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Darwin in letters,1870: Human evolution

Summary

The year 1870 is aptly summarised by the brief entry Darwin made in his journal: ‘The whole of the year at work on the Descent of Man & Selection in relation to Sex’. Descent was the culmination of over three decades of observations and reflections on…

Matches: 20 hits

… The year 1870 is aptly summarised by the brief entry Darwin made in his journal: ‘The …
… in relation to Sex’. Always precise in his accounting, Darwin reckoned that he had started writing …
… gathered on each of these topics was far more extensive than Darwin had anticipated. As a result, …
… and St George Jackson Mivart, and heated debates sparked by Darwin’s proposed election to the French …
… machine’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 25 December [1870 ] ). Finishing Descent; …
… some weeks’ ( letter to Albert Günther, 13 January [1870 ] ). Darwin was still working hard on …
… of style, the more grateful I shall be’ ( letter to H. E. Darwin, [8 February 1870 ] ). She had …
… , the latter when she was just eighteen years of age. Darwin clearly expected her to make a …
… ever have thought that I shd. turn parson?’ ( letter to H. E. Darwin, [8 February 1870 ] ). …
… thing so unimportant as the mind of man!’ ( letter from H. E. Darwin, [after 8 February 1870 ] ). …
… is to criticise them? No one but yourself’ ( letter from H. W. Bates, 20 May 1870 ). Darwin very …
… able to say that I never write reviews’ ( letter to H. W. Bates, [22 May 1870 ] ). St …
… if I once began to answer objectors’ ( letter to W. H. Flower, 25 March [1870 ] ). In his letters …
… & valuable labours on the Primates’ ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 23 April [1870 ] ). He also …
… an Ape differs from a lump of granite’ ( letter from St G. J. Mivart, 22 April 1870 ). …
… whatever may have been his “origin” ( letter from St G. J. Mivart, 25 April 1870 ). In his …
… out seven devils worse than that first!’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 22 June 1870 ). In the …
… highly important for the welfare of mankind’ ( letter to [H. H. Vivian?], [April or May 1870 ?] ). …
… dark to me and to every one else I suspect’ ( letter from H. B. Jones, 2 August 1870 ). …
… to ride the same horse that had thrown him (letter from G. H. Darwin to H. E. Darwin, [21 – 2 …

Darwin’s queries on expression

Summary

When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect observations more widely and composed a list of queries on human expression. A number of handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller…

Matches: 26 hits

… When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect …
… ease of distribution sometime in late 1867 or early 1868. Darwin went over his questions, refining …
… was the collection of observations on a global scale. Darwin was especially interested in peoples …
… cultural and conventional, or instinctive and universal. Darwin used his existing correspondence …
… and with the mouth a little drawn back at the corners?” Darwin’s questionnaire was an extension of …
… was also carefully devised so as to prevent the feelings of Darwin’s remote observers from colouring …
… and not the susceptibilities of a moral nature.” Darwin did not typically countenance such …
… the collection of information to its display in print. After Darwin received all of the replies to …
… except “yes” or “no.” “The same state of mind” Darwin would later assert in Expression of the …
… uniformity.” Table of Correspondence about Darwin’s Questionnaire (click on the letter …
… could available online ahead of schedule as part of the “Darwin and Human Nature” project, funded by …
… Brooke, C.A.J. 30 Nov 1870 Sarawak, Borneo …
… Southampton, England letter to W.E. Darwin shrugging/pouting of …
… Crichton-Browne, James 15 March 1870 West Riding …
… Crichton-Browne, James 18 March 1870 Down, Kent, …
… blushing Darwin, Francis 20 June 1867 …
… Donders, F.C. 27 May 1870 Utrecht, Netherlands …
… Forbes, David 13 June 1870 Portman Square, London W. …
… Ceylon enclosed in letter from G.H.K. Thwaites …
… will forward query Huxley, H.A. 22 Mar …
… Aborigines Lane, H.B. 13 Aug 1868 …
… head forward Mivart, G.J. 26 Jan 1871 …
… Nicol, Patrick 13 May 1870 Sussex Lunatic Asylum, …
… Reade, Winwood W. [c.8 or 9 Apr 1870 ] Accra, West …
… aborigines Thwaites, G.H.K. 1 Apr 1868 …
… Kanara), Bombay, India forwarded by H.N.B. Erskine …

Women as a scientific audience

Summary

Target audience? | Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those exchanged with his editors and publisher, reveal a lot about his intended audience. Regardless of whether or not women were deliberately targeted as a…

Matches: 9 hits

… Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those …
… a broad variety of women had access to, and engaged with, Darwin's published works. A set of …
… women a target audience? Letter 2447 - Darwin to Murray, J., [5 April 1859] …
… that his views are original and will appeal to the public. Darwin asks Murray to forward the …
… and criticisms of style. Letter 2461 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., [11 May 1859] …
… typically-male readers. Letter 7124 - Darwin to Darwin, H. E., [8 February 1870] …
… and style. Letter 7329 - Murray , J. to Darwin, [28 September 1870] …
… Letter 7331 - Darwin to Murray, J., [29 September 1870] Darwin asks Murray to …
… B. Blackwell' is a man. Letter 7177 - Cupples, G. to Darwin, [29 April 1870] …

Women’s scientific participation

Summary

Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…

Matches: 22 hits

… | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a …
… community. Here is a selection of letters exchanged between Darwin and his workforce of women …
… Women: Letter 1194 - Darwin to Whitby, M. A. T., [12 August 1849] Darwin …
… peculiarities in inheritance. Letter 3787 - Darwin, H. E. to Darwin, [29 October …
… garden. Letter 4523 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [6 June 1864] Darwin’s …
… . Letter 5745 - Barber, M. E. to Darwin, [after February 1867] Mary Barber …
… birds. Letter 5817 - Darwin to Huxley, T. H., [30 January 1868] Darwin …
… Letter 6535 - Vaughan Williams , M. S. to Darwin, H. E., [after 14 October 1869] …
… Letter 7179 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [5 May 1870 ] Darwin’s niece, Lucy, …
… patience”. Letter 4242 - Hildebrand, F. H. G. to Darwin, [16 July 1863] …
… Women: Letter 1701 - Morris, M. H. to Prior, R. C. A., [17 June 1855] …
… Letter 4823 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, H. E., [May 1865] Darwin’s niece, Lucy, …
… Leith Hill Place. Letter 6139 - Doubleday, H. to Darwin, [22 April 1868] …
… Letter 8168 - Ruck, A. R . to Darwin, H., [20 January 1872] Amy Ruck reports the …
… for more samples. Letter 4928 - Henslow, G. to Darwin, [11 November 1865] …
… “eyebrows”. Letter 1701 - Morris, M. H. to Prior, R. C. A., [17 June 1855] …
… with minnows. Letter 2781 - Doubleday, H. to Darwin, [3 May 1860] …
… suggestion. Letter 5254 - Hildebrand, F. H. G. to Darwin, [23 October 1866] …
… those at Kew. Letter 6139 - Doubleday, H. to Darwin, [22 April 1868] …
… Letter 7124 - Darwin to Darwin, H. E., [8 February 1870 ] Darwin seeks Henrietta’s …
… Letter 7123 - Darwin to Darwin, H. E., [March 1870 ] Darwin thanks his daughter, …
… job. Letter 9157 - Darwin to Da rwin, G. H., [20 November 1873] Darwin …

Capturing Darwin’s voice: audio of selected letters

Summary

On a sunny Wednesday in June 2011 in a makeshift recording studio somewhere in Cambridge, we were very pleased to welcome Terry Molloy back to the Darwin Correspondence Project for a special recording session. Terry, known for his portrayal of Davros in Dr…

Matches: 9 hits

… we were very pleased to welcome Terry Molloy back to the Darwin Correspondence Project for a …
… The Archers , previously worked with us playing Charles Darwin in a dramatisation of the …
… to life with his masterful characterisation of Charles Darwin. It was a long and full day at the …
… A significant proportion of the selection comprised Darwin’s letters to women correspondents, who …
… Other female correspondents asked Darwin questions about the spiritual implications of his theories …
… Kennard written on 9 January 1882 , only shortly before Darwin’s death, about the equality of …
… from the youthful exuberance of the Beagle letters (e.g. letter to Caroline Darwin, 29 April …
… in interpreting particular letters. How should one read Darwin’s politely worded rebuke to St G. J. …
… was proofreading a draft chapter of Descent (letter to H. E. Darwin, [8 February 1870 ] ). …

Cross and self fertilisation

Summary

The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…

Matches: 27 hits

… the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells …
… on plants with two or three different forms of flowers, Darwin had focused on the anatomical and …
… of different forms of pollen. Although many plants that Darwin observed had flowers with adaptations …
… rates, growth, and constitutional vigour. Although Darwin was no stranger to long months and years …
… … is highly remarkable’ In September 1866, Darwin announced to the American botanist …
… several years ( To Édouard Bornet, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin began a series of experiments, …
… ). It was only after a new season of experiments that Darwin would confirm that this poppy shed its …
… access to flowers was only the tip of the iceberg. Darwin next focused on the California …
… conditions’ ( From Fritz Müller, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin’s interest was piqued and he described …
… when self-fertilised, although fewer than crossed plants. Darwin sent some of these seeds to Müller, …
… [1868] ). Müller, in turn, sent seeds from his plants to Darwin and both men continued to …
… Müller remarked, on receiving a new batch of seeds from Darwin, ‘that it was ‘curious to see, on …
… depends’ ( From Fritz Müller, 15 June 1869 ). By May 1870 , Darwin reported that he was ‘rearing …
… of English fertile plants’ ( To Fritz Müller, 12 May 1870 ). From a fairly early stage in …
… the sweet pea ( Lathyrus odoratus ), and in October 1867, Darwin wrote to James Moggridge to ask …
… of the year ( To J. T. Moggridge, 1 October [1867] ). Darwin was beginning to suspect that the …
… simply did not exist in Britain. During a visit to Darwin in May 1866, Robert Caspary, a …
… by the former ( From Robert Caspary, 18 February 1868 ). Darwin eagerly requested seed from both …
… was published on 30 January 1868. In April 1868, Darwin informed George Bentham, ‘I am …
… to elongate when the pollen touches the stigmatic surface. Darwin was able to discern that …
… plant sexual relations, Müller, who sent the publication to Darwin, reported that he was surprised …
… the fertility of the offspring (F. Müller 1868b, p. 629). Darwin urged further experimentation. ‘I …
… the Abutilon sterile with some individuals is remarkable’, Darwin replied, adding that he had sown …
… Abutilon is a new species, & I am honoured by its name’, Darwin told Hooker, ‘It offers an …
… ( To J. D. Hooker, 23 July [1871] ). Darwin also informed Müller of this fact. It had taken only …
… mean excess of the crossed over the self-fertilised’ ( To G. H. Darwin, 8 January [1876] ). George …
… for the moment that all of equal value.’ ( From G. H. Darwin, [after 8 January 1876] ). It was his …

Moral Nature

Summary

In Descent of Man, Darwin argued that human morality had evolved from the social instincts of animals, especially the bonds of sympathy and love. Darwin gathered observations over many decades on animal behavior: the heroic sacrifices of social insects,…

Matches: 14 hits

… | Selected Readings In Descent of Man , Darwin argued that human morality had …
… (Barrett et al. eds. 1987, p. 619) Darwin gathered observations over many decades on …
… Though rooted in instinctive sympathy, moral behavior for Darwin was not purely automatic or …
… the social instincts that humans shared with animals. Darwin's moral theory was the most …
… obligation, compassion, guilt, and the pangs of conscience. Darwin's theory was condemned by …
… female members of their hive in order to protect the queen. Darwin engaged with his critics in …
… of ideas, rather than as evolving from animal instinct. Darwin got clarification on this point from …
… Descent of Man in the Pall Mall Gazette (Morley 1871). Darwin admired the review, and …
… from generation to generation." Letter 7685 : Darwin to Morley, John, 14 April …
… at a time when Paris is aflame". Letter 7145 : Darwin to Cobbe, F. P. 23 March …
… that he read Immanuel Kant's Metaphysics of ethics . Darwin thanked her for the book, which …
… sense of mankind." Letter 7149 : Cobbe, F. P. to Darwin, 28 March [1870?] …
… Letter 7470 : Wedgwood, Hensleigh to Darwin, [before 3 March 1871] Darwin exchanged long …
… philosopher and free-thinker, Francis Ellingwood Abbott, Darwin suggests that even moral creatures …

Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small

Summary

In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…

Matches: 27 hits

… In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous …
… for scientific colleagues or their widows facing hardship. Darwin had suffered from poor health …
… of his scientific friends quickly organised a campaign for Darwin to have greater public recognition …
… Botanical observation and experiment had long been Darwin’s greatest scientific pleasure. The year …
… to Fritz Müller, 4 January 1882 ). These were topics that Darwin had been investigating for years, …
… working at the effects of Carbonate of Ammonia on roots,’ Darwin wrote, ‘the chief result being that …
… for some hours in a weak solution of C. of Ammonia’. Darwin’s interest in root response and the …
… London on 6 and 16 March, respectively. In January, Darwin corresponded with George John …
… letter from Arthur de Souza Corrêa, 28 December 1881 ). Darwin had a long-running interest in such …
… experiments had been conducted to lend support to Darwin’s theory of pangenesis (see …
… He was eager to write up the results on Brazilian cane, with Darwin providing a detailed outline: ‘I …
… at the Linnean Society on 4 May, but not published. Darwin carried on with botanical work in …
… which are asymmetric, thus facilitating cross-fertilisation. Darwin’s aim, he said, was just to …
… 3 April 1882 ). Earthworms and evolution Darwin’s last book, Earthworms , had been …
… Appendix V). The conservative Quarterly Review , owned by Darwin’s publisher John Murray, carried …
… themselves’ ( Quarterly Review , January 1882, p. 179). Darwin commented at length on the review …
… to have rather the best of the fight’ ( letter from G. F. Crawte, 11 March 1882 ). The battle …
… depressed about himself’ (letter from H. E. Litchfield to G. H. Darwin, 17 March 1882 (DAR 245: 319) …
… plagued with dull aching in the chest’ (Emma Darwin to G. H. Darwin, [ c . 28 March 1882] (DAR 210 …
… pain entirely yesterday’ (letter from Emma Darwin to G. H. Darwin, 6 April 1882 (DAR 210.3: 46)). …
… she has cried a little’ (letter from H. E. Litchfield to G. H. Darwin, [19 April 1882] (DAR 245: 320 …
… Natural History, that I went as Naturalist on the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the World & …
… I cannot tell how or where to begin’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 21 [January 1860] ). Darwin’s …
… of Darwinian theory to flowers and flower-visiting insects; H. Müller 1869)). Darwin was full of …
… contents of bats?’ ( letter to Hermann Müller, 14 March 1870 ). One of Darwin’s other great …
… much of him’ ( letter to George Cupples, 20 September [1870 ] ). Despite Darwin’s insistence …
… point from its graduated nature: some time ago my son, Mr G. Darwin, advocated that lunacy should at …

Darwin in letters, 1871: An emptying nest

Summary

The year 1871 was an extremely busy and productive one for Darwin, with the publication in February of his long-awaited book on human evolution, Descent of man. The other main preoccupation of the year was the preparation of his manuscript on expression.…

Matches: 26 hits

… The year 1871 was an extremely busy and productive one for Darwin, seeing the publication of his …
… book out of my head’. But a large proportion of Darwin’s time for the rest of the year was devoted …
… way, and the initial reception of the book in the press. Darwin fielded numerous letters from …
… offered sharp criticism or even condemnation. Darwin had expected controversy. ‘I shall be …
… a bare-faced manner.”‘ The most lively debate centred on Darwin’s evolutionary account of the …
… taste. Correspondence with his readers and critics helped Darwin to clarify, and in some cases …
… year was the preparation of his manuscript on expression. Darwin continued to investigate the …
… also brought a significant milestone for the family, as Darwin’s eldest daughter Henrietta was …
… during several past years, has been a great amusement’. Darwin had been working fairly continuously …
… work on species theory in the late 1830s. In recent years, Darwin had collected a wealth of material …
… to human evolution was comparatively small, reflecting Darwin’s aim of showing kinship with animals …
… he is “torn to pieces” by people wanting copies’, Darwin wrote to his son Francis on 28 February …
… letter from J. D. Hooker, 26 March 1871 ). The profits for Darwin were considerable. After …
… man.’ Promoting the book As usual, Darwin did his best to obtain a wide and favourable …
… (see Correspondence vol. 19, Appendix IV). Four of Darwin’s five sons received a copy, and his …
… received a special acknowledgment in the form of a gift. Darwin credited her for whatever he had …
… her liking, ‘to keep in memory of the book’ ( letter to H. E. Darwin, 20 March 1871 ). …
… 1871). The geologist William Boyd Dawkins remarked on Darwin’s books’ reception amongst ‘artisans …
… . ancestor lived between tide-marks!’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 20 February 1871 ). Asa Gray …
… only the ‘most guarded expressions’ ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 23 January [1871] ). …
… Abraham Dee Bartlett, Albert Günther, George Busk, T. H. Huxley, Osbert Salvin, and William Henry …
… and misquoting of both Darwin and Catholic theology (T. H. Huxley 1871). Huxley judged Mivart to be …
… Popery and fear for his soul’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley and H. A. Huxley, 20 September 1871 ). …
… activity would have on the elevation of land. In October 1870 , two separate square yards of ground …
… who was ‘as good as twice refined gold’ ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 4 September [1871] ). …
… up to the last with quinine & sherry’ ( letter from H. E. Litchfield to Charles and Emma Darwin …

Darwin in letters, 1872: Job done?

Summary

'My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, 'is so nearly closed. . . What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’, and the tenor of his correspondence throughout the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye…

Matches: 28 hits

… ‘My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, ‘is so nearly closed. . . What little …
… of On the origin of species , intended to be Darwin’s last, and of Expression of the …
… books brought a strong if deceptive sense of a job now done: Darwin intended, he declared to Alfred …
… 27 July [1872] ). By the end of the year Darwin was immersed in two of the studies that …
… of books and papers, and the latter formed the subject of Darwin’s last book, The formation of …
… worms , published in the year before his death. Despite Darwin’s declared intention to take up new …
… begun many years before. In his private life also, Darwin was in a nostalgic frame of mind, …
… The last word on Origin The year opened with Darwin, helped by his eldest son William, …
… on 30 January , shortly after correcting the proofs, and Darwin’s concern for the consolidation of …
… and sixth editions were costly to incorporate, and despite Darwin’s best efforts, set the final …
… closely involved in every stage of publication of his books, Darwin was keen to ensure that this …
… by the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war in July 1870 , and was now halted so that the further …
… to bring out the new edition in the United States, Darwin arranged with Murray to have it …
… had to be reset. The investment in stereotype reinforced Darwin’s intention to make no further …
… anatomist St George Jackson Mivart ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 11 January [1872] ). A …
… objections to the theory of natural selection’, Darwin refuted point by point assertions published …
… Although Mivart was among those who wrote in January to wish Darwin a happy new year, before the …
… critical and anonymously published review of Descent . Darwin’s supporters had rallied to his …
… The republication of Wright’s paper had been arranged by Darwin himself (see Correspondence vol. …
… so bigotted a person as I am made to appear’, complained Darwin ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 5 …
… that he would willingly acknowledge himself at fault if only Darwin would renounce `fundamental …
… to think he felt friendly towards me’ ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 8 January [1872] ). Despite …
… the theories of natural and sexual selection to bees (H. Müller 1872), and with his reply Darwin …
… for myself it is dreadful doing nothing’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 22 October [1872] ). He was far …
… by her husband, Richard Buckley Litchfield ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 13 May 1872 ). Delivery …
… 'I know that I am half-killed myself’ ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 25 July 1872 ). A …
… Charlton Bastian’s recent book on the origin of life (H. C. Bastian 1872; Wallace 1872d) left him …
… pleasant letters & never answer them’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 22 October [1872] ). But not …

Henrietta Darwin's diary

Summary

Darwin's daughter Henrietta kept a diary for a few momentous weeks in 1871. This was the year in which Descent of Man, the most controversial of her father's books after Origin itself, appeared, a book which she had helped him write. The small…

Matches: 9 hits

… Charles Darwin’s daughter Henrietta wrote the following journal entries in March and …
… 1871 in a small lockable, leather-bound notebook now in the Darwin Archive of Cambridge University …
… excised within it, presumably by Henrietta herself. Darwin’s letters in 1870 and 1871 ( …
… scepticism; many of her arguments are reminiscent of Darwin’s own discussion of religious belief in …
… of the theory of natural selection. Snow occasionally sent Darwin information relating to his …
… one of Descent (see letter from Charles and Emma Darwin to F. J. Wedgwood, [March 1871?], and …
… period of their courtship. We are grateful to William Darwin for permission to publish the …
… Had a long talk w Sno on education first in which Sno quoted G. Eliot apropos of fanaticism—that the …
… gone—& then came my telegram & I feared so to find from G. Lushingtons. 12 I think he …

Darwin's in letters, 1873: Animal or vegetable?

Summary

Having laboured for nearly five years on human evolution, sexual selection, and the expression of emotions, Darwin was able to devote 1873 almost exclusively to his beloved plants. He resumed work on the digestive powers of sundews and Venus fly traps, and…

Matches: 28 hits

… evolution, sexual selection, and the expression of emotions, Darwin was able to devote 1873 almost …
… (1875) and Cross and self fertilisation (1876). Darwin’s son Francis became increasingly …
… career to become his father’s scientific secretary. Darwin had always relied on assistance from …
… Francis’s decision. A large portion of the letters Darwin received in 1873 were in response …
… the previous year. As was typical, readers wrote to Darwin personally to offer suggestions, …
… some of which were incorporated in a later edition. Darwin also contributed to discussions in the …
… Francis Galton’s work on inherited talent, which prompted Darwin to reflect on the traits and …
… Station at Naples. Plants that eat and feel? Darwin had resumed experiments on the …
… 12 January [1873] ). Drosera was the main focus of Darwin’s study of insectivorous plants, a …
… and alkaloids, and even electrical stimulation. On sending Darwin a specimen of the carnivorous …
… ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 12 January 1873 ). Darwin found that the glandular hairs on the …
… to bend inward, so that the plant closed like a fist. Darwin was fascinated by this transmission of …
… plants , p. 63). The plants secreted a viscid fluid, which Darwin suspected attracted insects by …
… ., p. 17). Through a series of painstaking experiments, Darwin determined that the secretions …
… botanist Mary Treat, who performed experiments suggested by Darwin on the North American species …
… . He began to perform experiments modelled on those of Darwin, feeding the plant egg and raw meat, …
… guide to animal experimentation that Klein had co-authored. Darwin contacted two of the Handbook …
… flower would become modified & correlated” ( letter to T. H. Farrer, 14 August 1873 ). …
… throat like a bulldog” ( letter from L. M. Forster to H. E. Litchfield, 20 February 1873 ). The …
… or previously acquired knowledge” (A. R. Wallace 1870 , p. 204). Moggridge suggested instead that …
… it would offend his father ( enclosure to letter from T. H. Huxley, 3 December 1873 ). In …
… to us to the last day of our lives” ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 23 April 1873 ). Huxley was …
… been without energy & without hope” ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 24 April 1873 ). He accepted …
… “I’m to starve sweat & purge it away” ( letter from G. H. Darwin, [1 October 1873] ). He also …
… some little happiness & enjoyment in life” ( letter to G. H. Darwin, 5 March [1873] ). Darwin …
… “It is a good omen for the future” ( letter to G. H. Darwin, 2 August [1873] ). But he was more …
… world his opinions on the deepest subjects?” ( letter to G. H. Darwin, 21 October [1873] ). Darwin …
… “most strongly on public grounds” ( letter from G. S. Ffinden to Emma Darwin, 24 December 1873 ). …

Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia

Summary

Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…

Matches: 24 hits

… Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed …
… , it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet when this study …
… anomalous. Moreover, as the letters in this volume suggest, Darwin’s study of cirripedes, far from …
… classification using the most recent methods available, Darwin was able to provide a thorough …
… his views on the species question (Crisp 1983). Darwin’s interest in invertebrate zoology …
… Robert Edmond Grant. In his Autobiography (pp. 49–50), Darwin recalled: ‘Drs. Grant and …
… numerous references to the ova of various invertebrates, and Darwin’s first scientific paper, …
… marine organisms was exercised during the Beagle voyage. Darwin expressed his current enthusiasm …
… earlier researches in Edinburgh on the ova of invertebrates, Darwin was particularly well prepared …
… In 1835, in the Chonos Archipelago off the coast of Chile, Darwin found ‘most curious’ minute …
… In the zoological notes made during the Beagle voyage, Darwin recorded: ‘The thick shell of some …
… the absence of a shell and its unusual parasitic nature, Darwin recognised that it differed greatly …
… Such a revaluation had not been undertaken when, in 1846, Darwin began to examine several …
… of as many genera as I could procure.’ For fourteen months Darwin pursued an anatomical study of …
… British Museum and himself a cirripede expert, suggested to Darwin that he prepare a monograph of …
… and advised him on procuring other collections. At the time Darwin committed himself to this study, …
… his attention for the next seven years. To appreciate why Darwin would have undertaken such a study, …
… and nineteenth-century naturalists (Knight 1981). Many of Darwin’s contemporaries—Edward Forbes, …
… (Desmond 1982; Richards 1987; Winsor 1969). Darwin’s views on classification were tempered …
… of parts in related organisms, the loss of useless organs (e.g., the abdominal segments and the …
… of science, and not an anatomist ex professo .’ (T. H. Huxley 1857, p. 238 n.). While …
… invalid ( Calendar nos. 2118 and 2119, letter to T. H. Huxley, 5 July [1857] , and letter from …
… has remained unique. (The editors thank Drs R. W. Ingle and G. Boxshall of the British Museum …
… he gave to the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge in 1870 . Although some of the slides have …

Darwin and the Church

Summary

The story of Charles Darwin’s involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It shows another side of the man who is more often remembered for his personal struggles with faith, or for his role in large-scale controversies over the…

Matches: 24 hits

… The story of Charles Darwin’s involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It …
… unique window into this complicated relationship throughout Darwin’s life, as it reveals his …
… belief (and doubt) than many non-conformist denominations. Darwin’s parents attended a Unitarian …
… the necessary studies to be a clergyman. During Darwin’s lifetime, the vast majority of the …
… income was essential to enjoy a gentlemanly lifestyle. For Darwin, who could rely on the financial …
… compatible with the pursuit of scientific interests. Indeed, Darwin’s Cambridge mentor, John Stevens …
… (Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine (1887): 321). Darwin started on his journey around the world …
… it even through a grove of Palms.—’ (letter to Caroline Darwin, 25–6 April [1832] ). Darwin’s …
… Museum or some other learned place’ (letter from E. A. Darwin, 18 August [1832] ). Writing to Fox …
… about—’ (letter to W. D. Fox, [9–12 August] 1835 ). Darwin’s doubts about orthodox belief, and …
… in 1838 and 1839, as can be read here. In the end, Darwin chose a middle course—a life of ease in …
… within six years of his return from the Beagle voyage, Darwin moved to Down House, in the …
… where their children Mary and Charles were buried; later Darwin’s brother Erasmus, Emma’s sister …
… of Emma, whose religious scruples are discussed here. But Darwin’s correspondence reveals his own …
… Although he was not the principal landowner in Down, Darwin was a gentleman of means, and clearly …
… village. During the period roughly between 1800 and 1870 , the Church of England underwent its …
… made inroads on Anglican authority in the countryside. The Darwin family took an interest in, and …
… Many of the letters highlighted in this section focus on Darwin’s long-standing relationship with …
… To the end of his life Innes refused to be persuaded by Darwin’s theory of evolution, but …
… cordial; in the first extant letter of the correspondence, Darwin wrote to Innes expressing concern …
… to 1869 (letter to J. B. Innes, [8 May 1848] and n. 2). Darwin praised Innes to John William …
… from Down (letter to J. B. Innes, 15 December [1861] ). Darwin and Innes continued to correspond …
… complications he left behind (letter from S. J. O’H. Horsman, 2 June [1868] ). Among the reasons …
… Press in association with Nova Pacifica. Paz, D. G., ed. 1995. Nineteenth-century English …

Origin: the lost changes for the second German edition

Summary

Darwin sent a list of changes made uniquely to the second German edition of Origin to its translator, Heinrich Georg Bronn. That lost list is recreated here.

Matches: 7 hits

… In March 1862, Heinrich Georg Bronn wrote to Darwin stating his intention to prepare a second German …
… corrections and additions was imminent, or whether Darwin would like to make any such changes to the …
… had appeared, published in April 1861, containing, as Darwin told Bronn, ‘a considerable number of …
… with the alterations from the second edition. In addition, Darwin referred to ‘a few new M.S. …
… has not been found, although they were returned to Darwin for possible use in a new American edition …
… incorporating further alterations was published until 1870 (see Freeman 1977, pp. 85–6).) However, …
… should correspond to the additional alterations sent by Darwin to Bronn. Many of these additions and …

People featured in the German and Austrian photograph album

Summary

Biographical details of people from the Habsburg Empire that appeared in the album of German and Austrian scientists sent to Darwin on 12 February 1877. We are grateful to Johannes Mattes for providing these details and for permission to make his…

Matches: 7 hits

… in the album of German and Austrian scientists sent to Darwin on 12 February 1877. We are …
… de Gagern. Ein preußischer Emigrant in Mexiko. 1853–1870 . In: Jahrbuch für Geschichte von Staat, …
… Gesellschaft in Wien 65, 1915. p. 321–328. G. B. de Toni: Albert Grunow. In: Annalen des …
… Akademie in Vienna and published the books “Darwin und der Darwinismus” (1869) and “Leitfaden der …
… See name register . Jeitteles, L. H. See name register . …
… Tagblatt 335 (6 th December) 1924. p. 9. H. Leitner: Bericht des Generalsekretärs in …
… Theil. Wien: Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei 1870 . p. 151–153. …

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