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The death of Anne Elizabeth Darwin

Summary

Charles and Emma Darwin’s eldest daughter, Annie, died at the age of ten in 1851. Emma was heavily pregnant with their fifth son, Horace, at the time and could not go with Charles when he took Annie to Malvern to consult the hydrotherapist, Dr Gully.…

Matches: 5 hits

… lost the joy of the Household Charles and Emma Darwin’s eldest daughter, Annie, died at …
… her own reactions in a poignant set of notes, which Emma Darwin kept. Links to a longer …
… and illness follow the transcriptions. Charles Darwin’s memorial of Anne Elizabeth …
… ‘y. 4 An interlineation in pencil in Emma Darwin’s hand reads: ‘Mamma: what shall we do …
… To W. D. Fox, [ 27 March 1851 ] To Emma Darwin, [17 April 1851] First letter to …

List of correspondents

Summary

Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. Click on a name to see the letters Darwin exchanged with that correspondent. "A child of God" (1) Abberley,…

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… Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. …
… Dareste, Camille (9) Darwin family (1) …
… Darwin, E. L. (1) Darwin, Elizabeth (9) …
… Darwin, H. E. (60) Darwin, Horace (30) …
… James (a) (5) Drysdale, Elizabeth (1) …
… Peacock, George (2) Pearce, Horace (1) …
… Charlotte (2) Wedgwood, Elizabeth (11) …

Referencing women’s work

Summary

Darwin's correspondence shows that women made significant contributions to Darwin's work, but whether and how they were acknowledged in print involved complex considerations of social standing, professional standing, and personal preference.…

Matches: 15 hits

… Darwin's correspondence shows that women made significant contributions to Darwin's work, …
… set of selected letters is followed by letters relating to Darwin's 1881 publication …
… throughout Variation . Letter 2395 - Darwin to Holland, Miss, [April 1860] …
… anonymised and masculinised. Letter 3316 - Darwin to Nevill, D. F., [12 November …
… Nevill is referenced by name for her “kindness” in Darwin’s Fertilisation of Orchids . …
… critic. Letter 4370 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [April - May 1865] Darwin …
… as “friends in Surrey”. Letter 4794 - Darwin to Lyell, C., [25 March 1865] …
… B”. Letter 7060 - Wedgwood, F. J. to Darwin, [1867 - 72] Darwin’s …
… in the final publication. Letter 7223 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., [9 June 1867 - …
… in Expression . Letter 5817 - Darwin to Huxley, T. H., [30 January 1868 …
… infants identified by name in Expression was novelist Elizabeth Gaskell for her description …
… at him. Letter 7345 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [15 June 1872] Darwin’s …
… Darwin, H., [1 November 1877] Darwin asks his sons, Horace and Francis, to observe …
… - Darwin, H. to Darwin, [7 October 1880] Horace writes to his father with information …
… St Tibbs Row. Darwin proudly referenced the work of "My son Horace " in Vegetable Mould …

Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots

Summary

Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…

Matches: 22 hits

… There are summaries of all Darwin's letters from the year 1879 on this website. The full texts …
… 27 of the print edition of The correspondence of Charles Darwin , published by Cambridge …
… to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an …
… the sensitivity of the tips. Despite this breakthrough, when Darwin first mentioned the book to his …
… 1879 ). He was also unsatisfied with his account of Erasmus Darwin, declaring, ‘My little biography …
… a holiday in the Lake District in August did little to raise Darwin’s spirits. ‘I wish that my …
… W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, [after 26] July [1879] ). From July, Darwin had an additional worry: the …
… that his grandfather had felt the same way. In 1792, Erasmus Darwin had written: ‘The worst thing I …
… contained a warmer note and the promise of future happiness: Darwin learned he was to be visited by …
… the veteran of Modern Zoology’, but it was in Germany that Darwin was most fêted. A German …
… ). The masters of Greiz College in Thuringia venerated Darwin as ‘the deep thinker’, while …
… accepted in Germany. ‘On this festive day’, Haeckel told Darwin, ‘you can look back, with justified …
… Hermann Müller wrote on 12 February to wish Darwin a ‘long and serene evening of life’. This …
… Darwin, 28 May [1879] ). On the Galton side of the family, Elizabeth Anne Wheler, who was pleased …
… In August, Bernard accompanied his grandparents, Aunt Elizabeth (Bessy) Darwin, and Henrietta and …
… objection to the engagement between his daughter Ida and Horace Darwin. This was all the more …
… at the Farrers’ home, Abinger Hall, on several occasions. Horace had first approached Farrer to …
… Farrer’s objection was based on his impression of Horace ’s poor health and lack of profession, and …
… reported, because Darwin told Farrer ‘a great deal about Horace that he did not know, especially …
… Farrer did not relent. While the Darwins were in Coniston, Horace was instructed to wait for three …
… the engagement between his daughter Ida and Darwin’s son Horace be kept secret and that there should …
… and so, despite continuing to harbour misgivings about Horace ’s health and career, finally agreed to …

Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions

Summary

Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, with full debunking below...

Matches: 1 hits

… Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive …

Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year

Summary

The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…

Matches: 23 hits

… 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working …
… dispute over an anonymous review that attacked the work of Darwin’s son George dominated the second …
… and traveller Alexander von Humboldt’s 105th birthday, Darwin obliged with a reflection on his debt …
… ). The death of a Cambridge friend, Albert Way, caused Darwin’s cousin, William Darwin Fox, to …
… from W. D. Fox, 8 May [1874] ). Such reminiscences led Darwin to the self-assessment, ‘as for one …
… I feel very old & helpless The year started for Darwin with a week’s visit to …
… Andrew Clark, whom he had been consulting since August 1873. Darwin had originally thought that …
… ( letter to B. J. Sulivan, 6 January [1874] ). Darwin mentioned his poor health so frequently in …
… 1874 ). Séances, psychics, and sceptics Darwin excused himself for reasons of …
… by George Henry Lewes and Marian Evans (George Eliot), but Darwin excused himself, finding it too …
… the month, another Williams séance was held at the home of Darwin’s cousin Hensleigh Wedgwood. Those …
… imposter’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 27 January 1874 ). Darwin agreed that it was ‘all imposture’ …
… stop word getting to America of the ‘strange news’ that Darwin had allowed ‘a spirit séance’ at his …
… the first three months of the year and, like many of Darwin’s enterprises in the 1870s, were family …
… 21, letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 17 December [1873] ). Darwin himself had some trouble in …
… and letter to Charles Lyell, [13 January 1874] ). Darwin blamed his illness for the …
… . In his preface ( Coral reefs 2d ed., pp. v–vii), Darwin reasserted the priority of his work. …
… for the absence of coral-reefs in certain locations. Darwin countered with the facts that low …
… whole coastline of a large island. Dana also thought that Darwin had seen fringing reefs as proof of …
… were also doing well. Despite ill health, his youngest son Horace began the year by taking the …
… without being bad & have done pretty well’ ( letter to Horace Darwin, 9 January [1874] ). …
… Kent. After a month’s trial Darwin wrote to the firm about Horace ’s illness: ‘My son is most …
… letter John Murray, 9 May [1874] ). He communicated Mary Elizabeth Barber’s paper on the pupae of …

Darwin’s observations on his children

Summary

Charles Darwin’s observations on the development of his children, began the research that culminated in his book The Expression of the emotions in man and animals, published in 1872, and his article ‘A biographical sketch of an infant’, published in Mind…

Matches: 25 hits

… Charles Darwin’s observations on the development of his children,[1] began the …
… is available below . As with much of his other work, Darwin gathered additional information on the …
… lunatics, the blind, and animals. And as early as 1839 Darwin had begun to collect information on …
… the expression of emotions. As the following transcript of Darwin’s notes reveals, he closely …
… William Erasmus, the stages of his development suggesting to Darwin those expressions which are …
… The tone of the manuscript reflects an aspect of Darwin’s character clearly perceived by Emma during …
… “What does that prove”.’[6] For in these notes, Darwin’s deep scientific curiosity transcends his …
… that on occasion he refers to William as ‘it’. Darwin possessed the ability to dissociate …
… memories.[8] Yet, though the dissociation was essential for Darwin’s scientific goal, the notes here …
… until September 1844. Parallels in the development of Anne Elizabeth , born 2 March 1841, were also …
… the record breaks off until January 1852, by which time the Darwin family had increased by five: …
… the onset of frowning, smiling, etc., as was the focus of Darwin’s attention on William and Anne, …
… of logical thought and language. On 20 May 1854, Darwin again took over the notebook and, …
… all the notes until July 1856, when the observations ceased. Darwin’s later entries, like Emma’s, …
… 35 & to take a crust, when their pudding was finished.— Elizabeth [45] remarked him careful …
… flower garden perceived them, said they were not Dziver’s (Elizabeth ’s) flowers. ie were not natural …
… very contradictory; by mistake he one day graciously gave Elizabeth a kiss, but repenting said …
… ought to do what a child says to a maid.[70] 46 Horace [71] 2½. G. When shall you wean …
… But Papa you ought to forgive me if I do. 46v. Horace seeing one of the huntsman not in a …
… P. Yes. Well I will then. Lenny trying to amuse Horace (crying Baby I said I”d got a bit of …
… ”.[76] June 6— 1854. Lenny after quarrelling with Horace , “I feel that I shall never play …
… (ie liquorice) 49v. July 25 th[77] /54/ Horace struck Lenny with a rake & Lenny …
… “I bets that is a rum thing”, the bet being offered to Horace Lenny. When ill with Fever &amp …
… if you won’t, you must.”— 50bv. [80] Horace 3 yrs old walking with Bessy in London saw a …
… to Anne and Henrietta were added considerably later; Anne Elizabeth was born in 1841 and Henrietta …

Darwin in letters, 1880: Sensitivity and worms

Summary

‘My heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old Shrewsbury friend Henry Johnson on 14 November 1880. Darwin became fully devoted to earthworms in the spring of the year, just after finishing the manuscript of…

Matches: 21 hits

… heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old …
… to adapt to varying conditions. The implications of Darwin’s work for the boundary between animals …
… studies of animal instincts by George John Romanes drew upon Darwin’s early observations of infants, …
… of evolution and creation. Many letters flowed between Darwin and his children, as he took delight …
… Financial support for science was a recurring issue, as Darwin tried to secure a Civil List pension …
… with Samuel Butler, prompted by the publication of Erasmus Darwin the previous year. …
… Charles Harrison Tindal, sent a cache of letters from two of Darwin’s grandfather’s clerical friends …
… divines to see a pig’s body opened is very amusing’, Darwin replied, ‘& that about my …
… registry offices, and produced a twenty-page history of the Darwin family reaching back to the …
… the world’ ( letter from J. L. Chester, 3 March 1880 ). Darwin’s sons George and Leonard also …
… and conciliate a few whose ancestors had not featured in Darwin’s Life . ‘In an endeavour to …
… think I must pay a round of visits.’ One cousin, Reginald Darwin, warmed to George: ‘he had been …
… an ordinary mortal who could laugh’ ( letter from W. E. Darwin to Charles and Emma Darwin, 22 July …
… whose essay on Erasmus’s scientific work complemented Darwin’s biographical piece. Krause’s essay …
… Kosmos in February 1879, an issue produced in honour of Darwin’s birthday. Krause enlarged and …
… superficial and inaccurate piece of work’, although Darwin advised him not to ‘expend much powder …
… in the last sentence. When Butler read Erasmus Darwin , he noted the reference to his work, and …
… While on honeymoon with his new wife, Ida, in the Alps, Horace spotted worms at high elevations, …
… saw a steam tram—imagine my excitement’ ( letter from Horace Darwin to Emma Darwin, [18 September …
… for the Wedgwood nieces. Later in the year, Emma’s sister Elizabeth Wedgwood died at her home, …
… elected fellow of the Royal Society. He rejoiced to see Horace and Ida settled in their new home in …

Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex

Summary

The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…

Matches: 26 hits

… On 6 March 1868, Darwin wrote to the entomologist and accountant John Jenner Weir, ‘If any …
… he ought to do what I am doing pester them with letters.’ Darwin was certainly true to his word. The …
… and sexual selection. In Origin , pp. 87–90, Darwin had briefly introduced the concept of …
… process. In a letter to Alfred Russel Wallace in 1864, Darwin claimed that sexual selection was ‘the …
… 12, letter to A. R. Wallace, 28 [May 1864] ). Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as …
… to the stridulation of crickets. At the same time, Darwin continued to collect material on …
… his immediate circle of friends and relations. In July 1868 Darwin was still anticipating that his …
… which was devoted to sexual selection in the animal kingdom. Darwin described his thirst for …
… in January 1868. A final delay caused by the indexing gave Darwin much vexation. ‘My book is …
… 1867 and had expected to complete it in a fortnight. But at Darwin’s request, he modified his …
… the text. This increased the amount of work substantially. Darwin asked Murray to intervene, …
… … though it would be a great loss to the Book’. But Darwin’s angry letter to Murray crossed one from …
… blank’ ( letter from W. S. Dallas, 8 January 1868 ). Darwin sympathised, replying on 14 January …
… as stone, if it were not quite mollified by your note’. Darwin enclosed a cheque to Dallas for £55 …
… and descent in the Fortnightly Review , and asked Darwin for comments. Darwin was clearly …
… ‘fast passing away’ that sparked the most discussion. Darwin wrote to Hooker on 23 February , …
… authorship. John Murray thought it was by Gray himself, but Darwin corrected him: ‘D r Gray would …
… of Science, Robertson published a rejoinder, arousing Darwin’s ire still further: ‘he is a scamp …
… all sorts of subjects In writing Variation , Darwin had been careful to acknowledge …
… great influx of unsolicited letters from persons unknown to Darwin, offering additional facts that …
… 1868 . The letter was addressed to ‘the Rev d C. Darwin M.d’; Binstead evidently assumed Darwin …
… in the world’ (from ?, 6 April 1868). On 21 May , Darwin complained to Hooker, ‘I am bothered …
… an outpouring of details and untoward examples even from Darwin’s inner circle of expert naturalists …
… Edmund Langton wrote from the south of France to Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood on 9 Novembe r, …
… Africa, Darwin received from Hooker an account by Mary Elizabeth Barber of local variations in the …
… at Leonards success’, Darwin wrote to his youngest son, Horace , on 26 July , ‘is it not splendid? …

Emma Darwin

Summary

Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife and first cousin, was born Emma Wedgwood, the eighth and youngest child of Josiah Wedgwood II and Bessy Allen. Her father was the eldest son of the famous pottery manufacturer, Josiah Wedgwood I. Her mother was one…

Matches: 5 hits

… Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife and first cousin, was born Emma Wedgwood, the eighth and …
… father's eldest sister, Susannah, had married Robert Waring Darwin of Shrewsbury, and had six …
… children were born (Mary, Henrietta Emma, George Howard, Elizabeth, Francis, Leonard, Horace, and …
… Grove, Huntingdon Road, where she lived with her daughter Elizabeth. Francis, George, and Horace …
… home. A great deal of her correspondence survives in the Darwin Archive–CUL, along with her …

Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts

Summary

At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…

Matches: 26 hits

… At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of …
… appeared at the end of 1866 and had told his cousin William Darwin Fox, ‘My work will have to stop a …
… material on emotional expression. Yet the scope of Darwin’s interests remained extremely broad, and …
… plants, and earthworms, subjects that had exercised Darwin for decades, and that would continue to …
… Carl von Nägeli and perfectibility Darwin’s most substantial addition to Origin was a …
… a Swiss botanist and professor at Munich (Nägeli 1865). Darwin had considered Nägeli’s paper …
… principal engine of change in the development of species. Darwin correctly assessed Nägeli’s theory …
… in most morphological features (Nägeli 1865, p. 29). Darwin sent a manuscript of his response (now …
… are & must be morphological’. The comment highlights Darwin’s apparent confusion about Nägeli’s …
… ‘purely morphological’. The modern reader may well share Darwin’s uncertainty, but Nägeli evidently …
… pp. 28–9). In further letters, Hooker tried to provide Darwin with botanical examples he could use …
… problems of heredity Another important criticism that Darwin sought to address in the fifth …
… prevailing theory of blending inheritance that Jenkin and Darwin both shared, would tend to be lost …
… ( Origin 5th ed., pp. 103–4). The terminology that Darwin and others employed in these matters ( …
… ‘I must have expressed myself atrociously’, Darwin wrote to Alfred Russel Wallace on 2 February , …
… of Origin was the result of correspondence between Darwin and the geologist James Croll. In the …
… but it was his theory of alternate ice ages that piqued Darwin’s interest the most. He wrote, ‘this …
… ( letter to James Croll, 31 January [1869] ). Darwin had argued ( Origin , pp. 377–8) that plant …
… would always exist. In Origin 5th ed., pp. 450–61, Darwin accounted for the survival of tropical …
… James Croll, 31 January [1869] ). Croll could not supply Darwin with an estimate of the age of the …
… ( letter from James Croll, 4 February 1869 ). Darwin did not directly challenge Thomson’s …
… 19 March [1869] ). Towards Descent Once Darwin had completed revisions of the …
… and overseas. The dog-breeder George Cupples worked hard on Darwin’s behalf, sending a steady stream …
… sexes in sheep, cattle, horses, and dogs, and circulating Darwin’s queries to various contacts. As …
… causing difficulties. The entomologist Frederick Smith, whom Darwin had asked to study the musical …
… butterflies, supplementing that received the previous year. Darwin also continued to receive …

Family life

Summary

From the long letters exchanged with his sisters during the Beagle voyage, through correspondence about his marriage to his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, the births—and deaths—of their children, to the contributions of his sons and daughters to his scientific…

Matches: 1 hits

… of his sons and daughters to his scientific work, Darwin’s letters show how important his family …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 24 hits

… In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished …
… used these notebooks extensively in dating and annotating Darwin’s letters; the full transcript …
… *128). For clarity, the transcript does not record Darwin’s alterations. The spelling and …
… book had been consulted. Those cases where it appears that Darwin made a genuine deletion have been …
… a few instances, primarily in the ‘Books Read’ sections, Darwin recorded that a work had been …
… of the books listed in the other two notebooks. Sometimes Darwin recorded that an abstract of the …
… own. Soon after beginning his first reading notebook, Darwin began to separate the scientific …
… the second reading notebook. Readers primarily interested in Darwin’s scientific reading, therefore, …
… editors’ identification of the book or article to which Darwin refers. A full list of these works is …
… page number (or numbers, as the case may be) on which Darwin’s entry is to be found. The …
… in the bibliography that other editions were available to Darwin. While it is likely that Darwin …
… where we are not certain that the work cited is the one Darwin intended, we have prefixed the …
… mark. Complete or partial runs of journals which Darwin recorded as having read or skimmed …
… to the journal appear, and the location of abstracts in the Darwin archive and journals included in …
… (Emma) (read) M rs Fry’s Life [Fry 1847] Horace Walpoles letter to C t . of …
… th . Hume’s Hist of England [Hume 1763]. to beginning of Elizabeth . Sept 14 th . 4 first …
… on chemistry (Liebig 1851). 50 Probably Elizabeth Wedgwood. 51 This …
… of the Devereux, Earls of Essex, in the reigns of Elizabeth , James I., and Charles I., 1540 …
… of England from the fall of Wolsey to the death of Elizabeth . 12 vols. London. 1856–70. 128: …
… London. *119: 21v., 22; 119: 19a Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn. 1857. The life of …
… by Mr. Boyer. London. [Other eds.] 119: 22b Gray, Elizabeth Caroline. 1840. Tour to the …
… description of the universe . Translated [by Elizabeth Juliana Sabine] under the …
… London. *128: 180; 128: 5, 9 Moquin-Tandon, Horace Bénédict Alfred. 1841. Éléments …
… Mr. Warrenne . London. 119: 21b Walpole, Horace . 1845. Memoirs of the reign of King …

Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments

Summary

The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…

Matches: 16 hits

… In 1865, the chief work on Charles Darwin’s mind was the writing of The variation of animals and …
… letters on climbing plants to make another paper. Darwin also submitted a manuscript of his …
… protégé, John Scott, who was now working in India. Darwin’s transmutation theory continued to …
… Argyll, appeared in the religious weekly, Good Words . Darwin received news of an exchange of …
… Butler, and, according to Butler, the bishop of Wellington. Darwin’s theory was discussed at an …
… in the Gardeners’ Chronicle . At the end of the year, Darwin was elected an honorary member of …
… year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend of …
… in August. There was also a serious dispute between two of Darwin’s friends, John Lubbock and …
… jolly’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 January [1865] ). Darwin was ready to submit his paper on …
… a sudden illness. Falconer was 56, almost the same age as Darwin himself. Falconer had seconded …
… supported his candidacy, and had tried hard to persuade Darwin to accept the award in person (see …
… the award ( see letter from Hugh Falconer to Erasmus Alvey Darwin, 3 January 1865 ). Erasmus …
… Sic transit gloria mundi, with a vengeance Darwin’s response to the news of Falconer’s …
… he wrote to Hooker that all the family were well, including Horace , who had been sickly for some …
… were still at school in Clapham, south-west London, and Horace was seeing a private tutor. Henrietta …
… Wales rented by the Hensleigh Wedgwoods for the summer, and Elizabeth was evidently attending school …

Darwin Correspondence Project

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