankled all …
- … he had ‘gained nothing’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 12–13 March [1863] ). poor miserable …
- … wrote a letter to the Athenæum in opposition to Owen’s review, in which he sought to advance his …
- … [7 May 1863] , and Appendix VII). He also suspected that Owen’s reply had won favour with the …
- … Natural History Review ( see letter to H. W. Bates, 12 January [1863] ). Darwin added Bates’s …
- … Society ( see letter from Edward Sabine to John Phillips, 12 November 1863 ). Characteristically, …
- … also encouraged him to write ( see letter to John Scott, 12 April [1863] ). In this paper, Scott …
- … to capture his attention ( see letter to John Scott, 12 April [1863] ). Additionally, Darwin …
- … Huxley, 25 February 1863 , and letter to Charles Lyell, 12–13 March [1863] ). Emma was a …
Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year
Summary
The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…
Matches: 13 hits
- … (letters from George Cupples, 21 February 1874 and 12 March 1874 ); the material was …
- … the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii; letters from T. N. Staley, 12 February 1874 and 20 February 1874 …
- … of ape and human brains that had raged between himself and Richard Owen since the 1860s. Darwin had …
- … was published in November 1874 ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 November 1874 ). Though containing …
- … print runs would be very good ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 November 1874 ). Darwin's …
- … Review & in the same type’ ( letter from John Murray, 12 August 1874 ). George’s letter …
- … he finally wrote a polite, very formal letter to Mivart on 12 January 1875 , refusing to hold any …
- … & snugness’ ( letter from Emma Darwin to J. B. Innes, 12 October [1874] ). More …
- … vicar of Deptford ( letter from Emma Darwin to J. B. Innes, 12 October [1874] ), but to her …
- … mechanism that Darwin agreed with ( letter to F. J. Cohn, 12 October 1874 ). Darwin’s American …
- … bank with enormous tips to his ears ( letter from Asa Gray, 12 May 1874 ). The Manchester …
- … of the ornithologist and senior assistant curator Richard Bowdler Sharpe for promotion at the …
- … excellent, & as clear as light’ ( letter to John Tyndall, 12 August [1874] ). Hooker …
Darwin’s reading notebooks
Summary
In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…
Matches: 24 hits
- … read There appears to be good art. on Entozore 12 by Owen in Encyclop. of Anat. & …
- … researches on the Horse in N. America— [Harlan 1835] Owen has it. & Royal Soc Lord …
- … all Vols. Marshall’s Rural Economy of Yorkshire, 12 s [Marshall 1788]—— often quoted by …
- … Palaces. Fourth Edition with Woodcuts. 2 vols. fcap. 8vo., 12 s . 30 [Jesse 1838] …
- … geological History of the Horse [Karkeek 1841]. (not read.) Owen not got these No s . …
- … read it— Erasmus has it Owens Brit. Mammalia [R. Owen 1846a]— Horner has it. (read) …
- … Animals (Deer, Antelopes, &c.) [Jardine 1835–6] 12. Ruminating Animals (Goats, Sheep, …
- … et Culture. 4to. Avec 10 planches. Amsterdam, 1768. 12 s . 41 Bailliére [Saint-Simon] 1768] …
- … of Vertebrate animals 54 folio Plates. Maclise 2”12.6. [Maclise 1847] good for woodcuts. (Roy. …
- … Malthus on Population [Malthus 1826] Oct 12 th W. Earle’s 60 Eastern Seas [Earl 1837]. …
- … vol. 19 Mungo Parks travels [Park 1799] Feb 12 Sir H. Davy consolations in travel [H. …
- … [G. Dixon ed. 1789]. Voyages skimmed. Coral Theory 12 th Dampier [Dampier 1697]. 1 st …
- … Rich d . 2 d . poor. Henry IV [Shakespeare: King Richard II ; King Henry IV ] …
- … references at end of Hallam [Hallam 1837–9]) Feb. 12 th Charlsworths Journal [ Magazine …
- … Hour & Man. H. Martineau [H. Martineau 1841] —— 12 Sir S. Romilly’s Memoirs [Romilly 1840 …
- … British Association for the Advancement of Science (1854). Richard Owen gave the same paper at the …
- … is confused; the citation given is actually that of Richard Owen’s paper on Dinornis rather than …
- … all sorts of trees, shrubs, and flowers . Revised by Richard Bradley. London. *119: 19v.; 119: …
- … [Other eds.] *119: 13, 22; 119: 22b Beste, John Richard. 1855. The Wabash; or, …
- … Home life in Germany . London. 128: 11 Bradley, Richard. 1724. A general treatise of …
- … [Abstract in DAR 205.3: 143–51.] 128: 6 Dana, Richard Henry. [1840]. Two years before …
- … of glaciers. Edinburgh. 119: 15b Ford, Richard. 1846. Gatherings from Spain . By the …
- … 119: 8a, 13a Hamilton, James. 1854. A memoir of Richard Williams . Edinburgh. 128: 9 …
- … in DAR 71: 87–8.] *128: 173; 128: 12 Harlan, Richard. 1835. Medical and physical …
Darwin in letters, 1862: A multiplicity of experiments
Summary
1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the extent and breadth of the botanical experiments…
Matches: 9 hits
- … Hooker: ‘he is no common man’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 [December 1862] ). Two sexual …
- … of the year, he wrote to Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 [December 1862] ): ‘my notions on …
- … least 3 classes of dimorphism’ ( letter to Daniel Oliver, 12 [April 1862] ), and experimenting to …
- … of Science at the beginning of October. He missed Richard Owen, one of his ‘chief enemies’ ( letter …
- … aye-aye. However, Huxley described the event, detailing how Owen was seen in the ensuing discussion …
- … passed so miserable a nine months’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 12 September [1862] ). A family …
- … ‘Botany is a new subject to me’ ( letter to John Scott, 12 November [1862] ), but, impressed by …
- … into Tyndall’s ears’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 10–12 November [1862] ). Another of Darwin’s …
- … with palaeontological matters. In the new second edition of Owen’s Palaeontology , which Huxley …
Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia
Summary
Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…
Matches: 12 hits
- … 1981). Many of Darwin’s contemporaries—Edward Forbes, Richard Owen, Louis Agassiz, William Sharp …
- … Ospovat 1981, p. 108). Darwin’s frequent discussions with Owen no doubt helped to sharpen his …
- … philosophical anatomy of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Owen was at this time formulating new …
- … work of naturalists such as Robert Brown, Martin Barry, and Owen in England and Henri Milne-Edwards …
- … 1852) or elevating it to a separate class altogether (R. Owen 1855). Milne-Edwards and Owen also …
- … them as a separate order within this sub-class of Crustacea. Owen, on the other hand, recognised the …
- … locomotion and the presence of separate sexes, according to Owen’s classificatory principles the …
- … a distinct class between the Crustacea and the Annelida (R. Owen 1855).^7^ Darwin, however, with his …
- … classificatory value’ ( Living Cirripedia (1851): 285).^12^ For delineating the higher …
- … suited his purposes well; he reported in a letter to Richard Owen, 26 March 1848 , that he …
- … ^7^ No doubt Huxley was pointedly referring to Owen when he stated in a lecture of 1857 …
- … different sub-orders of the order Acrothoracica. ^12^ The significance which CD ascribed to …
The Lyell–Lubbock dispute
Summary
In May 1865 a dispute arose between John Lubbock and Charles Lyell when Lubbock, in his book Prehistoric times, accused Lyell of plagiarism. The dispute caused great dismay among many of their mutual scientific friends, some of whom took immediate action…
Matches: 6 hits
- … of 1858 and 1859. 5 Another controversy arose when Richard Owen, writing in the Athenæum , …
- … speak of their own original researches’. He then added: 12 Very many other parts …
- … Lyell, see Bynum 1984 and L. G. Wilson 1996. 6. Owen’s complaints about C. Lyell 1863a …
- … was ‘unintentional’ ([Lubbock] 1863b, p. 214). 12. Letter from Hugh Falconer to John …
- … Gesellschaft in Zürich 9 (1853–6): 65–100; 12 (1857–8): 111–56; 13 (1858–63): i–x; 14 (1858–63): 1 …
- … life . By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859. Owen, Richard. 1863. Ape-origin of man …
Scientific Practice
Summary
Specialism|Experiment|Microscopes|Collecting|Theory Letter writing is often seen as a part of scientific communication, rather than as integral to knowledge making. This section shows how correspondence could help to shape the practice of science, from…
Darwin in letters, 1860: Answering critics
Summary
On 7 January 1860, John Murray published the second edition of Darwin’s Origin of species, printing off another 3000 copies to satisfy the demands of an audience that surprised both the publisher and the author. It wasn't long, however, before ‘the…
Matches: 3 hits
Darwin in letters, 1872: Job done?
Summary
'My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, 'is so nearly closed. . . What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’, and the tenor of his correspondence throughout the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye…
Matches: 4 hits
- … price at 7 s. 6 d. ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 February 1872 ). Always closely …
- … disintegration of his relationship with the palaeontologist Richard Owen: ‘your several articles’, …
- … as that on the origins of music provided by her husband, Richard Buckley Litchfield ( letter to H. …
- … turn into an old honest Tory’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 July [1872] ). Darwin and …
Darwin in letters, 1861: Gaining allies
Summary
The year 1861 marked an important change in the direction of Darwin’s work. He had weathered the storm that followed the publication of Origin, and felt cautiously optimistic about the ultimate acceptance of his ideas. The letters from this year provide an…
Matches: 11 hits
- … and of special creation. Supported by such authorities as Richard Owen and Louis Agassiz who …
- … however, was mild in comparison with the controversy between Richard Owen and Thomas Henry Huxley …
- … relationship between the human species and the higher apes. Owen had given anatomical lectures to …
- … brought back from West Africa by Paul Belloni Du Chaillu. Owen, while pointing out the similarities …
- … dissimilar. Huxley pointed out, publicly and acerbicly that Owen was mistaken in his interpretations …
- … For his part, Darwin enjoyed Huxley’s sparring with Owen, though periodically concerned at the …
- … attacks. On reading an article by Huxley that criticised Owen’s views on the brain, Darwin …
- … ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 3 January [1861] ). Ever since Owen’s highly critical and, Darwin felt, …
- … the year, he did not wish for ‘open quarrel’, but he and Owen would ‘never be friends again’ ( …
- … had defended Darwin against criticism from Adam Sedgwick and Richard Owen. Darwin himself was able …
- … set forth in Origin ( see letter to P. L. Sclater, 12 [March 1861] ). …
4.7 'Vanity Fair', caricature
Summary
< Back to Introduction A letter to Darwin from his publisher John Murray of 10 May 1871 informed him, ‘Your portrait is earnestly desired – by the Editor of Vanity Fair. I hope Mr Darwin may consent to follow the example of Murchison – Bismark [sic] …
Darwin's health
Summary
On 28 March 1849, ten years before Origin was published, Darwin wrote to his good friend Joseph Hooker from Great Malvern in Worcestershire, where Dr James Manby Gully ran a fashionable water-cure establishment. Darwin apologised for his delayed reply to…
Matches: 9 hits
- … Rolfe, 10 November [1858] , and Correspondence vol. 12, letter to F. T. Buckland, 15 …
- … 1849, describing ‘incessant vomiting’ in his letter to Richard Owen, [24 February 1849] , and …
- … 1864, he was sick almost daily (see Correspondence vol. 12, letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox …
- … [20-] 22 February [1864] ( Correspondence vol. 12), Darwin remarked that his vomiting usually …
- … feel a little alive’. See also Correspondence vol. 12, letter from Emma Darwin to J. D. Hooker, …
- … (see Correspondence vol. 4, letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 October 1849 , and Colp 1977, pp. 43-6 …
- … nitrate, mineral acids and alkalies (see Colp 1977, pp. 12, 22, 37, 45-6, 65, 76, 78-80). Most …
- … peltatum (May apple) (see Correspondence vol. 12). A book of prescriptions used by the Darwin …
- … had checked his chronic vomiting ( Correspondence vol. 12, letter to J. D. Hooker, 13 April …
Darwin in letters, 1844–1846: Building a scientific network
Summary
The scientific results of the Beagle voyage still dominated Darwin's working life, but he broadened his continuing investigations into the nature and origin of species. Far from being a recluse, Darwin was at the heart of British scientific society,…
Matches: 4 hits
- … Henslow, Leonard Horner, Leonard Jenyns, Edward Forbes, and Richard Owen shows. These friends, with …
- … on species mutability with Hooker, Horner, Jenyns, Lyell, Owen, and Charles James Fox Bunbury; he …
- … [11 January 1844] ). Nine months later, in his letter of 12 October [1844], he explained to Jenyns: …
- … Edward Forbes, William Lonsdale, Hugh Edwin Strickland, or Owen—the last with the caveat that he …
Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest
Summary
The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of Origin. Darwin got the fourth…
Matches: 3 hits
- … to respond to his former friend, and now bitter antagonist, Richard Owen, whose harsh criticism of …
- … though I dread all exertion’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [12 May 1866] ). Darwin’s interest in …
- … development ( see for example, letter to C. W. Nägeli, 12 June [1866] ). Also in March, however, …
Darwin in letters, 1837–1843: The London years to 'natural selection'
Summary
The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle voyage was one of extraordinary activity and productivity in which he became recognised as a naturalist of outstanding ability, as an author and editor, and as a professional…
Matches: 3 hits
Darwin in letters, 1880: Sensitivity and worms
Summary
‘My heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old Shrewsbury friend Henry Johnson on 14 November 1880. Darwin became fully devoted to earthworms in the spring of the year, just after finishing the manuscript of…
Matches: 4 hits
- … of a man who will fight to the end’, added her husband Richard ( letter from R. B. Litchfield, 1 …
- … leading journalist was sought. Leslie Stephen’s reply on 12 January [1881] echoed that of Huxley …
- … with diverse backgrounds and interests. In February, a 12-year-old boy asked politely, ‘What causes …
- … in Cambridge, and spent extended periods with Henrietta and Richard Litchfield in London. The …
