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The evolution of honeycomb
Summary
Honeycombs are natural engineering marvels, using the least possible amount of wax to provide the greatest amount of storage space, with the greatest possible structural stability. Darwin recognised that explaining the evolution of the honey-bee’s comb…
Matches: 22 hits
- … are used to store honey, nectar, and pollen, and to provide a nursery for bee larvae. The combs are …
- … space, with the greatest possible structural stability. Darwin recognised that explaining the …
- … as showing the workings of providence, the bee cell was a favourite subject. The question of how …
- … theology (1839), Brougham commented that bees acted with a discipline that in men could only be …
- … who before any geometer could calculate under what form a cell would occupy the least space without …
- … could have been given to it’ (Kirby 1852, 2: 246). Darwin’s copy of Brougham’s …
- … instance, if my theory explains one it may explain other.’ Darwin, and others working on …
- … theory of evolution by natural selection was supposed to be a comprehensive theory of life on earth: …
- … ever made cylindrical cells (Brougham 1839, 1: 32). However, Darwin knew that humble bees made …
- … construct: for example, birds’ nests are usually circular. Darwin argued that if the Melipona …
- … The second point, how bees actually built the comb, involved Darwin in a great deal of …
- … on the subject for a projected book on the species question, Darwin wrote to George Robert …
- … antagonistic principles and the proximity of other cells. Darwin’s letter has not been found, but …
- … of reaching.’ (Letter from G. R. Waterhouse, 10 February 1858 .) By now not only …
- … together. (Letter from G. R. Waterhouse, 13 February 1858 .) In April 1858, Darwin went to …
- … discussion in a memorandum to W. H. Miller, [15 April 1858] , summarising his position as follows …
- … by other cells (letter from G. R. Waterhouse, 17 April 1858 ). Waterhouse also told Darwin …
- … piece of honeycomb (letter to W. B. Tegetmeier, [21 April 1858] ); however, it had been mislaid. …
- … beginnings of the comb (letter to W. B. Tegetmeier, 9 May [1858] ). He suspected that the first …
- … described their manner of building’ (letter to W. E. Darwin, [26 May 1858] .) To Tegetmeier, he …
- … cylindrical cells (letter to W. B. Tegetmeier, 5 June [1858] ). Tegetmeier suggested putting a …
- … and buying a swarm (letter to W. B. Tegetmeier, 8 [June 1858] ). (Articial wax is probably …
Darwin in letters, 1858-1859: Origin
Summary
The years 1858 and 1859 were, without doubt, the most momentous of Darwin’s life. From a quiet rural existence filled with steady work on his ‘big book’ on species, he was jolted into action by the arrival of an unexpected letter from Alfred Russel Wallace…
Matches: 19 hits
- … The years 1858 and 1859 were, without doubt, the most momentous of Darwin’s life. From a quiet rural …
- … Russel Wallace. This letter led to the first announcement of Darwin’s and Wallace’s respective …
- … exceeded my wildest hopes By the end of 1859, Darwin’s work was being discussed in …
- … and ‘bitter opponents’; compiling corrections for a second and then a third edition of his book; and …
- … that my book w d be successful; but I never even built a castle-in-the air of such success as it …
- … Charles Lyell, 25 [November 1859] ). This transformation in Darwin’s personal world and the …
- … from these years. The 'big book' The year 1858 opened with Darwin hard at …
- … his ninth chapter, on hybridism, on 29 December 1857, Darwin began in January 1858 to prepare the …
- … appropriate. The correspondence shows that at any one time Darwin was engaged in a number of …
- … the problem of bees The chapter on instinct posed a number of problems for Darwin. ‘I find my …
- … facts on record.—’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 31 January [1858] ). In addition to behaviour such as …
- … Among these, the cell-making instincts of hive-bees posed a particular challenge to his overall …
- … constructed by hive-bees had long been celebrated as a classic example of divine design in nature. …
- … works. The question was, Do the species of large genera have a higher proportion of distinct …
- … for on this view wherever many closely related species, (i.e. species of the same genus) have been …
- … occurred in nature ( see letter to Asa Gray, 4 April [1858] , and Natural selection , p. 161). …
- … you have seen,’ he told Hooker in his letter of 8 [June 1858] , ‘yet I have been forced to …
- … best.—’ Other topics discussed in the letters of 1858 also relate to questions that Darwin …
- … much more larky since we run two horses’ ( letter to W. E. Darwin, 6 October [1858] ). Visitors to …
Diagrams and drawings in letters
Summary
Over 850 illustrations from the printed volumes of The Correspondence of Charles Darwin have been added to the online transcripts of the letters. The contents include maps, diagrams, drawings, sketches and photographs, covering geological, botanical,…
Matches: 4 hits
- … [1–23 July 1841] William Hopkins's comments on a compass diagram designed to show the …
- … 1872 CD asks G. C. Wallich for the negative of a photograph of smiling girl (enclosed) and …
- … containing bud samples, 12 May 1878 G. H. Darwin's drawings of Thalia dealbata …
- … 1879 Anthony Rich's description of the movement of a caterpillar, 1 July 1879 …
Controversy
Summary
The best-known controversies over Darwinian theory took place in public or in printed reviews. Many of these were highly polemical, presenting an over-simplified picture of the disputes. Letters, however, show that the responses to Darwin were extremely…
Matches: 21 hits
- … Disagreement & Respect | Conduct of Debate | Darwin & Wallace The best-known …
- … the disputes. Letters, however, show that the responses to Darwin were extremely variable. Many of …
- … sharp theoretical differences with him; on the other hand, a number of his public critics assisted …
- … and support sustained in spite of enduring differences. Darwin's correspondence can thus help …
- … Disagreement and Respect Darwin rarely engaged with critics publically. Letters exchanged …
- … Richard Owen, the eminent comparative anatomist, show how Darwin tried to manage strong disagreement …
- … were less severe, the relationship quickly deteriorated and Darwin came to regard him as a bitter …
- … but he assures Sedgwick he does not send his book out of a spirit of bravado, but a want of respect. …
- … “grand principle natural selection ” is “but a secondary consequence of supposed, or known, …
- … Nov [1859] Darwin says Sedgwick could not have paid him a more honourable compliment than …
- … of his book. He is grieved “to have shocked a man whom I sincerely honour”. He mentions that he has …
- … says to Darwin he will welcome his work [ Origin ] with a “close & continuous perusal”. He …
- … London Professor of geology, Charles Lyell at length a conversation with Owen concerning Origin . …
- … Letter 5500 — Darwin, C. R. to Haeckel, E. P. A., 12 Apr [1867] Darwin is sympathetic to …
- … the attacked person. Letter 5533 — Haeckel, E. P. A. to Darwin, C. R., 12 May 1867 …
- … Letter 2285 — Darwin, C. R. to Lyell, Charles, 18 [June 1858] Darwin writes to Lyell and …
- … Letter 2294 — Darwin, C. R. to Lyell, Charles, [25 June 1858] Darwin writes to Lyell saying …
- … Letter 2295 — Darwin, C. R. to Lyell, Charles, 26 [June 1858] Darwin writes to Lyell and …
- … Hooker, J. D. & Lyell, Charles to Linnean Society, 30 June 1858 Hooker and Lyell write …
- … Letter 2306 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 13 [July 1858] Darwin writes to Hooker, saying …
- … Letter 2337 — Wallace, A. R. to Hooker, J. D., 6 Oct 1858 Darwin thanks Hooker and Lyell for …
Women’s scientific participation
Summary
Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…
Matches: 16 hits
- … | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a …
- … Women: Letter 1194 - Darwin to Whitby, M. A. T., [12 August 1849] Darwin …
- … peculiarities in inheritance. Letter 3787 - Darwin, H. E. to Darwin, [29 October …
- … garden. Letter 4523 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [6 June 1864] Darwin’s …
- … officinalis . Letter 5745 - Barber, M. E. to Darwin, [after February 1867] …
- … home in South Africa. Letter 6736 - Gray, A. & J. L to Darwin, [8 & 9 May …
- … to Darwin’s queries about Expression during a trip to Egypt. Letter 7223 …
- … January 1868] Darwin asks Thomas Huxley to pass on a questionnaire to his wife, Henrietta. …
- … 6535 - Vaughan Williams , M. S. to Darwin, H. E., [after 14 October 1869] Darwin’s …
- … of wormholes. Letter 8611 - Cupples, A. J. to Darwin, E., [8 November1872] …
- … her niece’s ears. Letter 8701 - Lubbock, E. F . to Darwin, [1873] Ellen …
- … [23 April 1874] Thereza Story-Maskelyne responds to a letter of Darwin’s which was …
- … insects. Men: Letter 2221 - Blyth, E. to Darwin, [22 February 1858] …
- … New Zealand. Letter 6453 - Langton, E. to Wedgwood, S. E., [9 November 1868] …
- … on the wallpaper. Letter 5756 - Langton, E. & C. to Wedgwood S. E., [after 9 …
- … Letter 2345 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., [20 October 1858] Darwin describes to Joseph …
Darwin's bad days
Summary
Despite being a prolific worker who had many successes with his scientific theorising and experimenting, even Darwin had some bad days. These times when nothing appeared to be going right are well illustrated by the following quotations from his letters:
Matches: 1 hits
- … Despite being a prolific worker who had many successes with his scientific theorising and …
Darwin as mentor
Summary
Darwin provided advice, encouragement and praise to his fellow scientific 'labourers' of both sexes. Selected letters Letter 2234 - Darwin to Unidentified, [5 March 1858] Darwin advises that Professor C. P. Smyth’s observations are not…
Matches: 9 hits
- … Darwin provided advice, encouragement and praise to his fellow scientific …
- … Selected letters Letter 2234 - Darwin to Unidentified, [5 March 1858] Darwin …
- … on insufficient grounds. Letter 3934 - Darwin to Scott, J., [21 January 1863] …
- … material worthy of publication. Letter 4185 - Darwin to Scott, J., [25 & 28 May …
- … “lucid vigorous style”. In consultation with Emma, Darwin offers Henrietta “some little memorial” in …
- … so many observations without aid. Letter 8146 - Darwin to Treat, M., [5 January 1872] …
- … scientific journal”. Letter 8171 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L., [21 January 1872] …
- … stooping over holes for hours which “tried my head”. Darwin notes that Lucy is worth her weight in …
- … J. D., [30 August 1874] Darwin comments on a “clever” article written by Mary Barber and …
Origin
Summary
Darwin’s most famous work, Origin, had an inauspicious beginning. It grew out of his wish to establish priority for the species theory he had spent over twenty years researching. Darwin never intended to write Origin, and had resisted suggestions in 1856…
Matches: 14 hits
- … Darwin’s most famous work, Origin, had an inauspicious beginning. It grew …
- … species theory he had spent over twenty years researching. Darwin never intended to write Origin, …
- … supporting evidence, and to this end was steadily writing a work he called his ‘big book’ . His …
- … . In reply, Hooker provided reassurance by suggesting that Darwin might be able to have 100 to 150 …
- … the big book on large and small genera, and was able to tell Darwin ‘ you overrate the extent of my …
- … objection as strongly as I could. I did not feel myself a dissenter from or opponent to your views, …
- … than I now do. ’ Even with this endorsement, Darwin’s spirits remained low. ‘ We are too …
- … on 18 July. Just two days later, he told his cousin William Darwin Fox ‘ After all, I am now …
- … because Fox had been instrumental in persuading Darwin not to publish an abstract in 1856 , …
- … ago; & both of them have urged me so strongly to publish a fuller abstract, that I have resolved …
- … was writing his essay on the flora of Australia in December 1858, he asked to borrow Darwin’s ‘ …
- … convert. ’ Making the book By mid-October 1858, Darwin had expected that his abstract …
- … was having, and the fulfilment of his stated aim in July 1858 when he began to write his abstract: ‘ …
- … &c &c. ’ Reference: Haynes, E. S. P. 1916. Master George Pollak. …
Darwin’s reading notebooks
Summary
In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…
Matches: 25 hits
- … In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished …
- … used these notebooks extensively in dating and annotating Darwin’s letters; the full transcript …
- … *128). For clarity, the transcript does not record Darwin’s alterations. The spelling and …
- … book had been consulted. Those cases where it appears that Darwin made a genuine deletion have been …
- … a few instances, primarily in the ‘Books Read’ sections, Darwin recorded that a work had been …
- … of the books listed in the other two notebooks. Sometimes Darwin recorded that an abstract of the …
- … own. Soon after beginning his first reading notebook, Darwin began to separate the scientific …
- … 1819]. see p. 17 Note Book C. for reference to authors about E. Indian Islands 8 consult D r …
- … of variation in animals in the different isl ds of E Indian Archipelago— [DAR *119: 6v.] …
- … & Rev. W. Herbert.— notes to White Nat. Hist of Selbourne [E. T. Bennett ed. 1837 and [J. Rennie …
- … 2 vols. 8vo. avec 2 atlas 4to. ibid, 1818–23. £1 2 s [E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1818–23] …
- … said to be Poor Sir. J. Edwards Botanical Tour [?J. E. Smith 1793] Fabricius (very old …
- … at Maer.— Lives of Kepler & Galileo. Drinkwater [J. E. Drinkwater] 1833]— Prof. …
- … on Aurochs [Weissenborn 1838] Smiths grammar [J. E. Smith 1821] & introduct of Botany [J. …
- … by Decaisne on Fruit Trees. Le Jardin Fruitier [Decaisne 1858–75]. (Pears.) [DAR *128: 167] …
- … important Hookers letter Jan. 1859 Yules Ava [Yule 1858] (Innes) Hairy woman— (Read) …
- … [DAR *128: 154] Passionate Pilgrim [Thurstan 1858] (Read) Combes Constitution of Man …
- … Life [Smiles 1857] [DAR 128: 22] 1858 Hewitsons Oology [Hewitson [1833 …
- … [Audubon 1831–9]— [DAR 128: 23] 1858 Life of Montaigne by B. St. John …
- … Bernier, François. 1826. Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656–1668 . Translated by Irving …
- … Bethune, John. 1840. Poems by the late John Bethune; with a sketch of the author’s life by his …
- … eds.] 119: 11a Blacklock, Ambrose. 1838. A treatise on sheep; with the best means …
- … Blaine, Delabere Pritchett. 1824. Canine pathology; or, a full description of the diseases of …
- … ——. 1840. An encyclopædia of rural sports; or, a complete account, historical, practical, …
- … 1844. Algeria, past and present. Containing a description of the country … with a review of …
Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I
Summary
Darwin encountered problems with the term ‘natural selection’ even before Origin appeared. Everyone from the Harvard botanist Asa Gray to his own publisher came up with objections. Broadly these divided into concerns either that its meaning simply wasn’t…
Matches: 18 hits
- … would make confusion worse confounded ( Charles Darwin to Charles Lyell 6 June [1860 …
- … was making the selection – precisely the implication Darwin was trying to avoid. By the time he was …
- … over many years. Much of the data that Darwin gathered to support the idea of species change …
- … by analogy with this practice of artificial selection that Darwin chose to name the adaptive process …
- … Natural Selection . With that letter to Gray, Darwin enclosed a brilliantly succinct …
- … now missing response to that exposition that first alerted Darwin to one of the pitfalls he faced: ‘ …
- … of the problem, protesting that he was using it ‘much as a geologist does the word Denudation’. But …
- … of this enclosure to Gray , along with extracts from Darwin’s 1844 species essay , that was read …
- … of varieties and species by natural means of selection’ (Darwin and Wallace 1858). Overtaken …
- … not just for Origin , but for several other publications. Darwin enshrined its working title in …
- … as he had expected. ‘I am, also, sorry’ Darwin wrote to Charles Lyell, who had approached the …
- … own long study of such works meant he had ‘ ceased to be a competent judge .’ The full title as …
- … layer of anxiety. To Heinrich Georg Bronn, working on a German translation of Origin , Darwin …
- … the struggle for existence that similar slight variations in a Wild Horse if advantageous to it …
- … criticism that ‘natural selection’ appeared to imply a positive act of selection, if not actually a …
- … he complained, ‘it might be variously interpreted, as a necessity, as an accident, as an instinct, …
- … the sake of eliminating &c &c ’. I must be a very bad explainer. ( …
- … ‘ I doubt whether I use term Natural Selection more as a Person, than writers use Attraction of …
Orchids
Summary
Why Orchids? Darwin wrote in his Autobiography, ‘During the summer of 1839, and, I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come to the conclusion in my…
Matches: 11 hits
- … Why Orchids? Darwin wrote in his Autobiography , ‘During the summer of 1839, and, I …
- … crossing were wide-ranging, one group would captivate Darwin like no other. In June 1855, Darwin …
- … when plant has been covered by Bell glass. ’ So began Darwin’s interest in the floral morphology of …
- … paper has yet to be found, but it was published as part of a joint paper by Wallace and Darwin, and …
- … interruptions)’. ‘Many interruptions’ turned out to be a considerable understatement, since not one …
- … published in 1868. The first of the ‘interruptions’ was a small book with the rather long title On …
- … good effects of intercrossing . The ‘Orchid book’, as Darwin usually referred to it, appeared in …
- … in Woodpecker. ’ But at least one orchid was problematic. Darwin continued, ‘I have written & …
- … much like to hear what you think of the case.’ Indeed, Darwin had just sent a long letter to …
- … and 30 June 1860. Looking even further afield, Darwin sent a copy of the letter to Asa Gray, …
- … Darwin added, ‘ I shall be most grateful for the E. palustris and it will be all the better for me …
Darwin in letters,1870: Human evolution
Summary
The year 1870 is aptly summarised by the brief entry Darwin made in his journal: ‘The whole of the year at work on the Descent of Man & Selection in relation to Sex’. Descent was the culmination of over three decades of observations and reflections on…
Matches: 19 hits
- … The year 1870 is aptly summarised by the brief entry Darwin made in his journal: ‘The whole of the …
- … in relation to Sex’. Always precise in his accounting, Darwin reckoned that he had started writing …
- … gathered on each of these topics was far more extensive than Darwin had anticipated. As a result, …
- … and St George Jackson Mivart, and heated debates sparked by Darwin’s proposed election to the French …
- … Lyell, ‘thank all the powers above & below, I shall be a man again & not a horrid grinding …
- … Finishing Descent; postponing Expression Darwin began receiving proofs of some of the …
- … ( letter to Albert Günther, 13 January [1870] ). Darwin was still working hard on parts of the …
- … style, the more grateful I shall be’ ( letter to H. E. Darwin, [8 February 1870] ). She had …
- … , the latter when she was just eighteen years of age. Darwin clearly expected her to make a …
- … He worried that parts of the book were ‘too like a Sermon: who wd ever have thought that I shd. turn …
- … so unimportant as the mind of man!’ ( letter from H. E. Darwin, [after 8 February 1870] ). …
- … philanthropist Frances Power Cobbe. At Cobbe’s suggestion, Darwin read some of Immanuel Kant’s …
- … looking exclusively into his own mind’, and himself, ‘a degraded wretch looking from the outside …
- … ( letter to F. P. Cobbe, 23 March [1870?] ). Cobbe accused Darwin of smiling in his beard with …
- … side of human descent. On 7 March 1870, Darwin made a note on the shape of human ears: ‘W. has seen …
- … made drawings of ears of monkeys & shortly afterwards he saw a man with tip & instantly …
- … statue of Puck, the mischievous fairy in Shakespeare’s A midsummer night’s dream. Darwin …
- … April [1870] ). Darwin alluded here to the famous events of 1858,When Wallace had communicated his …
- … attending college lectures for the time being ( letter to [E.W. Blore], [October 1870 or later] ). …
Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad
Summary
At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…
Matches: 18 hits
- … At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of …
- … , anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied …
- … briefly’ ( letter to John Scott, 31 May [1863] ), and in a letter of 23 [June 1863] he wrote …
- … am languid & bedeviled … & hate everybody’. Although Darwin did continue his botanical …
- … letter-writing dwindled considerably. The correspondence and Darwin’s scientific work diminished …
- … the correspondence from the year. These letters illustrate Darwin’s preoccupation with the …
- … Evidence as to man’s place in nature both had a direct bearing on Darwin’s species theory and on …
- … from ‘some Quadrumanum animal’, as he put it in a letter to J. D. Hooker of 24[–5] February [1863] …
- … detailed anatomical similarities between humans and apes, Darwin was full of praise. He especially …
- … in expressing any judgment on Species or origin of man’. Darwin’s concern about the popular …
- … Lyell’s and Huxley’s books. Three years earlier Darwin had predicted that Lyell’s forthcoming …
- … had been rapidly accumulating. Lyell’s argument for a greater human antiquity than was commonly …
- … from an ape-like animal, while dating human origins to a time far earlier than that decreed by …
- … ). Although English experts subsequently decided the jaw was a forgery, publications in learned …
- … seen how indignant all Owen’s lies and mean conduct about E. Columbi made me… . The case is come to …
- … Copley Medal had been unsuccessful ( see letter from E. A. Darwin to Emma Darwin, 11 November [1863 …
- … of the summer, one that he said he owed to Gray’s 1858 paper on the coiling of tendrils in …
- … the bookcase and around the head of the sofa ( letter to W. E. Darwin, [25 July 1863], and …
Darwin in letters, 1856-1857: the 'Big Book'
Summary
In May 1856, Darwin began writing up his 'species sketch’ in earnest. During this period, his working life was completely dominated by the preparation of his 'Big Book', which was to be called Natural selection. Using letters are the main…
Matches: 19 hits
- … On 14 May 1856, Charles Darwin recorded in his journal that he ‘Began by Lyell’s advice writing …
- … this manuscript. Although advised by Lyell to publish only a brief outline—probably more for the …
- … quantities of information, pursuing his own experiments in a variety of different areas, analysing …
- … Natural selection . Determined as he was to publish, Darwin nevertheless still felt cautious …
- … specialist in Madeiran entomology, Thomas Vernon Wollaston. Darwin also came to rely on the caustic …
- … valued the views of Thomas Henry Huxley, at that time a somewhat precariously placed lecturer and …
- … in London. Natural Selection Not all of Darwin’s manuscript on species has been …
- … of pigeons, poultry, and other domesticated animals. As Darwin explained to Lyell, his studies, …
- … can William Bernhard Tegetmeier continued to help Darwin acquire much of the material for …
- … on domestic animals in India and elsewhere. William Darwin Fox supplied information about cats, dogs …
- … mastiffs. The disparate facts were correlated and checked by Darwin, who adroitly used letters, …
- … can.’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 8 February [1857] ). Darwin also attempted to test ideas …
- … garden species with their wild congeners. Many of Darwin’s conclusions about the variation of …
- … these chapters are not extant. It seems likely that Darwin used the manuscript when compiling The …
- … or lost during the process. Before the publication of Darwin's correspondence from these years, …
- … plants to be more hairy than their lowland relatives. But a last-minute check with Hooker revealed …
- … but all they actually showed was the self-evident fact that a large genus was more likely to contain …
- … in October 1857, to be followed by a second notice in 1858. Geographical distribution: seeds …
- … bad & not a stop from beginning to end!’ (letters to W. E. Darwin, [17 February 1857] and …
3.3 Maull and Polyblank photo 2
Summary
< Back to Introduction Despite the difficulties that arose in relation to Maull and Polyblank’s first photograph of Darwin, another one was produced, this time showing him in three-quarter view. It was evidently not taken at the same session as the…
Matches: 18 hits
- … in relation to Maull and Polyblank’s first photograph of Darwin, another one was produced, this time …
- … this second photograph is not precisely dated. An entry in Darwin’s account book for February 1858 …
- … be dated to a few years later. It may be the photograph that Darwin was promising to order and post …
- … had given him such an ‘atrociously wicked’ expression. Darwin also wrote to Asa Gray in April 1861: …
- … commercially produced, not the one taken by his son William Darwin at that time, which he mentions …
- … than Maull and Polyblank are known to have been employed by Darwin before the second half of the …
- … It must have been available before April or May 1862, when Darwin’s brother Erasmus solicited some …
- … hand, that of ‘J.D.’), ‘Photograph of Charles Darwin taken about the time of the publication of the …
- … in late November 1859. In his letter of spring 1862, Darwin’s brother Erasmus sought Charles’s …
- … and Polyblank, rather than just a supply of prints to the Darwin family for presentation to selected …
- … to volume 1 of The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887), edited by Francis Darwin (with a …
- … in Annals of Botany in 1899, to illustrate an article on Darwin’s botanical work by Francis …
- … of 1903. It was also, alas, one of the portrayals of Darwin ‘Exhibited by William E. and Leonard …
- … the fact that it was one of the very few images that showed Darwin as he looked at the time of the …
- … by many readers and publishers. Ernst Haeckel, writing to Darwin in January 1866, thought it was …
- … English ed. of Origin , transl. H.G. Bronn (Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung, …
- … (1899), frontispiece and note on p. xix. Francis Darwin and A.C. Seward (eds), More Letters of …
- … Darwin. ‘List of Exhibits . . . Exhibited by William E. and Leonard Darwin’, First International …
New material added to the American edition of Origin
Summary
A ‘revised and augmented’ American edition of Origin came on the market in July 1860, and was the only authorised edition available in the US until 1873. It incorporated many of the changes Darwin made to the second English edition, but still contained…
Matches: 17 hits
- … The ‘historical sketch’ printed as a preface to the American edition ( Origin US ed., pp. i–xi) …
- … 116*–121*) The final list of changes added as a Supplement to the volume ( ibid ., pp. …
- … profit.— The new Edit. is only Reprint; yet I have made a few important corrections. I will …
- … naturalists, who have too firmly fixed in their heads that a species is an entity.—‘ After …
- … edition— and were preparing for distribution. Acting on Darwin’s behalf, Gray duly contacted D. …
- … the second English edition, transmitting their response to Darwin (see letters from Asa Gray, [10 …
- … States law to honour foreign copyright, they agreed to grant Darwin a share of the profits from …
- … and n. 2). The firm agreed, however, to consider preparing a new edition at some future date and …
- … espousing favourable views of the transmutation of species; Darwin sent this off to Gray enclosed in …
- … Asa Gray, 28 January [1860] and 1 February [1860]). A month later, in his letter of 8 March …
- … Cottrell Watson in his letter of [3? January 1860]) that Darwin wanted inserted at the conclusion of …
- … animaux sauvages démontre déjà la variabilité limitée des espèces. Les expériences sur les …
- … in the Leader, March, 1852, and republished in his Essays, 1858), has contrasted the theories of the …
- … of finality, ‘‘puissance mystérieuse, indéterminée; fatalité pour les uns; pour les autres, volonté …
- … de l’existence du monde, la forme, le volume et la durée de chacun d’eux, en raison de sa destinée …
- … third volume of the Journal of the Linnean Society (August, 1858) contains papers by Mr. Wallace and …
- … the world. Hooker has recently shown that in the S. E. corner of Australia, where apparently there …
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)
Summary
George Eliot was the pen name of celebrated Victorian novelist Mary Ann Evans (1819-1880). She was born on the outskirts of Nuneaton in Warwickshire and was educated at boarding schools from the age of five until she was 16. Her education ended when she…
Matches: 6 hits
- … but living separately from his wife and unable to obtain a divorce. He and Evans set up home …
- … novels, under her pen name, achieved great acclaim. Darwin and his family were keen readers …
- … visitors (23 March 1873; Emma described his visit in a letter to Fanny Allen, [26 March 1873], DAR …
- … In fact, Emma and her younger daughter, Bessy, did call on a Saturday in October 1873 but the …
- … started ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 18 January [1874] ). Darwin took Emma to a Sunday afternoon at …
- … After reading On the Origin of Species , Eliot wrote to a friend, Barbara Bodichon, that the book …
'An Appeal' against animal cruelty
Summary
The four-page pamphlet transcribed below and entitled 'An Appeal', was composed jointly by Emma and Charles Darwin (see letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox, [29 September 1863]). The pamphlet, which protested against the cruelty of steel vermin…
Matches: 13 hits
- … ( Bromley Record , 1 September 1863, p. 168). In addition, a version of the pamphlet was published …
- … The Darwins’ 'Appeal' appears to have been inspired by a series of letters published in …
- … William Howitt, drew attention to the scale of trapping on a game-preserving estate in North Wales, …
- … distributed the 'Appeal' to their own acquaintances, and to 'a good many persons …
- … the campaign than she expected (see the letter from Emma Darwin to William Erasmus Darwin, [2 …
- … Fox, [29 September 1863]). Several responses suggested that a prize should be offered for a humane …
- … account book (Down House MS), 20 August 1863, recording a payment of £2 11 s. 6 d. for …
- … however, the RSPCA Annual Report for 1864 records that 'a benevolent lady, intensely interested …
- … Committee' (p. 32). Sufficient funds were raised to fund a £50 prize for the design of a trap …
- … through his regular columns in the Field newspaper, was a prominent supporter of the campaign. …
- … an optimistic start, the competition failed to produce a design that was portable, cheap, and …
- … paper Animal World , and prominently linked Charles Darwin"s name to the offer of a prize …
- … , pp. 78–9, Correspondence vol. 7, letter to W. E. Darwin, 22 [September 1858], and this volume, …
Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 20 hits
- … kingdom , published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide …
- … on plants with two or three different forms of flowers, Darwin had focused on the anatomical and …
- … of different forms of pollen. Although many plants that Darwin observed had flowers with adaptations …
- … rates, growth, and constitutional vigour. Although Darwin was no stranger to long months and years …
- … … is highly remarkable’ In September 1866, Darwin announced to the American botanist …
- … several years ( To Édouard Bornet, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin began a series of experiments, …
- … ( To Edouard Bornet, 20 August [1867] ). It was only after a new season of experiments that Darwin …
- … access to flowers was only the tip of the iceberg. Darwin next focused on the California …
- … unnoticed, had it existed in all individuals of such a common garden plant. Perhaps in the case of …
- … conditions’ ( From Fritz Müller, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin’s interest was piqued and he described …
- … when self-fertilised, although fewer than crossed plants. Darwin sent some of these seeds to Müller, …
- … [1868] ). Müller, in turn, sent seeds from his plants to Darwin and both men continued to …
- … generations. In June 1869, Müller remarked, on receiving a new batch of seeds from Darwin, ‘that it …
- … ( From Fritz Müller, 15 June 1869 ). By May 1870, Darwin reported that he was ‘rearing crossed …
- … plants’ ( To Fritz Müller, 12 May 1870 ). From a fairly early stage in his experimental …
- … & about which I dont know whether you w d care, is that a great excess of, or very little …
- … weight, or period of germination in the seeds of Ipomœa. I remember saying the contrary to you & …
- … indisputably germinate quicker than seeds produced by a cross between two distinct plants’ ( To …
- … the sweet pea ( Lathyrus odoratus ), and in October 1867, Darwin wrote to James Moggridge to ask …
- … of the year ( To J. T. Moggridge, 1 October [1867] ). Darwin was beginning to suspect that the …
People featured in the German and Austrian photograph album
Summary
Biographical details of people from the Habsburg Empire that appeared in the album of German and Austrian scientists sent to Darwin on 12 February 1877. We are grateful to Johannes Mattes for providing these details and for permission to make his…
Matches: 21 hits
- … in the album of German and Austrian scientists sent to Darwin on 12 February 1877. We are …
- … Vienna, served there as librarian (1874–95) and built up a private collection of plants and rare …
- … Through an inheritance, Bergenstamm retired early, built up a private entomological collection of …
- … the Zoological-Botanical Society in Vienna and later became a board member of the association. …
- … writer He studied jurisprudence (Dr.) and worked as a lawyer in Vienna. Additionally, …
- … accompanied Maximilian I. to Mexico and received the rank of a major in the Mexican Army. In 1867, …
- … p. 9. N.N.: Die Spielhölle in der Kärntnerstraße. In: Neues Wiener Blatt 270 (2 nd …
- … the republican Mexican Army and was sent back to Europe as a military attaché. Since 1876, Gagern …
- … in Banská Štiavnica (1862), he hold the position of a Bergingenieur-Expectant at the Imperial …
- … studies. From 1887 to his retirement in 1900, he worked as a high mining official ( …
- … 61, 1913. p. 111–112. Grunow, A. (Albert) 1826–1914 Chemist, …
- … to Lower Austria in 1897. Besides his job, Grunow became a member of the Zoological-Botanical …
- … botanical and zoological specimens. After serving as a volunteer in the Imperial Natural Cabinet in …
- … for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1868–70), he became a world-traveler, successful writer and got …
- … Official and collector After working as a clerk of the Southern Railway Company, he retired …
- … Ludwig Schmarda at the University of Vienna and finally got a position at the Imperial Natural …
- … geography at the University of Vienna (Dr., 1884), obtained a position in the Imperial Royal …
- … Wiener Zeitung (13 th February) 1872. p. 623. F.A. Nussbaumer: Ton und Farbe. …
- … Teacher, writer and archivist Born the son of a farmer, he studied jurisprudence at the …
- … Blind ( Blinden-Erziehungsinstitut ) in Vienna. A. Melhuber: Pablasek, Matthias. In: …
- … took part in the revolution of 1848/49 and later obtained a position of a religious education …
