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Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots

Summary

Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…

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… There are summaries of all Darwin's letters from the year 1879 on this website. The full texts …
… 27 of the print edition of The correspondence of Charles Darwin , published by Cambridge …
… to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an …
… the sensitivity of the tips. Despite this breakthrough, when Darwin first mentioned the book to his …
… 1879 ). He was also unsatisfied with his account of Erasmus Darwin, declaring, ‘My little biography …
… W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, [after 26] July [1879] ). From July, Darwin had an additional worry: the …
… that his grandfather had felt the same way. In 1792, Erasmus Darwin had written: ‘The worst thing I …
… contained a warmer note and the promise of future happiness: Darwin learned he was to be visited by …
… Hacon, 31 December 1879 ). Seventy years old Darwin’s seventieth birthday on 12 …
… the veteran of Modern Zoology’, but it was in Germany that Darwin was most fêted. A German …
… ). The masters of Greiz College in Thuringia venerated Darwin as ‘the deep thinker’, while …
… accepted in Germany. ‘On this festive day’, Haeckel told Darwin, ‘you can look back, with justified …
… Hermann Müller wrote on 12 February to wish Darwin a ‘long and serene evening of life’. This …
… with Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel. Kosmos was, as Francis Darwin reported from Germany that …
… the children correctly’, mentioning in particular that Francis Galton was the son of one of Erasmus …
… to contradict false statements that had been published by Francis Galton’s aunt, Mary Anne …
… for Captain Robert FitzRoy on the Beagle voyage, Francis Beaufort of the Admiralty described the …
… and poet’ ( Correspondence vol. 1, letter from Francis Beaufort to Robert FitzRoy, 1 September …
… Darwin, 28 May [1879] ). On the Galton side of the family, Elizabeth Anne Wheler, who was pleased …
… In August, Bernard accompanied his grandparents, Aunt Elizabeth (Bessy) Darwin, and Henrietta and …

List of correspondents

Summary

Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. Click on a name to see the letters Darwin exchanged with that correspondent. "A child of God" (1) Abberley,…

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… Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. …
… G. E. (1) Beaufort, Francis (5) …
… Boole, M. E. (3) Boott, Francis (7) …
… Dareste, Camille (9) Darwin family (1) …
… Darwin, E. L. (1) Darwin, Elizabeth (9) …
… James (a) (5) Drysdale, Elizabeth (1) …
… Everest, Robert (1) Ewbank, Francis (1) …
… Fox, W. D. (225) Francis, George (1) …
… Galton, Erasmus (1) Galton, Francis (118) …
… Archibald (1) Lloyd, Francis (1) …
… Parker, Charles (2) Parker, Francis (1) …
… Walford, Edward (2) Walker, Francis (6) …
… George (2) Warner, Francis (1) …
… Charlotte (2) Wedgwood, Elizabeth (11) …
… F. M. (2) Wedgwood, Francis (4) …
… (2) Wemyss-Charteris-Douglas, Francis (1) …
… White, Adam (2) White, Francis Buchanan (3) …

Referencing women’s work

Summary

Darwin's correspondence shows that women made significant contributions to Darwin's work, but whether and how they were acknowledged in print involved complex considerations of social standing, professional standing, and personal preference.…

Matches: 15 hits

… Darwin's correspondence shows that women made significant contributions to Darwin's work, …
… set of selected letters is followed by letters relating to Darwin's 1881 publication …
… throughout Variation . Letter 2395 - Darwin to Holland, Miss, [April 1860] …
… anonymised and masculinised. Letter 3316 - Darwin to Nevill, D. F., [12 November …
… Nevill is referenced by name for her “kindness” in Darwin’s Fertilisation of Orchids . …
… critic. Letter 4370 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [April - May 1865] Darwin …
… as “friends in Surrey”. Letter 4794 - Darwin to Lyell, C., [25 March 1865] …
… B”. Letter 7060 - Wedgwood, F. J. to Darwin, [1867 - 72] Darwin’s …
… in the final publication. Letter 7223 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., [9 June 1867 - …
… in Expression . Letter 5817 - Darwin to Huxley, T. H., [30 January 1868 …
… infants identified by name in Expression was novelist Elizabeth Gaskell for her description …
… at him. Letter 7345 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [15 June 1872] Darwin’s …
… I can implicitly rely”. Letter 8427 - Darwin to Litchfield H. E., [25 July 1872] …
… Darwin, [4 January 1871] Darwin’s brother-in-law, Francis Wedgwood, sends the results of …
… [1 November 1877] Darwin asks his sons, Horace and Francis , to observe earthworm activity …

Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions

Summary

Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, with full debunking below...

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… Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive …

Life of Erasmus Darwin

Summary

The Life of Erasmus Darwin (1879) was a curious departure for Darwin. It was intended as a biographical note to accompany an essay on Erasmus's scientific work by the German writer Ernst Krause. But Darwin became immersed in his grandfather's…

Matches: 19 hits

… scientific work by the German writer Ernst Krause. But Darwin became immersed in his grandfather& …
… his grandfather's mind and character. To compose the work, Darwin gathered materials and …
… book into grist for controversy. In February 1879, Darwin received an unusual birthday …
… an essay by Ernst Krause on the evolutionary ideas of Darwin's grandfather. Darwin was familiar …
… poems, The Botanic Garden and Temple of Nature . But Darwin had never known his grandfather, …
… in Darwinismus '; ' It piles up the glory and would please Francis '. Darwin' …
… 'men of science'. The biographical sketch was thus a way for Darwin to trace his own …
… character. Once a celebrated poet and philosopher, Erasmus Darwin's fame had declined sharply …
… wholly & shamefully ignorant of my grandfathers life ', Darwin wrote to Krause on 14 March …
… storehouse of private thoughts and experiences. Reading it, Darwin said, was like ' having …
… Priory where he resided at his death, both appeared in Darwin's Life . & …
… word “benevolent” has always been associated with Dr. Darwin by his friends '. She recalled an …
… colourful tales were exchanged in letters. Another cousin, Elizabeth Wheler, told the story of a …
… bedside & made him a sign to be silent. He then said “Dr. Darwin I am the Jockey who is to ride …
… just at the last, & come in third or fourth'. Darwin tried to verify such tales …
… to rob him '. Again, the story was told most vividly by Elizabeth Wheler: ' Dr. D. was …
… in the Life , pp. 63–5. One of Darwin's aims in assembling these episodes …
… her facts till they almost ceased to be true', wrote Elizabeth Wheler. ' My Mother always …
… Erasmus's character and restored his good reputation. Francis Galton was pleased to have been …

Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts

Summary

At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…

Matches: 28 hits

… At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of …
… appeared at the end of 1866 and had told his cousin William Darwin Fox, ‘My work will have to stop a …
… material on emotional expression. Yet the scope of Darwin’s interests remained extremely broad, and …
… plants, and earthworms, subjects that had exercised Darwin for decades, and that would continue to …
… Carl von Nägeli and perfectibility Darwin’s most substantial addition to Origin was a …
… a Swiss botanist and professor at Munich (Nägeli 1865). Darwin had considered Nägeli’s paper …
… principal engine of change in the development of species. Darwin correctly assessed Nägeli’s theory …
… in most morphological features (Nägeli 1865, p. 29). Darwin sent a manuscript of his response (now …
… are & must be morphological’. The comment highlights Darwin’s apparent confusion about Nägeli’s …
… ‘purely morphological’. The modern reader may well share Darwin’s uncertainty, but Nägeli evidently …
… pp. 28–9). In further letters, Hooker tried to provide Darwin with botanical examples he could use …
… problems of heredity Another important criticism that Darwin sought to address in the fifth …
… prevailing theory of blending inheritance that Jenkin and Darwin both shared, would tend to be lost …
… ( Origin 5th ed., pp. 103–4). The terminology that Darwin and others employed in these matters ( …
… ‘I must have expressed myself atrociously’, Darwin wrote to Alfred Russel Wallace on 2 February , …
… of Origin was the result of correspondence between Darwin and the geologist James Croll. In the …
… but it was his theory of alternate ice ages that piqued Darwin’s interest the most. He wrote, ‘this …
… ( letter to James Croll, 31 January [1869] ). Darwin had argued ( Origin , pp. 377–8) that plant …
… would always exist. In Origin 5th ed., pp. 450–61, Darwin accounted for the survival of tropical …
… James Croll, 31 January [1869] ). Croll could not supply Darwin with an estimate of the age of the …
… ( letter from James Croll, 4 February 1869 ). Darwin did not directly challenge Thomson’s …
… 19 March [1869] ). Towards Descent Once Darwin had completed revisions of the …
… and overseas. The dog-breeder George Cupples worked hard on Darwin’s behalf, sending a steady stream …
… of concern were received for months afterwards. Francis Galton: Hereditary genius and …
… Emma read aloud from a new book by Darwin’s half-cousin, Francis Galton. The work, Hereditary …
… is an eminently important difference’ ( letter to Francis Galton, 23 December [1869] ). …
… of inheritance through experiments on rabbits ( letter from Francis Galton, 11 December 1869 ). …
… the first to give me freedom of thought’ ( letter from Francis Galton, 24 December 1869 ). …

Darwin’s observations on his children

Summary

Charles Darwin’s observations on the development of his children, began the research that culminated in his book The Expression of the emotions in man and animals, published in 1872, and his article ‘A biographical sketch of an infant’, published in Mind…

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… Charles Darwin’s observations on the development of his children,[1] began the …
… is available below . As with much of his other work, Darwin gathered additional information on the …
… lunatics, the blind, and animals. And as early as 1839 Darwin had begun to collect information on …
… the expression of emotions. As the following transcript of Darwin’s notes reveals, he closely …
… William Erasmus, the stages of his development suggesting to Darwin those expressions which are …
… The tone of the manuscript reflects an aspect of Darwin’s character clearly perceived by Emma during …
… “What does that prove”.’[6] For in these notes, Darwin’s deep scientific curiosity transcends his …
… that on occasion he refers to William as ‘it’. Darwin possessed the ability to dissociate …
… memories.[8] Yet, though the dissociation was essential for Darwin’s scientific goal, the notes here …
… until September 1844. Parallels in the development of Anne Elizabeth , born 2 March 1841, were also …
… the record breaks off until January 1852, by which time the Darwin family had increased by five: …
… the onset of frowning, smiling, etc., as was the focus of Darwin’s attention on William and Anne, …
… of logical thought and language. On 20 May 1854, Darwin again took over the notebook and, …
… all the notes until July 1856, when the observations ceased. Darwin’s later entries, like Emma’s, …
… Transcription: 1 [9] W. Erasmus. Darwin born. Dec. 27 th . 1839.—[10] During first week. …
… 35 & to take a crust, when their pudding was finished.— Elizabeth [45] remarked him careful …
… flower garden perceived them, said they were not Dziver’s (Elizabeth ’s) flowers. ie were not natural …
… very contradictory; by mistake he one day graciously gave Elizabeth a kiss, but repenting said …
… written in pencil by CD and subsequently overwritten by Emma Darwin. The transcription throughout …
… [15] ‘Annie . . . fortnight’ was written by Emma Darwin on the verso of page 3 and opposite the …
… to Anne and Henrietta were added considerably later; Anne Elizabeth was born in 1841 and Henrietta …
… by Emma Darwin must have been added on 19 January 1877, when Francis Darwin’s son Bernard was …
… by Emma Darwin. [29] Caroline Sarah Wedgwood, Elizabeth (Bessy) Wedgwood, and Josiah Wedgwood …
… by CD or Emma Darwin. It is perhaps in the hand of Sarah Elizabeth (Elizabeth ) Wedgwood who, …
… information is given. [57] Emma Darwin’s brother Francis (Frank) Wedgwood lived at Etruria …
… [61] Leonard Darwin, born 1850. [62] Francis Darwin, born 1848. [63] Sarah was …

Emma Darwin

Summary

Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife and first cousin, was born Emma Wedgwood, the eighth and youngest child of Josiah Wedgwood II and Bessy Allen. Her father was the eldest son of the famous pottery manufacturer, Josiah Wedgwood I. Her mother was one…

Matches: 6 hits

… Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife and first cousin, was born Emma Wedgwood, the eighth and …
… father's eldest sister, Susannah, had married Robert Waring Darwin of Shrewsbury, and had six …
… children were born (Mary, Henrietta Emma, George Howard, Elizabeth, Francis, Leonard, Horace, and …
… 10. Charles and Emma also cared for their grandson Bernard, Francis's son: his mother, Amy, …
… Grove, Huntingdon Road, where she lived with her daughter Elizabeth. Francis, George, and Horace …
… home. A great deal of her correspondence survives in the Darwin Archive–CUL, along with her …

Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex

Summary

The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…

Matches: 26 hits

… On 6 March 1868, Darwin wrote to the entomologist and accountant John Jenner Weir, ‘If any …
… he ought to do what I am doing pester them with letters.’ Darwin was certainly true to his word. The …
… and sexual selection. In Origin , pp. 87–90, Darwin had briefly introduced the concept of …
… process. In a letter to Alfred Russel Wallace in 1864, Darwin claimed that sexual selection was ‘the …
… 12, letter to A. R. Wallace, 28 [May 1864] ). Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as …
… to the stridulation of crickets. At the same time, Darwin continued to collect material on …
… his immediate circle of friends and relations. In July 1868 Darwin was still anticipating that his …
… which was devoted to sexual selection in the animal kingdom. Darwin described his thirst for …
… in January 1868. A final delay caused by the indexing gave Darwin much vexation. ‘My book is …
… 1867 and had expected to complete it in a fortnight. But at Darwin’s request, he modified his …
… the text. This increased the amount of work substantially. Darwin asked Murray to intervene, …
… … though it would be a great loss to the Book’. But Darwin’s angry letter to Murray crossed one from …
… blank’ ( letter from W. S. Dallas, 8 January 1868 ). Darwin sympathised, replying on 14 January …
… as stone, if it were not quite mollified by your note’. Darwin enclosed a cheque to Dallas for £55 …
… and descent in the Fortnightly Review , and asked Darwin for comments. Darwin was clearly …
… ‘fast passing away’ that sparked the most discussion. Darwin wrote to Hooker on 23 February , …
… authorship. John Murray thought it was by Gray himself, but Darwin corrected him: ‘D r Gray would …
… of Science, Robertson published a rejoinder, arousing Darwin’s ire still further: ‘he is a scamp …
… all sorts of subjects In writing Variation , Darwin had been careful to acknowledge …
… great influx of unsolicited letters from persons unknown to Darwin, offering additional facts that …
… 1868 . The letter was addressed to ‘the Rev d C. Darwin M.d’; Binstead evidently assumed Darwin …
… collector in his student days, Darwin encouraged his son Francis , now an undergraduate at Cambridge, …
… ( letter to A . R. Wallace, 16 September [1868] ). Francis sought additional advice from the …
… Edmund Langton wrote from the south of France to Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood on 9 Novembe r, …
… vaccination ( letter from W. E. Darwin, [7 April 1868] ). Francis was also drafted into the …
… Africa, Darwin received from Hooker an account by Mary Elizabeth Barber of local variations in the …

Who we were

Summary

Many people have contributed to the Darwin Correspondence Project since it was first founded in 1974. Some names are now lost to us, and we would appreciate hearing from anyone who has contributed in the past and is not listed here. The final staff of…

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… Many people have contributed to the Darwin Correspondence Project since it was first founded in 1974 …
… past and is not listed here. The final staff of the Darwin Correspondence Project were based …
… (Director) Jim Secord has served as Director of the Darwin Correspondence Project since 2006. …
… for 2013-15 was Head of Department. Besides his work for the Darwin Project, his research is on the …
… of Science Society, and he has edited a selection of Darwin’s evolutionary writings in the …
… of the autobiographical Recollections and responses to Darwin’s books from around the world. …
… a PhD from Cambridge. She curated the University Library’s Darwin Bicentenary exhibition, and edited …
… for the day-to-day management of all aspects of the Darwin Project, including its outreach programme …
… with CUP production editors. She is the author of Darwin and women: a selection of letters . …
… for the production of The Correspondence of Charles Darwin volumes, including in-house …
… University Library). In addition to his duties at the Darwin Correspondence Project, Hawkins is also …
… Project in 2000, she has become an enthusiastic follower of Darwin’s botanical work as well. Her …
… primary editor for German and Russian letters. Dr Francis Neary (Editor, Research Associate …
… history of hip replacement (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007). Francis has curated a number of …
… and co-curated ‘Curious Objects’ (2016—17) and ‘Darwin in Conversation’ (2022) at Cambridge …
… worked as assistant editor on the first seven volumes of Darwin’s correspondence. The focus of her …
… and skill in nineteenth-century natural history. Elizabeth Smith (Associate Editor - …
… study through the unique insight they offer of Darwin’s life and times. She established ‘Exploring …
… entitled ‘For the Curious’ to explore the aspects of Darwin’s work and life that she was most …
… staff and associates who have contributed to the work of the Darwin Correspondence Project since its …

Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year

Summary

The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…

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… 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working …
… dispute over an anonymous review that attacked the work of Darwin’s son George dominated the second …
… and traveller Alexander von Humboldt’s 105th birthday, Darwin obliged with a reflection on his debt …
… ). The death of a Cambridge friend, Albert Way, caused Darwin’s cousin, William Darwin Fox, to …
… from W. D. Fox, 8 May [1874] ). Such reminiscences led Darwin to the self-assessment, ‘as for one …
… I feel very old & helpless The year started for Darwin with a week’s visit to …
… Andrew Clark, whom he had been consulting since August 1873. Darwin had originally thought that …
… ( letter to B. J. Sulivan, 6 January [1874] ). Darwin mentioned his poor health so frequently in …
… 1874 ). Séances, psychics, and sceptics Darwin excused himself for reasons of …
… by George Henry Lewes and Marian Evans (George Eliot), but Darwin excused himself, finding it too …
… the month, another Williams séance was held at the home of Darwin’s cousin Hensleigh Wedgwood. Those …
… imposter’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 27 January 1874 ). Darwin agreed that it was ‘all imposture’ …
… stop word getting to America of the ‘strange news’ that Darwin had allowed ‘a spirit séance’ at his …
… the first three months of the year and, like many of Darwin’s enterprises in the 1870s, were family …
… 21, letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 17 December [1873] ). Darwin himself had some trouble in …
… and letter to Charles Lyell, [13 January 1874] ). Darwin blamed his illness for the …
… had cost twenty-four shillings.) Murray’s partner, Robert Francis Cooke, informed Darwin that the …
… (see G. B. Airy ed. 1881). Darwin’s third son Francis married Amy Ruck, the sister of a …
… work on insectivorous plants. Amy drew a plant and Francis was disappointed that they seemed not to …
… from Cornwall, but Darwin was unwell when it arrived, so Francis worked on the tiny bladders under …
… 1874 , and Correspondence vol. 21, letter from Francis Darwin, [11 October 1873] ). …
… work’ ( letter to D. F. Nevill, 18 September [1874] ).Francis ’s new wife, Amy, drew the plant ( …
… After his wife read Expression , the military surgeon Francis François de Chaumont sent …
… letter John Murray, 9 May [1874] ). He communicated Mary Elizabeth Barber’s paper on the pupae of …

Darwin in letters, 1880: Sensitivity and worms

Summary

‘My heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old Shrewsbury friend Henry Johnson on 14 November 1880. Darwin became fully devoted to earthworms in the spring of the year, just after finishing the manuscript of…

Matches: 22 hits

… heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old …
… to adapt to varying conditions. The implications of Darwin’s work for the boundary between animals …
… studies of animal instincts by George John Romanes drew upon Darwin’s early observations of infants, …
… of evolution and creation. Many letters flowed between Darwin and his children, as he took delight …
… Financial support for science was a recurring issue, as Darwin tried to secure a Civil List pension …
… with Samuel Butler, prompted by the publication of Erasmus Darwin the previous year. …
… Charles Harrison Tindal, sent a cache of letters from two of Darwin’s grandfather’s clerical friends …
… divines to see a pig’s body opened is very amusing’, Darwin replied, ‘& that about my …
… registry offices, and produced a twenty-page history of the Darwin family reaching back to the …
… the world’ ( letter from J. L. Chester, 3 March 1880 ). Darwin’s sons George and Leonard also …
… and conciliate a few whose ancestors had not featured in Darwin’s Life . ‘In an endeavour to …
… think I must pay a round of visits.’ One cousin, Reginald Darwin, warmed to George: ‘he had been …
… an ordinary mortal who could laugh’ ( letter from W. E. Darwin to Charles and Emma Darwin, 22 July …
… whose essay on Erasmus’s scientific work complemented Darwin’s biographical piece. Krause’s essay …
… Kosmos in February 1879, an issue produced in honour of Darwin’s birthday. Krause enlarged and …
… Mr Butler whatever.’ Power of movement With Francis ’s assistance, the last of Darwin’s …
… of the nervous system, and the nature of ‘sensitivity’. Francis Balfour described Movement in …
… the intake of stones and flints to aid digestion. He asked Francis to check for castings on old …
… rightly thought the ‘queer subject’ of interest to Francis Galton, who had already taken thumb …
… extending the study to public-school pupils ( letter to Francis Galton, 7 April 1880 , and …
… for the Wedgwood nieces. Later in the year, Emma’s sister Elizabeth Wedgwood died at her home, …
… William’s interest in geology, and longed to see Francis elected fellow of the Royal Society. He …

Volume appendices

Summary

Here is a list of the appendices from the print volumes of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin with links to adapted online versions where they are available. Appendix I in each volume contains translations of letters in foreign languages and these can…

Matches: 15 hits

… from the print volumes of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin with links to adapted online …
… When not specified Appendix II is a chronology of Darwin’s life in the period covered by the volume, …
… 1 II Darwin’s Beagle records 1 III …
… 1 V Darwin’s early notes on coral reef formation …
… 2 IV Darwin’s notes on marriage 2 V …
… 2 VI Darwin and William Kemp on the vitality of seeds …
… 3 III Darwin’s notes arising from conversations with Joseph Dalton Hooker …
… 4 II Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia 4 …
… 5 II Death of Anne Elizabeth Darwin …
… 6 III Dates of composition of Darwin’s manuscript on species …
… 7 III Abstract of Darwin’s species theory …
… 7 V Death of Charles Waring Darwin 7 VI …
… 9 V Correspondence between Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood I, concerning …
… 9 IX Letters between Thomas Francis Jamieson and Charles Lyell on the geology …
… 10 IX Diplomas presented to Charles Darwin …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 24 hits

… In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished …
… used these notebooks extensively in dating and annotating Darwin’s letters; the full transcript …
… *128). For clarity, the transcript does not record Darwin’s alterations. The spelling and …
… book had been consulted. Those cases where it appears that Darwin made a genuine deletion have been …
… a few instances, primarily in the ‘Books Read’ sections, Darwin recorded that a work had been …
… of the books listed in the other two notebooks. Sometimes Darwin recorded that an abstract of the …
… own. Soon after beginning his first reading notebook, Darwin began to separate the scientific …
… the second reading notebook. Readers primarily interested in Darwin’s scientific reading, therefore, …
… editors’ identification of the book or article to which Darwin refers. A full list of these works is …
… page number (or numbers, as the case may be) on which Darwin’s entry is to be found. The …
… in the bibliography that other editions were available to Darwin. While it is likely that Darwin …
… where we are not certain that the work cited is the one Darwin intended, we have prefixed the …
… are not found listed here. The description given by Francis Darwin of his father’s method of …
… Darwin Library (AC.34). Darwin’s books were bequeathed to Francis Darwin, who, in 1908, gave all but …
… to be available to scholars using the archive. Books that Francis Darwin had kept were left to his …
… 1828] 31 An analysis of British Ferns. G. W. Francis 4 s [Francis 1837]— plates of …
… th . Hume’s Hist of England [Hume 1763]. to beginning of Elizabeth . Sept 14 th . 4 first …
… work is listed again on p. [22]. 44 Probably Francis Boott. 45 Edward …
… on chemistry (Liebig 1851). 50 Probably Elizabeth Wedgwood. 51 This …
… Africa . London. *119: 18v.; 119: 14a Bacon, Francis . 1825–36. The works of Francis …
… of the Devereux, Earls of Essex, in the reigns of Elizabeth , James I., and Charles I., 1540 …
… of England from the fall of Wolsey to the death of Elizabeth . 12 vols. London. 1856–70. 128: …
… London. *119: 21v., 22; 119: 19a Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn. 1857. The life of …
… by Mr. Boyer. London. [Other eds.] 119: 22b Gray, Elizabeth Caroline. 1840. Tour to the …

3.14 Julia Margaret Cameron, photos

Summary

< Back to Introduction In the summer of 1868 Darwin took a holiday on the Isle of Wight with his immediate family, his brother Erasmus, and his friend Joseph Hooker. The family’s accommodation at Freshwater was rented from the photographer Julia…

Matches: 24 hits

… < Back to Introduction In the summer of 1868 Darwin took a holiday on the Isle of …
… Cameron, who seized this opportunity to portray both Darwin and Hooker – portraits that would come …
… and in particular Hooker’s speech – a ‘Eulogium’ of Darwin, would represent a public victory for the …
… such as to heighten the demand for images of Hooker and of Darwin himself. She was in any case a …
… from Cameron’s portraits that included the one of Darwin, thought that ‘Something of what William …
… done’, had been achieved by these photographs. Darwin was not a natural inhabitant of this …
… characteristics of the four or five known photographs of Darwin which Cameron took in the summer of …
… them romantically dishevelled and swathed in rough drapery, Darwin is wearing his usual conventional …
… than a passing resemblance’ between these photographs and Darwin’s own engraved portrait of Leonardo …
… one serves as frontispiece to R.B. Freeman’s Charles Darwin: A Companion . In another shot, he …
… powerful resolve, and there is a quality which his son Francis described as characteristic of him – …
… captured by Cameron with great skill: in fact, her image of Darwin was such as to offset the …
… of Descent of Man. Indeed, such ennobling images of Darwin fed into a perception of the superior …
… that it was ‘Not a very successful picture, although Mr. Darwin was very pleased with it’. In fact …
… revered sitter, Tennyson. Nevertheless, this photograph of Darwin was highly favoured, and had a …
… actuality. Ernst Haeckel recalled his first impressions of Darwin on a visit to Down House in 1866: …
… of Dr Johnson discoursing; and Cameron’s emphasis on Darwin’s domed skull is attuned to nineteenth …
… intelligence. Relations between Cameron and the Darwin family continued to be very cordial, …
… the role of her agent at the BAAS conference. He reported to Darwin at the end of August, ‘I have …
… 28–30cm. vertically. Although the profile photograph of Darwin was reproduced as a lantern slide and …
… a loss of most of the tonal subtlety of the original; as Darwin complained in a letter to Alfred …
… 88202895; 88204450; 88204438, with a printed facsimile of Darwin’s signature.   copyright …
… prints   references and bibliography Lady Elizabeth Rigby Eastlake, ‘Photography’, …
… Haeckel on Darwin’ in Times (28 Sept. 1882), p. 6. Francis Darwin (ed.), The Life and Letters …

Julia Wedgwood

Summary

Charles Darwin’s readership largely consisted of other well-educated Victorian men, nonetheless, some women did read, review, and respond to Darwin’s work. One of these women was Darwin’s own niece, Julia Wedgwood, known in the family as “Snow”. In July…

Matches: 16 hits

… Though Charles Darwin’s readership largely consisted of other well-educated Victorian men, a …
… Julia Wedgwood. She was the eldest child of Emma Darwin’s brother, Hensleigh Wedgwood, and …
… included James Martineau, Frederick Denison Maurice, Francis Newman and Alexander Scott. Though some …
… women writers like Maria Edgeworth, Harriet Martineau and Elizabeth Gaskell, who she helped when she …
… novel. Her first important periodical contributions were on Darwin, Lyell, the debate on the origins …
… She also argued the case for female suffrage, helped Elizabeth Garrett Anderson’s campaign for …
… management and free her to devote her time to her work. Emma Darwin was irritated by Wedgwood family …
… of her teachers and the proximity of her uncle Charles Darwin, she ought, she said, “to have been …
… about On the Origin of Species . Wedgwood welcomed Darwin’s discoveries and sought to understand …
… churchmen were eventually reconciled with Darwinism. Darwin wrote to his niece: “I must tell you how …
… that I find a very rare event with my critics”. ( Charles Darwin to F. J. Wedgwood, 11 July [1861] …
… Wallace.) In it Wedgwood largely avoided the debate on Darwin’s explanation of the natural …
… in animal and human behaviour, particularly in courtship. Darwin’s emphasis on man’s discovery of …
… in Pauline doctrine. In her conclusion she reclaimed Darwin as a Theist. When Fanny Wedgwood …
… sexual selection] with approbation.” ( Charles and Emma Darwin to F. J. Wedgwood, [March 1871?] .) …
… objections produced a sanitised version toning down Darwin’s objections to Christianity. Both the …

Darwin in letters, 1851-1855: Death of a daughter

Summary

The letters from these years reveal the main preoccupations of Darwin’s life with a new intensity. The period opens with a family tragedy in the death of Darwin’s oldest and favourite daughter, Anne, and it shows how, weary and mourning his dead child,…

Matches: 21 hits

… letters from these years reveal the main preoccupations of Darwin’s life with a new intensity. The …
… life but I trust happy The anguish felt by Darwin is painfully expressed in letters …
… speak of her again. Yet the family gradually recovered, Darwin’s monographs were printed, and Darwin …
… to the cirripedes. Before turning to his species work, Darwin somewhat ruefully recorded in his …
… monographs by natural history societies, though welcomed by Darwin, did not run smoothly. …
… the Correspondence describes the major achievements of Darwin’s cirripede work as a whole and …
… societies, which were supported by subscriptions, was that Darwin’s volumes were not publicly …
… in Germany at the forefront of work in invertebrate zoology, Darwin began a correspondence with …
… provided the foundations for a relationship with Darwin that soon developed into a valued friendship …
… April 1854, when his cirripede study was drawing to a close, Darwin re-entered London scientific …
… with lots of claret is what I want Perhaps Darwin’s decision to take a more active …
… to substantiate it is manifest in the correspondence. Darwin’s friends and colleagues were …
… outspoken young naturalists like Huxley, reacted eagerly to Darwin’s suggestions, although not …
… for the geographical distribution of animals and plants. Darwin began a series of researches on the …
… with the effects of known changes in climate and geology. Darwin boldly rejected the popular idea of …
… Some of the most interesting letters in this volume set out Darwin’s practical researches and …
… Variation and extinction The other main focus of Darwin’s research centred on determining the …
… seeds and bees An interest in variation naturally led Darwin to study the works of plant …
… views concerning decreased fertility of hybrids, Darwin began in the spring of 1855 a series of …
… a subject to which he returned in later years. Darwin also undertook experiments relating to …
… study, like another on sensitive plants, was an attempt by Darwin to ‘break the constitution of …

1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait

Summary

< Back to Introduction Few likenesses of Darwin in his youth survive, although more may once have existed. In a letter of 1873 an old Shrewsbury friend, Arthur Mostyn Owen, offered to send Darwin a watercolour sketch of him, painted many years…

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… < Back to Introduction Few likenesses of Darwin in his youth survive, although more …
… old Shrewsbury friend, Arthur Mostyn Owen, offered to send Darwin a watercolour sketch of him, …
… is unknown. Thus the surviving portraits of Darwin as a young man – other than cartoon …
… in January 1839 to his cousin Emma Wedgwood; the one of Darwin is signed and dated 1840. Their style …
… work can be gauged from a letter which Hooker wrote to Darwin some years later, complaining, with …
… But despite this tendency to prettify, Richmond registered Darwin’s receding hairline, and the …
… evolutionary theories. As early as February 1839, Elizabeth Wedgwood had written to her …
… on his behalf to portray herself, her sisters Charlotte and Elizabeth and her sisters-in-law. …
… and from this he established the dates of various Darwin family commissions. In 1840 there were …
… Erasmus was entered separately at £31 10 s .) and ‘Mrs. Darwin’, and this must be the Down House …
… of twelve guineas for a second portrait of ‘Mrs Charles Darwin’ followed in 1842. Perhaps this …
… in format and composition to the documented 1840 portrait of Darwin is also at Down House …
… reproduced as the frontispiece to Nora Barlow’s edition of Darwin’s Beagle diary in 1933: she …
… the Down House portraits after they were removed from Susan Darwin’s house in 1866 is also confusing …
… an inscription on the back of the frame, ‘Charles Robert Darwin age 31 March 1840’; but she …
… the only one she knew about – to 1840. However, in Emma Darwin: A Century of Family Letters …
… William, not to herself: did he give it to her subsequently? Francis Darwin, in Life and Letters …
… Richmond was in Italy! physical location Darwin Heirlooms Trust, on loan to …
… 21 and 28 May, 1873 (DCP-LETT-8917 and DCP-LETT-8926). Francis Darwin (ed.), The Life and Letters …

Scientific Networks

Summary

Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…

Matches: 15 hits

… activities for building and maintaining such connections. Darwin's networks extended from his …
… when strong institutional structures were largely absent. Darwin had a small circle of scientific …
… section contains two sets of letters. The first is between Darwin and his friend Kew botanist J. D. …
… about Hooker’s thoughts. Letter 729 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., [11 Jan 1844] …
… is like confessing a murder”. Letter 736 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 23 Feb [1844 …
… of wide-ranging species to wide-ranging genera. Darwin and Gray Letter 1674 …
… of the species. Letter 1685 — Gray, Asa to Darwin, C. R., 22 May 1855 Gray …
… of alpine flora in the USA. Letter 2125 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 20 July [1857] …
… have in simple truth been of the utmost value to me.” Darwin believes species have arisen, like …
… or continuous area; they are actual lineal descendants. Darwin discusses fertilisation in the bud …
… exchange This collection of letters between Darwin and Hooker, while Darwin was writing his …
… to information exchange. Letter 1202 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 6 Oct [1848] …
… followed automatically. On the issue of nomenclature reform, Darwin opposes appending first …
… accepted, as did Henslow himself. Darwin will talk to Capt. Francis Beaufort [Hydrographer] and …
… In this letter, naturalist, artist, and writer Mary Elizabeth Barber replies to Queries on …

Darwin in letters, 1837–1843: The London years to 'natural selection'

Summary

The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle voyage was one of extraordinary activity and productivity in which he became recognised as a naturalist of outstanding ability, as an author and editor, and as a professional…

Matches: 28 hits

… The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle voyage was one …
… a family Busy as he was with scientific activities, Darwin found time to re-establish family …
… close contact. In November 1838, two years after his return, Darwin became engaged to his cousin, …
… 1842, the family, now increased by a daughter, Anne Elizabeth , moved to Down House in Kent, where …
… his greatest theoretical achievement, the most important of Darwin’s activities during the years …
… identifications of his bird and fossil mammal specimens, Darwin arrived at the daring and momentous …
… in species. With this new theoretical point of departure Darwin continued to make notes and explore …
… present in the version of 1859. Young author Darwin’s investigation of the species …
… the Beagle had returned to England, news of some of Darwin’s findings had been spread by the …
… great excitement. The fuller account of the voyage and Darwin’s discoveries was therefore eagerly …
… suitable categories for individual experts to work upon, Darwin applied himself to the revision of …
… of the surveying voyage of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle. Darwin’s volume bore the title Journal …
… visited by H.M.S. Beagle . Also in November 1837, Darwin read the fourth of a series of papers to …
… to the Society of 9 March 1838), had been developed by Darwin from a suggestion made by his uncle, …
… Sedgwick, [after 15 May 1838] ). The new research Darwin undertook after 1837 was an …
… time, the parallel terraces, or ‘roads’, of Glen Roy. Darwin had seen similar formations on the …
… roads of Glen Roy’, Collected papers 1: 88–137). Darwin later abandoned this view, calling it a …
… contemporaneous unstratified deposits of South America”, Darwin continued to defend his and Lyell’s …
… 1842, having heard of evidence of glaciation in North Wales, Darwin made a tour there in order to …
… more satisfactorily than any alternative explanation. Darwin eventually relinquished this theory and …
… the Beagle voyage In addition to his work on geology Darwin undertook to provide a …
… The correspondence provides a nearly complete record of Darwin’s arrangements with the Treasury, his …
… , by Thomas Bell—a total of nineteen quarto issues. Darwin contributed a substantial portion of the …
… and habitats of the species. Mr Arthrobalanus Darwin had originally planned to include …
… Archipelago off the coast of Chile. These unexpectedly led Darwin to devote eight years (1846–54) …
… As the correspondence from these years shows, that work put Darwin in communication with most of the …
… G. R. Waterhouse, and C. C. Babington; the Chalcididae by Francis Walker; spiders by Adam White; …
… and corals by William Lonsdale ( Collected papers , 2). Darwin’s crustacean specimens, originally …

Darwin Correspondence Project

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