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Darwin in letters, 1851-1855: Death of a daughter

Summary

The letters from these years reveal the main preoccupations of Darwin’s life with a new intensity. The period opens with a family tragedy in the death of Darwin’s oldest and favourite daughter, Anne, and it shows how, weary and mourning his dead child,…

Matches: 22 hits

  • letters from these years reveal the main preoccupations of Darwins life with a new intensity. The
  • life but I trust happy The anguish felt by Darwin is painfully expressed in letters
  • speak of her again. Yet the family gradually recovered, Darwins monographs were printed, and Darwin
  • to the cirripedes. Before turning to his species work, Darwin somewhat ruefully recorded in his
  • monographs by natural history societies, though welcomed by Darwin, did not run smoothly. …
  • the  Correspondence  describes the major achievements of Darwins cirripede work as a whole and
  • cirripedes and culminated in  Living Cirripedia  (1854) and  Fossil Cirripedia  (1854), again
  • societies, which were supported by subscriptions, was that Darwins volumes were not publicly
  • in Germany at the forefront of work in invertebrate zoology, Darwin began a correspondence with
  • provided the foundations for a relationship with Darwin that soon developed into a valued friendship
  • series of letters pertaining to the Royal Society. In April 1854, when his cirripede study was
  • with lots of claret is what I want Perhaps Darwins decision to take a more active
  • in his health was indicated by his comment in a letter to Hooker on 29 [May 1854] : ‘Very far
  • Back to species theory In September 1854, as soon as the final proofs of the last barnacle
  • to substantiate it is manifest in the correspondence. Darwins friends and colleagues were
  • outspoken young naturalists like Huxley, reacted eagerly to Darwins suggestions, although not
  • large-scale geological changes. As he told Hooker in a letter of 5 June [1855] , ‘it shocks my
  • he had written to Hooker ( Correspondence  vol. 4, letter to J. D. Hooker, 13 [June 1850] ), …
  • interested in animal breeding. As Darwin told Fox in a letter of 27 March [1855] , the object of
  • classification Hybridism, domestic animals & plants &c &c &c) to see how far they
  • do as I wish it Throughout the correspondence of 1854 and 1855, the overwhelming
  • … ‘all nature is perverse & will not do as I wish it’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 7 May [1855] ). But

Scientific Practice

Summary

Specialism|Experiment|Microscopes|Collecting|Theory Letter writing is often seen as a part of scientific communication, rather than as integral to knowledge making. This section shows how correspondence could help to shape the practice of science, from…

Matches: 12 hits

  • … | Microscopes | Collecting | Theory Letter writing is often seen as a part of …
  • … the work of collecting, and the construction of theory. Darwin was not simply a gentleman naturalist …
  • … of the most advanced laboratory methods and equipment. Darwin used letters as a speculative space, …
  • … Specialism and Detail Darwin is usually thought of as a gentleman naturalist and a …
  • … across and drew together different fields of knowledge. But Darwin also made substantial …
  • … discussion was often the starting point for some of Darwin's most valuable and enduring …
  • … with detailed correspondence about barnacles. Letter 1514 — Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, T. …
  • … of one idea. – cirripedes morning & night.” Letter 1480 — Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, …
  • … of creation in [ Br. & Foreign Med.-Chir. Rev. 13 (1854)], but notes that he himself is …
  • … on embryological stages than Huxley thinks. Letter 1592 — Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, T. H …
  • … and difficulties of botanical experimentation. Letter 4895 — Darwin, C. R. to Müller, J …
  • Letter 5173 — Müller, J. F. T. to Darwin, C. R., 2 Aug 1866 Müller provides some observations …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 26 hits

  • In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to
  • … (DAR 119) opens with five pages of text copied from Notebook C and carries on through 1851; the
  • used these notebooks extensively in dating and annotating Darwins letters; the full transcript
  • … *128). For clarity, the transcript does not record Darwins alterations. The spelling and
  • book had been consulted. Those cases where it appears that Darwin made a genuine deletion have been
  • a few instances, primarily in theBooks Readsections, Darwin recorded that a work had been
  • of the books listed in the other two notebooks. Sometimes Darwin recorded that an abstract of the
  • to be Read [DAR *119: Inside Front Cover] C. Darwin June 1 st . 1838
  • … [DAR *119: 2v.] Whites regular gradation in man [C. White 1799] Lindleys
  • 8 vo  p 181 [Latreille 1819]. see p. 17 Note Book C. for reference to authors about E. Indian
  • in brutes Blackwood June 1838 [J. F. Ferrie 1838]. H. C. Watson on Geog. distrib: of Brit: …
  • … [Reimarius 1760] The Highlands & Western Isl ds  letter to Sir W Scott [MacCulloch 1824
  • 183440]: In Portfolio ofabstracts34  —letter from Skuckard of books on Silk Worm
  • … [Wellesley 1832] Sir. W. Notts Life [W. Nott 1854].— [DAR *119: 15v.] From
  • M rs  Frys Life [Fry 1847] Horace Walpoles letter to C t . of Ossory [Walpole 1848] …
  • … [Fellows 1839] Catherine 48 Life of Collins R.A. [Collins 1848] Phases of Faith
  • Asiatic Society ]—contains very little Macleays letter to D r  Fleming [Macleay 1830] …
  • de la Boheme [Barrande 18521911] must be deeply studied 1854 The Zoologist by E. Newman [ …
  • … [Pepys 1825] (Read).— Sir W. Notts life [W. Nott 1854] read [DAR *128: 177] …
  • r . Nott & Gliddon: Trübner & Co [J. C. Nott and Gliddon 1854] (read) A Lecture by
  • not published but reported fully in Literary Gazette Sept 30 1854 91 Agricult. Journal
  • … [Heer 1854].— Hooker has it.— Very important Hookers letter Jan. 1859 Yules Ava [Yule 1858] …
  • 1848Memoirs of the life of William   Collins, Esq., R.A.  2 vols. London.  *119: 23; 119: …
  • by Richard Owen.  Vol. 4 of  The works of John Hunter, F.R.S. with notes . Edited by James F. …
  • Robert. 1843Memoirs of the life of John   Constable, R.A., composed chiefly of his letters. …
  • Peacock, George. 1855Life of Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S.  London.  *128: 172; 128: 21

Darwin and the Church

Summary

The story of Charles Darwin’s involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It shows another side of the man who is more often remembered for his personal struggles with faith, or for his role in large-scale controversies over the…

Matches: 18 hits

  • The story of Charles Darwins involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It
  • unique window into this complicated relationship throughout Darwins life, as it reveals his
  • belief (and doubt) than many non-conformist denominations. Darwins parents attended a Unitarian
  • the necessary studies to be a clergyman. During Darwins lifetime, the vast majority of the
  • income was essential to enjoy a gentlemanly lifestyle. For Darwin, who could rely on the financial
  • compatible with the pursuit of scientific interests. Indeed, Darwins Cambridge mentorJohn Stevens
  • … (Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine (1887): 321). Darwin started on his journey around the world
  • … & I can see it even through a grove of Palms.—’ (letter to Caroline Darwin, 256 April [1832] …
  • wrote to the contrary: ‘I am sorry to see in your last letter that you still look forward to the
  • near the British Museum or some other learned place’ (letter from E. A. Darwin, 18 August [1832] …
  • it is a sort of scene I never ought to think about—’ (letter to W. D. Fox, [912 August] 1835 ). …
  • However, what remains is cordial; in the first extant letter of the correspondence, Darwin wrote to
  • … (a local charity), which he administered from 1848 to 1869 (letter to J. B. Innes, [8 May 1848] …
  • club the use of his own lawn for its meetings (Moore 1985letter to J. S. Henslow, 17 January
  • the familys dog, Quiz, when he moved away from Down (letter to J. B. Innes, 15 December [1861] ) …
  • was considered to be a cross between a cow and a red deer (letter from J. B. Innes, 7 December
  • Innes informed Darwin that though heheard all good of M r . Ffindens moral character, his
  • an interesting letter from Darwin to the evangelist J. W. C. Fegan. Darwin whole-heartedly supported

Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia

Summary

Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…

Matches: 26 hits

  • Darwins work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. …
  • … , it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwins species work. Yet when this study
  • anomalous. Moreover, as the letters in this volume suggest, Darwins study of cirripedes, far from
  • classification using the most recent methods available, Darwin was able to provide a thorough
  • his views on the species question (Crisp 1983).    Darwins interest in invertebrate zoology
  • Robert Edmond Grant. In his Autobiography (pp. 4950), Darwin recalled: ‘Drs. Grant and
  • voyage. Darwin expressed his current enthusiasm in a letter to William Darwin Fox, 23 May 1833 ( …
  • such questions as yours,—whether number of species &c &c should enter as an element in
  • from common stocksIn this view all relations of analogy &c &c &, consist of those
  • metamorphoses, as we shall see presently in Hippoboscus &c  states that in Crust, antennæ & …
  • 1852) or elevating it to a separate class altogether (R. Owen 1855). Milne-Edwards and Owen also
  • as a distinct class between the Crustacea and the Annelida (R. Owen 1855).^7^ Darwin, however, with
  • In both volumes of Living Cirripedia (1851 and 1854), Darwin devoted an introductory section to
  • was best placed among the Lepadidae ( Living Cirripedia (1854): 5278).^1^1^    Both
  • segments are quite aborted . . . ( Living Cirripedia (1854): 5623)    Indeed, …
  • be the most natural arrangement. ( Living Cirripedia (1854): 588)    The fact that the
  • with his figure of the mature animal ( Living Cirripedia (1854), Plate XXV).    Throughout
  • … (1851): 378)    In Living Cirripedia (1854), Darwin ventured to suggest the possible
  • was challenged in 1859 by August Krohn. As he admitted in a letter to Charles Lyell, 28 September
  • … (as Darwin called it in his Autobiography and in his letter to Lyell), was more than a matter of
  • Toward the end of his study of Balanus , in a letter to Hooker on 25 September [1853] ( …
  • latter instrument suited his purposes well; he reported in a letter to Richard Owen, 26 March 1848
  • and mounting his specimens is well demonstrated by a letter he wrote to Charles Spence Bate, 13
  • spirits  Every cirriped that I dissect I preserve the jaws &c. &c. in this manner, which
  • Informing Darwin about the award ( Correspondence vol. 5, letter from J. D. Hooker, [4 November
  • CDs specimen has remained unique. (The editors thank Drs R. W. Ingle and G. Boxshall of the British

Scientific Networks

Summary

Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…

Matches: 12 hits

  • and colonial authorities. In the nineteenth-century, letter writing was one of the most important
  • when strong institutional structures were largely absent. Darwin had a small circle of scientific
  • in times of uncertainty, controversy, or personal loss. Letter writing was not only a means of
  • section contains two sets of letters. The first is between Darwin and his friend Kew botanist J. D. …
  • and he is curious about Hookers thoughts. Letter 729Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., …
  • to Hookerit is like confessing a murder”. Letter 736Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D. …
  • wide-ranging genera. Darwin and Gray Letter 1674Darwin, C. R. to Gray, …
  • and asks him to append the ranges of the species. Letter 1685Gray, Asa to Darwin, C. …
  • flora in the USA. Letter 2125Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 20 July [1857] Darwin
  • information exchange. Letter 1202Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 6 Oct [1848] …
  • name. Letter 1220Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 3 Feb 1849 In this gossipy
  • Letter 1585Darwin, C. R. to Lubbock, John, [Sept 1854] Darwin sends Lubbock a beetle he

Before Origin: the ‘big book’

Summary

Darwin began ‘sorting notes for Species Theory’ on 9 September 1854, the very day he concluded his eight-year study of barnacles (Darwin's Journal). He had long considered the question of species. In 1842, he outlined a theory of transmutation in a…

Matches: 19 hits

  • Darwin begansorting notes for Species Theoryon 9 September 1854, the very day he concluded his
  • to paper in a more substantial essay. By this point, Darwin had also admitted to his close friend
  • he acknowledged, ‘ like confessing a murder ’. While Darwin recognised he had far more work to do
  • reaction to the transmutation theory it contained convinced Darwin that further evidence for the
  • of Vestiges to him. It took another ten years before Darwin felt ready to start collating his
  • what he came to call hisbig book’.   In March 1854, six months before he started sorting
  • I shall feel, if I when I get my notes together on species &c &c, the whole thing explodes
  • immutability of species ’, he told his cousin William Darwin Fox. Experimental work
  • set up to provide crucial evidence for his arguments. Fox, Darwin assumed, would have bred pigeons
  • intensely bred to exaggerate particular characters, would, Darwin believed, clearly exhibit the
  • amusementand be ahorrid bore ’. Contrary to Darwins expectations, however, the pigeon
  • Henrietta . In April 1855, at the same time as Darwin began his pigeon breeding programme, …
  • Hoping to benefit from Hookers botanical expertise, Darwin inquired: ‘ will you tell me at a
  • to the entire natural history community by sending a letter to the GardenersChronicle , …
  • land bridges suggested by the naturalist Edward Forbes. Darwin declared to Hooker in July 1856y
  • geograph. distribution, geological historyaffinities &c &c &c.. And it seems to me, …
  • it adequately. On 18 June 1858, Darwin received a now lost letter from Wallace enclosing his essay
  • I had, however, quite resigned myself & had written half a letter to Wallace to give up all
  • and a half chapters were edited and published in 1975 by R. C. Stauffer under the title Charles

Darwin’s observations on his children

Summary

Charles Darwin’s observations on the development of his children, began the research that culminated in his book The Expression of the emotions in man and animals, published in 1872, and his article ‘A biographical sketch of an infant’, published in Mind…

Matches: 26 hits

  • Charles Darwins observations on the development of his children,[1began the
  • is available below . As with much of his other work, Darwin gathered additional information on the
  • lunatics, the blind, and animals. And as early as 1839 Darwin had begun to collect information on
  • the expression of emotions. As the following transcript of Darwins notes reveals, he closely
  • William Erasmus, the stages of his development suggesting to Darwin those expressions which are
  • The tone of the manuscript reflects an aspect of Darwins character clearly perceived by Emma during
  • … “What does that prove”.’[6For in these notes, Darwins deep scientific curiosity transcends his
  • that on occasion he refers to William asit’. Darwin possessed the ability to dissociate
  • memories.[8Yet, though the dissociation was essential for Darwins scientific goal, the notes here
  • the record breaks off until January 1852, by which time the Darwin family had increased by five: …
  • the onset of frowning, smiling, etc., as was the focus of Darwins attention on William and Anne, …
  • of logical thought and language. On 20 May 1854, Darwin again took over the notebook and, …
  • all the notes until July 1856, when the observations ceased. Darwins later entries, like Emmas, …
  • of muscles, without a corresponding sensation. D r . Holland[12informs me children do not
  • our door N o  12 and N o  11 is in the slit for the Letter box.— he decidedly ran past N o  11
  • has learned them from my sometimes changing the first letter in any word he is usingthus I say
  • trowsers. Emma one morning put on an unconspicuous bonnet of C. Langton,[52W. instantly observed
  • she added an s to the end of every wordEttis & Bettis &c afterwards all the ws were turned
  • goed dawn to the willage”. Fish for Smith. Kaw for cow. &c. Lenny[612 years old speaks
  • any thing with my egg. Miss Th. Shall I cut up y r  meat? L. I dont care whether you do or
  • a bit of red glass at the garden) 47v.  May 1854. Before tea Ch. asked Lenny P. Have you
  • give me a kiss if you like”. 48 [74May 201854.— I saw a pile of sand lying on the lawn
  • … “But I could not help it”— I saidLenny you c d  help it, dont say that”. “I could not help it a
  • I could not help it awfully”.— 49  June 1854About 9 months ago, Lenny defined being in
  • Horace Lenny. When ill with Fever & recovering (Dec 1854) used constantly to ask in the
  • … , pp. 1312. [6Correspondence  vol. 2, letter from Emma Wedgwood, [23 January 1839] . …

Science, Work and Manliness

Summary

Discussion Questions|Letters In 1859, popular didactic writer William Landels published the first edition of what proved to be one of his best-selling works, How Men Are Made. "It is by work, work, work" he told his middle class audience, …

Matches: 13 hits

  • … In describing what they did using the language of labour, Darwin and his male colleagues asserted …
  • … 1. Which elements of the scientific process do Darwin and his male correspondents tend to …
  • … another's scientific work? How does this differ from how Darwin praised women's work ? …
  • … Letters Letter 282 - Darwin to Fox, W. D., [9 - 12 August 1835] Darwin …
  • … “a little reading, thinking and hammering”. Letter 1533 - Darwin to Dana, J. D., [27 …
  • … the labour bestowed on it are “really surprising” and Darwin hopes that Dana’s health withstood the …
  • … that de Bosquet has bestowed on the subject. Letter 2669 - Bunbury, C. J. F. to Darwin, …
  • … 134 crosses which was “no slight labour”. Letter 3901 - Darwin to Falconer, H., [5 & …
  • … not depleted completely his health and strength. Letter 4000 - Darwin to Dana, J. D., …
  • … . It is, Darwin says, “a monument of labour”. Letter 4185 - Darwin to Scott, J., [25 …
  • … a wonderful, indefatigable worker you are!”. Letter 4997 - Wallace, A. R. to Darwin, [4 …
  • … systematically to collect and arrange facts. Letter 8153 - Darwin to Darwin, W. E., [9 …
  • … and anxiety” involved in the editorial process. Letter 9157 - Darwin to Darwin, G. H., …

Darwin in letters, 1858-1859: Origin

Summary

The years 1858 and 1859 were, without doubt, the most momentous of Darwin’s life. From a quiet rural existence filled with steady work on his ‘big book’ on species, he was jolted into action by the arrival of an unexpected letter from Alfred Russel Wallace…

Matches: 21 hits

  • 1858 and 1859 were, without doubt, the most momentous of Darwins life. From a quiet rural existence
  • he was jolted into action by the arrival of an unexpected letter from Alfred Russel Wallace. This
  • the composition and publication, in November 1859, of Darwins major treatise  On the origin of
  • …  exceeded my wildest hopes By the end of 1859, Darwins work was being discussed in
  • has  infinitely  exceeded my wildest hopes.—’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 25 [November 1859] ). …
  • The 'big book' The year 1858 opened with Darwin hard at work preparing hisbig
  • his ninth chapter, on hybridism, on 29 December 1857, Darwin began in January 1858 to prepare the
  • appropriate. The correspondence shows that at any one time Darwin was engaged in a number of
  • The chapter on instinct posed a number of problems for Darwin. ‘I find my chapter on Instinct very
  • celebrated as a classic example of divine design in nature. Darwin hypothesised that the instinct of
  • of construction as it took place in the hive. As with Darwins study of poultry and pigeons, …
  • as evidence for what actually occurred in nature ( see letter to Asa Gray, 4 April [1858] , and  …
  • throwing away what you have seen,’ he told Hooker in his letter of 8 [June 1858] , ‘yet I have
  • work—& that I confess made me a little lowbut I c d . have borne it, for I have the
  • his work was interrupted by the arrival of the now-famous letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, …
  • selection. Darwins shock and dismay is evident in the letter he subsequently wrote to Charles Lyell
  • Even his terms now stand as Heads of my Chapters.’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 18 [June 1858] ). …
  • on Charles Lyells endorsement, the editors have dated the letter 18 [June 1858]. However, the
  • McKinney has suggested that Darwin received Wallaces letter and manuscript on 3 June 1858, the same
  • Roy, and his monograph on  Fossil Cirripedia  (1851 and 1854) ( Quarterly Journal of the
  • it is impossible that men like Lyell, Hooker, Huxley, H. C. Watson, Ramsay &c would change their

Darwin in letters, 1844–1846: Building a scientific network

Summary

The scientific results of the Beagle voyage still dominated Darwin's working life, but he broadened his continuing investigations into the nature and origin of species. Far from being a recluse, Darwin was at the heart of British scientific society,…

Matches: 23 hits

  • results of the  Beagle  voyage still dominated Darwin's working life, but throughout these
  • species and varieties. In contrast to the received image of Darwin as a recluse in Down, the letters
  • Down House was altered and extended to accommodate Darwins growing family and the many relatives
  • The geological publications In these years, Darwin published two books on geologyVolcanic
  • papers for all these organisations. Between 1844 and 1846 Darwin himself wrote ten papers, six of
  • Government grant was exhausted ( Correspondence  vol. 2, letter to A. Y. Spearman, 9 October 1843, …
  • not (it is like confessing a murder) immutable Darwins earlier scientific friendships
  • friends, with the addition of Hooker, were important to Darwin foramong other thingsthey were the
  • scientific issues that arose out of his work on species. Darwin discussed his ideas on species
  • Only two months after their first exchange, early in 1844, Darwin told Hooker that he was engaged in
  • are not (it is like confessing a murder) immutable’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [11 January 1844] ). …
  • correspondence that his close friends were not outraged by Darwins heterodox opinions and later in
  • But although eager for the views of informed colleagues, Darwin was naturally protective of his
  • the essay of 1844 to read (see  Correspondence  vol. 4, letter to J. D. Hooker, 8 [February 1847]) …
  • candidate, known to be working on species and varieties, was Darwin himself: as he told his cousin
  • the book to him. But, as his letters to Hooker show, Darwin carefully considered and then rejected
  • Natural selection Perhaps the most interesting letter relating to Darwins species theory, …
  • to his wife Emma, dated 5 July 1844 , just after Darwin had completed the final draft of his
  • who would undertake to see the work through the press. Darwin also listed possible editors: at first
  • and J. D. Hookers was added. Much later, by the autumn of 1854 when Darwin began sorting out his
  • Darwin not only used his personal notes and records but, by letter, marshalled the resources of
  • of the laws of creation, Geographical Distribution’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [10 February 1845] ) …
  • with drawings of his first dissection. The barnacle—‘M r  Arthrobalanusin Hookers and Darwins

Introduction to the Satire of FitzRoy's Narrative of the Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle

Summary

'a humble toadyish follower…': Not all pictures of Darwin during the Beagle voyage are flattering.  Published here for the first time is a complete transcript of a satirical account of the Beagle’s brief visit in 1836 to the Cocos Keeling islands…

Matches: 23 hits

  • obtain such a one I was (in a manner) compelled to take Mr Darwin on a far too independent footing. …
  • fond of Natural History”… Not all pictures of Darwin during the Beagle voyage are
  • in 1836 to the Cocos Keeling islands, the only coral atoll Darwin observed first-hand.  The satire, …
  • didnt meet them personally, Ross took bitter exception to Darwin and FitzRoys later accounts of
  • Anderson John Clunies Rosssatire, written c.1848, is a fascinating document. It is
  • captain, Robert FitzRoy and his naturalist companion Charles Darwin. Rossunique perspective on the
  • foreman on the one hand and the texts written by FitzRoy and Darwin on the other. We can certainly
  • but by no means least, the coral reef theories of Charles Darwin. (For that particular concern see
  • interest. Rosspicture of both FitzRoy and Darwin on this voyage is unlike any others we
  • influenced Rossown enterprises. His attitude to Darwin was somewhat less resentful, but still
  • at home. Finally, according to Ross, neither man wrote well: Darwin was trite and conventional , …
  • in FitzRoys voice, but some footnotes are signedJ.C.R.” and there are editorial interventions in
  • Library since 1908 ( British Library Add MS 37631 1824-1854  - # 4 : a satire of Narrative. Capt
  • and are marked in roman numerals. Others relate to Darwins 1839 or 1845 volumes and Belchers
  • are not so marked. A final set refers to a comparison of a letter and a newspaper editorial. In all
  • family, left after 1837. John Clunies Ross (1786-1854) was born in Weisdale, Shetland. …
  • He went to sea first in a Greenland whaler aged thirteen, c.1800. In 1812, aged 25, while on a
  • from 1827 until Hares departure. Ross died in 1854; his descendants continued to control the
  • as John Murrays publication of the new edition of Darwins Beagle journal was achieving success
  • to depression and died by suicide in 1865. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) A young naturalist, …
  • to his death. Capt. Alexander Albert Sandilands, R.N. (c.1786-1832) of HMS Comet
  • Gleanings in Science . Capt Francis Harding, R.N. (1799 - 1875) In HMS Pelorus , …
  • to Bencoolen in his ship Harriet . Joseph C. Raymond, a seaman from a British ship