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Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments

Summary

The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…

Matches: 23 hits

… In 1865, the chief work on Charles Darwin’s mind was the writing of The variation of animals and …
… letters on climbing plants to make another paper. Darwin also submitted a manuscript of his …
… protégé, John Scott, who was now working in India. Darwin’s transmutation theory continued to …
… Argyll, appeared in the religious weekly, Good Words . Darwin received news of an exchange of …
… Butler, and, according to Butler, the bishop of Wellington. Darwin’s theory was discussed at an …
… in the Gardeners’ Chronicle . At the end of the year, Darwin was elected an honorary member of …
… year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend of …
… in August. There was also a serious dispute between two of Darwin’s friends, John Lubbock and …
… jolly’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 January [1865] ). Darwin was ready to submit his paper on …
… a sudden illness. Falconer was 56, almost the same age as Darwin himself. Falconer had seconded …
… given it up by early July ( see letter to J. D. Hooker, [10 July 1865] ). In July, he …
… Darwin had received a copy of Müller’s book, Fü r Darwin , a study of the Crustacea with reference …
… finished hearing it read aloud ( letter to Fritz Müller, 10 August [1865] ). Over the next few …
… ( see letter from Fritz Müller, [12 and 31 August, and 10 October 1865] ; since it is impossible …
… similarly coloured varieties (see Correspondence vol. 10 , letter to John Scott, 19 November …
… ‘industry & ability’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, [10 March 1865] ). Scott took these …
… … inheritance, reversion, effects of use & disuse &c’, and which he intended to publish in …
… of transmutation to humans (see Correspondence vol. 10 , letter from J. H. Balfour, 14 January …
… ( Correspondence vol. 11, letter from J. D. Hooker, 10 June 1863 ). However, probably …
… He wrote to Hooker, ‘I doubt whether you or I or any one c d do any good in healing this breach. …
… Hooker’s behalf, ‘He asks if you saw the article of M r . Croll in the last Reader on the …
… Cresy, 7 September [1865] , and letter from Edward Cresy, 10 September 1865 ). Francis and …
… ‘As for your thinking that you do not deserve the C[opley] Medal,’ he rebuked Hooker, ‘that I …

Dramatisation script

Summary

Re: Design – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig Baxter – as performed 25 March 2007

Matches: 25 hits

… Re: Design – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig …
… as the creator of this dramatisation, and that of the Darwin Correspondence Project to be identified …
… correspondence or published writings of Asa Gray, Charles Darwin, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Jane Loring …
… Actor 1 – Asa Gray Actor 2 – Charles Darwin Actor 3 – In the dress of a modern day …
… Agassiz, Adam Sedgwick, A Friend of John Stuart Mill, Emma Darwin, Horace Darwin… and acts as a sort …
… the play unfolds and acting as a go-between between Gray and Darwin, and between the audience and …
… this, he sends out copies of his Review of the Life of Darwin. At this time in his life, Asa …
… friends in England, copies of his ‘Review of the Life of Darwin’… pencilling the address so that it …
… Joseph D Hooker GRAY: 3 Charles Darwin… made his home on the border of the little …
… are kept in check by a constitutional weakness. DARWIN: A plain but comfortable brick …
… by every blessing except that of vigorous health… DARWIN: 4 My confounded stomach …
… pursuits and the simplicity of his character. DARWIN: 5 I am allowed to work now …
… you sent me as well as I could. DARWIN: 10 My dear Dr Gray. I really hardly know …
… Hooker is younger than Darwin and Gray by about 10 years. Like Gray, he is a professional botanist …
… right when he said the whole subject would be forgotten in 10 years. But now that I hear you will …
… a lesser degree ‘Blood’s One Penny Envelope, 1, 3, and 10 cents’. If you will make him this present, …
… paragraph, in which I quote and differ from you[r] 178 doctrine that each variation has been …
… HOOKER: 208 We had a horrid scare 10 days ago, in the form of a Telegram from ‘Nature’ to …
… ARTS AND SCIENCES, PROCEEDINGS XVII, 1882 4 C DARWIN TO JD HOOKER 10 MAY 1848 …
… 9 A GRAY TO C DARWIN, 22 MAY 1855 10 C DARWIN TO A GRAY, 24 AUGUST 1855 …
… JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 72 A GRAY TO C DARWIN, 10 JANUARY 1860 73 C DARWIN TO …
… A GRAY, 21 JULY 1861 120 A GRAY TO JD HOOKER, 10 JUNE 1861 121 A GRAY TO C …
… 18 FEBRUARY 1862 129 JD HOOKER TO C DARWIN, 10 MARCH 1862 130 C DARWIN …
… 23 NOVEMBER 1862 136 C DARWIN TO A GRAY, 10 –20 JUNE 1862 137 A GRAY TO …
… AND 26 JANUARY 1862 142 A GRAY TO C DARWIN, 10 NOVEMBER 1862 143 A …

Darwin in letters, 1881: Old friends and new admirers

Summary

In May 1881, Darwin, one of the best-known celebrities in England if not the world, began writing about all the eminent men he had met. He embarked on this task, which formed an addition to his autobiography, because he had nothing else to do. He had…

Matches: 24 hits

… In May 1881, Darwin, one of the best-known celebrities in England if not the world, began …
… a very old man, who probably will not last much longer.’ Darwin’s biggest fear was not death, but …
… sweetest place on this earth’. From the start of the year, Darwin had his demise on his mind. He …
… provision for the dividing of his wealth after his death. Darwin’s gloominess was compounded by the …
… and new admirers got in touch, and, for all his fears, Darwin found several scientific topics to …
… Evolution old and new when revising his essay on Erasmus Darwin’s scientific work, and that Darwin …
… memory in November 1880 and in an abusive letter about Darwin in the St James’s Gazette on 8 …
… in a review of Unconscious memory in Kosmos and sent Darwin a separate letter for …
… within the family, Henrietta explained to Stephen on 10 January , hoping that he did not think …
… the sale of books being ‘a game of chance’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 12 April 1881 ). On 18 May …
… investigate aggregation. He explained to Fritz Müller on 10 September why he had embarked on …
… he would feel ‘less sulky in a day or two’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 29 July 1881 ). The degree of …
… falls at this late period of the season’ ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 30 July 1881 ). Darwin gave in …
… with you’, a Swedish teacher told him ( letter from C. E. Södling, 14 October 1881 ), while H. M. …
… to the general stock of knowledge’ ( letter to E. W. Bok, 10 May 1881 ). Josef Popper, an expert …
… to possibilities for women, judging from her organization &c’. When Darwin replied the following …
… ‘bread-winners’ ( Correspondence vol. 30, letter to C. A. Kennard, 9 January 1882 ). …
… publication & to acknowledge any criticism’ ( letter to C. G. Semper, 19 July 1881 ). He …
… to bear the ‘wear & tear of controversy’ ( letter to G. R. Jesse, 23 April 1881 ). Later in …
… everyone else’s judgment on the subject ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 12 July 1881 ). However, some …
… do not be disappointed if the sale is small’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 5 October 1881 ). The …
… of soil, while his brother James Geikie told Darwin on 10 October that no one would ‘any longer …
… proved ‘the greatness of their power’ ( letter from M. C. Stanley, 16 October 1881 ). Hooker …
… men the true methods of investigation’ ( letter from C. V. Riley, 18 December 1881 ). …

Cross and self fertilisation

Summary

The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…

Matches: 29 hits

… self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom , published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a …
… on plants with two or three different forms of flowers, Darwin had focused on the anatomical and …
… of different forms of pollen. Although many plants that Darwin observed had flowers with adaptations …
… rates, growth, and constitutional vigour. Although Darwin was no stranger to long months and years …
… … is highly remarkable’ In September 1866, Darwin announced to the American botanist …
… of the young plants is highly remarkable’ ( To Asa Gray, 10 September [1866] ). By early December, …
… several years ( To Édouard Bornet, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin began a series of experiments, …
… ). It was only after a new season of experiments that Darwin would confirm that this poppy shed its …
… access to flowers was only the tip of the iceberg. Darwin next focused on the California …
… conditions’ ( From Fritz Müller, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin’s interest was piqued and he described …
… when self-fertilised, although fewer than crossed plants. Darwin sent some of these seeds to Müller, …
… [1868] ). Müller, in turn, sent seeds from his plants to Darwin and both men continued to …
… Müller remarked, on receiving a new batch of seeds from Darwin, ‘that it was ‘curious to see, on …
… ( From Fritz Müller, 15 June 1869 ). By May 1870, Darwin reported that he was ‘rearing crossed …
… From a fairly early stage in his experimental programme, Darwin began to pay more attention to the …
… seeds of Ipomœa. I remember saying the contrary to you & M r Smith at Kew. But the result is …
… the sweet pea ( Lathyrus odoratus ), and in October 1867, Darwin wrote to James Moggridge to ask …
… of the year ( To J. T. Moggridge, 1 October [1867] ). Darwin was beginning to suspect that the …
… simply did not exist in Britain. During a visit to Darwin in May 1866, Robert Caspary, a …
… by the former ( From Robert Caspary, 18 February 1868 ). Darwin eagerly requested seed from both …
… was published on 30 January 1868. In April 1868, Darwin informed George Bentham, ‘I am …
… to elongate when the pollen touches the stigmatic surface. Darwin was able to discern that …
… I am already plagued by foreign Translators, Reviewers, &c.’ ( To John Murray, 4 May [1873] ). …
… great measure my further working’ ( From Hermann Müller, 10 June 1873 ). Darwin, in turn, had …
… had ‘begun to prepare for press observations continued for 10 years on the effects of crossing …
… the set of all my works, I would suggest 1,500’ ( To R. F. Cooke, 16 September 1876 ). In the …
… 12 November 1876 ). The book was published on 10 November 1876. Within days, Darwin received …
… of hybrids, has not yet been produced’ ( From A. R. Wallace, 13 December 1876 ). No reply to this …
… of rye and wheat that he had studied ( From A. W. Rimpau, 10 December 1877 ). By the end of …

Darwin’s queries on expression

Summary

When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect observations more widely and composed a list of queries on human expression. A number of handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller…

Matches: 25 hits

… When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect …
… ease of distribution sometime in late 1867 or early 1868. Darwin went over his questions, refining …
… was the collection of observations on a global scale. Darwin was especially interested in peoples …
… cultural and conventional, or instinctive and universal. Darwin used his existing correspondence …
… and with the mouth a little drawn back at the corners?” Darwin’s questionnaire was an extension of …
… was also carefully devised so as to prevent the feelings of Darwin’s remote observers from colouring …
… and not the susceptibilities of a moral nature.” Darwin did not typically countenance such …
… the collection of information to its display in print. After Darwin received all of the replies to …
… except “yes” or “no.” “The same state of mind” Darwin would later assert in Expression of the …
… uniformity.” Table of Correspondence about Darwin’s Questionnaire (click on the letter …
… could available online ahead of schedule as part of the “Darwin and Human Nature” project, funded by …
… nodding vertically Blair, R.H. 11 July …
… Bowker, J.H. [10 Dec 1867] [Cape of Good Hope (South …
… Fuegians Brooke, C.A.J. 30 Nov 1870 …
… Dyaks Brooke, C.A.J. 30 April 1871 …
… Southampton, England letter to W.E. Darwin shrugging/pouting of …
… blushing Darwin, Francis 20 June 1867 …
… Bartlett and S. Sutton Darwin, Francis …
… pouting Darwin, W.E. [after 29 March 1868] …
… blushing in blind students Darwin, W.E. [7 …
… blushing Darwin, W.E. [22? April 1868] …
… Gray, Asa 10 & 14 March [1871] Cambridge, …
… Reade, Winwood W. [c.8 or 9 Apr 1870] Accra, West …
… in Hottentots Smyth, R. Brough 13 Aug 1868 …
… Weale, J.P.M. [10 Dec 1867] Bedford, Cape of Good …

Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots

Summary

Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…

Matches: 23 hits

… There are summaries of all Darwin's letters from the year 1879 on this website. The full texts …
… 27 of the print edition of The correspondence of Charles Darwin , published by Cambridge …
… to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an …
… the sensitivity of the tips. Despite this breakthrough, when Darwin first mentioned the book to his …
… a holiday in the Lake District in August did little to raise Darwin’s spirits. ‘I wish that my …
… W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, [after 26] July [1879] ). From July, Darwin had an additional worry: the …
… that his grandfather had felt the same way. In 1792, Erasmus Darwin had written: ‘The worst thing I …
… all over like a baked pear’ ( enclosure in letter from R. W. Dixon, 20 December 1879 ). The year …
… contained a warmer note and the promise of future happiness: Darwin learned he was to be visited by …
… Hacon, 31 December 1879 ). Seventy years old Darwin’s seventieth birthday on 12 …
… the veteran of Modern Zoology’, but it was in Germany that Darwin was most fêted. A German …
… nice and good as could be’ ( letter from Karl Beger, [ c. 12 February 1879] ). The masters of …
… of the Admiralty described the unknown young man as ‘A M r Darwin grandson of the well known …
… him on 9 June not to ‘expend much powder & shot on M r Butler’, for he really was not worth …
… interesting to the public’ ( letter to Reginald Darwin, 10 April [1879] ). However, even members …
… leaving Darwin ‘more perplexed than ever about life of D r . D’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, 12 …
… he disagreed with Henrietta, or that Krause had written on 10 July to say that he had derived …
… the highest point, for his “why”—“what for” &c are incessant’, Darwin joked on 2 July (first …
… which is his profession tho’ not a profitable one; also D r C[lark]’s opinion that he was so …
… greatly amused Darwin, who felt it was ‘very acute of M r Ruskin to know that I feel a deep & …
… & experiment’ ( letter from J. F. Moulton, 10 December 1879 ). In reply to Darwin’s response …
… Leopold Würtenberger fared better. When he wrote on 10 January to ask whether Darwin could find him …
… and prevent ‘Cattle diseases, Potato diseases &c’, probably did not know that Darwin had already …

Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life

Summary

1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…

Matches: 24 hits

… The year 1876 started out sedately enough with Darwin working on the first draft of his book on the …
… games. ‘I have won, hurrah, hurrah, 2795 games’, Darwin boasted; ‘my wife … poor creature, has won …
… regarding the ailments that were so much a feature of Darwin family life. But the calm was not to …
… four days later. ‘I cannot bear to think of the future’, Darwin confessed to William on 11 …
… once, the labour of checking proofs proved a blessing, as Darwin sought solace for the loss of his …
… and his baby son Bernard now part of the household, and Darwin recasting his work on dimorphic and …
… had involved much time and effort the previous year, and Darwin clearly wanted to focus his …
… of the second edition of Climbing plants ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 23 February 1876 ). When …
… single-volume edition titled Geological observations , Darwin resisted making any revisions at …
… volume, Coral reefs , already in its second edition. Darwin was nevertheless ‘firmly resolved not …
… meticulous correction of errors in the German editions made Darwin less anxious about correcting the …
… to Carus. ( Letter to J. V. Carus, 24 April 1876. ) Darwin focused instead on the second …
… concentrated on the ‘means of crossing’, was seen by Darwin as the companion to Cross and self …
… return to old work than part of the future work outlined by Darwin in his ‘little Autobiography’ ( …
… however, continued to be raised in various ways. On 10 January, Charles O’Shaughnessy , an Irish …
… effected by his forthcoming pamphlet, Darwin confounded (C. O’Shaughnessy 1876), which, he …
… and who had succeeded in giving him pain ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876 ). Although …
… them to such extent?’ enthused Hermann Hoffmann on 10 January , while on 23 June, Auguste Forel …
… of plant digestion further, had already reported on 10 January that he had confirmed the ‘more …
… year’s experiments’ ( letter from G. J. Romanes, [ c . 19 March 1876] ). A less welcome reaction …
… because of a ‘long and terrible illness’ ( letter to C. S. Wedgwood, 20 April 1876 ). By the time …
… Caroline home, they had experienced a further calamity. On 10 May, William suffered serious …
… mentioned his oldest daughter Annie, who died at the age of 10 in 1851, but William, who was 11 …
… in harmony with yours’ ( letter from George Henslow, [ c. 7 December 1876] ). A more typical …

Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest

Summary

The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of Origin. Darwin got the fourth…

Matches: 22 hits

… The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now …
… and also a meeting with Herbert Spencer, who was visiting Darwin’s neighbour, Sir John Lubbock. In …
… all but the concluding chapter of the work was submitted by Darwin to his publisher in December. …
… hypothesis of hereditary transmission. Debate about Darwin’s theory of transmutation …
… alleged evidence of a global ice age, while Asa Gray pressed Darwin’s American publisher for a …
… for the Advancement of Science. Fuller consideration of Darwin’s work was given by Hooker in an …
… frustrations were punctuated by family bereavement. Two of Darwin’s sisters died, Emily Catherine …
… from painful illness. Diet and exercise Among Darwin’s first letters in the new year …
… every day’ ( letter to H. B. Jones, 3 January [1866] ). Darwin had first consulted Jones in July …
… of coffee to two cups a day, since coffee, with the ‘10 drops of Muriatic acid twice a day (with …
… the chemistry go on better’ ( letter from H. B. Jones, 10 February [1866] ). Darwin began …
… you go on, after the startling apparition of your face at R.S. Soirèe—which I dreamed of 2 nights …
… so you are in for it’ ( letter from H. E. Darwin, [ c . 10 May 1866] ). Henrietta’s …
… teleological development ( see for example, letter to C. W. Nägeli, 12 June [1866] ). Also in …
… common broom ( Cytisus scoparius ) and the white broom ( C. multiflorus ) in his botanical …
… and June on the subject of Rhamnus catharticus (now R. cathartica ). Darwin had become …
… of separate sexes. William gathered numerous specimens of R. catharticus , the only species of …
… replied with a modified list, adding Fritz Müller’s Fü r Darwin , and a recent fossil discovery in …
… selection, and with special creation ( letter from W. R. Grove, 31 August 1866 ). Hooker later …
… know how to begin’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, [before 10 December 1866] ). The intrusion of …
… other German states and Austria in June and July. Writing on 10 May from Württemberg, one of the …
… indeed at poor Susan’s loneliness’ ( letter from E. C. Langton to Emma and Charles Darwin, [6 and 7 …

Henrietta Darwin's diary

Summary

Darwin's daughter Henrietta kept a diary for a few momentous weeks in 1871. This was the year in which Descent of Man, the most controversial of her father's books after Origin itself, appeared, a book which she had helped him write. The small…

Matches: 15 hits

… Charles Darwin’s daughter Henrietta wrote the following journal entries in March and …
… 1871 in a small lockable, leather-bound notebook now in the Darwin Archive of Cambridge University …
… excised within it, presumably by Henrietta herself. Darwin’s letters in 1870 and 1871 ( …
… scepticism; many of her arguments are reminiscent of Darwin’s own discussion of religious belief in …
… of the theory of natural selection. Snow occasionally sent Darwin information relating to his …
… of emotion (see letters from F. J. Wedgwood to H. E. and C. R. Darwin, [1867–72], letter nos. …
… one of Descent (see letter from Charles and Emma Darwin to F. J. Wedgwood, [March 1871?], and …
… period of their courtship. We are grateful to William Darwin for permission to publish the …
… amongst whom of course was Lena had any knowledge of it. M r . W. spoke or preached as u like to …
… Father who w d be waiting for her—when down came M r . W. on his knees between them & said, …
… worship of humanity—this I hope is only in its bud— I c d conceive a life wh. was filled & …
… now in the balance & I can laugh & talk & settle Bradshaw 10 etc etc just as …
… me so. If I cannot be a good wife I have indeed neglected my 10 talents. 11 July 5th. …
… all the world to me to see him smile to hear his voice 10 years on how will it be when we are 50 …
… . 9 Richard Buckley Litchfield . 10 Bradshaw’s railway guide . …

Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad

Summary

At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…

Matches: 28 hits

… At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of …
… markedly, reflecting a decline in his already weak health. Darwin then began punctuating letters …
… am languid & bedeviled … & hate everybody’. Although Darwin did continue his botanical …
… letter-writing dwindled considerably. The correspondence and Darwin’s scientific work diminished …
… of the water-cure. The treatment was not effective and Darwin remained ill for the rest of the year. …
… the correspondence from the year. These letters illustrate Darwin’s preoccupation with the …
… to man’s place in nature both had a direct bearing on Darwin’s species theory and on the problem …
… detailed anatomical similarities between humans and apes, Darwin was full of praise. He especially …
… in expressing any judgment on Species or origin of man’. Darwin’s concern about the popular …
… Lyell’s and Huxley’s books. Three years earlier Darwin had predicted that Lyell’s forthcoming …
… (see Correspondence vol. 8, letter to Charles Lyell, 10 January [1860] ). In the same letter …
… first half of 1863 focused attention even more closely on Darwin’s arguments for species change. …
… ‘groan’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 6 March [1863] ). Darwin reiterated in a later letter that it …
… of creation, and the origin of species particularly, worried Darwin; he told Hooker that he had once …
… letter to J. D. Hooker, 24[–5] February [1863] ). Darwin did not relish telling Lyell of his …
… ( letter to Charles Lyell, 6 March [1863] ). Nevertheless, Darwin’s regret was profound that the …
… the ‘brutes’, but added that he would bring many towards Darwin who would have rebelled against …
… from Charles Lyell, 11 March 1863 ). The botanist Asa Gray, Darwin’s friend in the United States, …
… off ( see letter from Asa Gray, 20 April 1863 ). In May, Darwin responded to Gray that Lyell’s and …
… or Modification, ’. Faction fighting Darwin was not alone in feeling disaffected …
… sentence from the second edition of Antiquity of man (C. Lyell 1863b, p. 469), published in …
… had been published in 1862 (see Correspondence vol. 10 ). He sent a copy to Asa Gray to review in …
… of species, when crossed’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 10 [January 1863] ). He reminded Huxley again …
… Verbascum and Zea (see Correspondence vol. 10 , Appendix VI). However, when Evidence as …
… other acquired differences’ (see Correspondence vol. 10 , Appendix VI). In addition to crossing …
… orchid genus Acropera (see Correspondence vol. 10 ). Their 1863 letters reveal Darwin’s …
… very slowly recovering, but am very weak’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, [29 September? 1863] ). …
… Thomas’s Hospital, London ( letter from George Busk, [ c. 27 August 1863] ). Brinton, who …

Darwin in letters, 1856-1857: the 'Big Book'

Summary

In May 1856, Darwin began writing up his 'species sketch’ in earnest. During this period, his working life was completely dominated by the preparation of his 'Big Book', which was to be called Natural selection. Using letters are the main…

Matches: 28 hits

… On 14 May 1856, Charles Darwin recorded in his journal that he ‘Began by Lyell’s advice writing …
… more for the sake of priority than anything else—Darwin was reluctant to squeeze his expansive …
… Natural selection . Determined as he was to publish, Darwin nevertheless still felt cautious …
… specialist in Madeiran entomology, Thomas Vernon Wollaston. Darwin also came to rely on the caustic …
… in London. Natural Selection Not all of Darwin’s manuscript on species has been …
… of pigeons, poultry, and other domesticated animals. As Darwin explained to Lyell, his studies, …
… in nature ( letter from Charles Lyell, 1–2 May 1856, n. 10 ). He was surprised that no naturalist …
… can William Bernhard Tegetmeier continued to help Darwin acquire much of the material for …
… on domestic animals in India and elsewhere. William Darwin Fox supplied information about cats, dogs …
… mastiffs. The disparate facts were correlated and checked by Darwin, who adroitly used letters, …
… can.’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 8 February [1857] ). Darwin also attempted to test ideas …
… garden species with their wild congeners. Many of Darwin’s conclusions about the variation of …
… these chapters are not extant. It seems likely that Darwin used the manuscript when compiling The …
… or lost during the process. Before the publication of Darwin's correspondence from these years, …
… light on the role that these ideas were intended to play in Darwin’s formal exposition. …
… selection could not act without varieties to act upon, Darwin wanted to know where, how, and in what …
… Making the fullest possible use of his botanical friends, Darwin cross-examined them on different …
… and conditions of existence? One useful example that Darwin intended to include in his book was the …
… relatives. But a last-minute check with Hooker revealed that Darwin was mistaken: ‘You have shaved …
… was wrong ( letter to John Lubbock, 14 July [1857] ). Darwin thought his results showed that …
… than relinquish the results achieved after so much effort, Darwin began the whole laborious project …
… Such perseverance is perhaps the key to this period in Darwin’s life. He brought the same quality of …
… This was the origin and function of sex in nature. Darwin had always been intrigued by the …
… must occasionally be cross-fertilised by other individuals. Darwin sought information on this …
… request led Huxley to make a note for future reference, ‘Darwin, an absolute & eternal …
… not a bird be killed (by hawk, lightning, apoplexy, hail &c) with seeds in crop, & it would …
… eaten have grown well.’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 10 December [1856] ). His faith in his …
… and the preparation of his manuscript ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 1 May 1857 ) seem innocuous and …

Darwin in letters, 1860: Answering critics

Summary

On 7 January 1860, John Murray published the second edition of Darwin’s Origin of species, printing off another 3000 copies to satisfy the demands of an audience that surprised both the publisher and the author. It wasn't long, however, before ‘the…

Matches: 26 hits

… 7 January 1860, John Murray published the second edition of Darwin’s Origin of species , printing …
… surprised both the publisher and the author. One week later Darwin was stunned to learn that the …
… But it was the opinion of scientific men that was Darwin’s main concern. He eagerly scrutinised each …
… his views. ‘One cannot expect fairness in a Reviewer’, Darwin commented to Hooker after reading an …
… ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 3 January [1860] ). Darwin’s magnanimous attitude soon faded, …
… but ‘unfair’ reviews that misrepresented his ideas, Darwin began to feel that without the early …
… it was his methodological criticism in the accusation that Darwin had ‘deserted the inductive track, …
… to J. S. Henslow, 8 May [1860] ). Above all else Darwin prided himself on having developed a …
… was a hypothesis, not a theory, therefore also displeased Darwin. Comparing natural selection to the …
… it comes in time to be admitted as real.’ ( letter to C. J. F. Bunbury, 9 February [1860] ). This …
… issue of Macmillan’s Magazine . Fawcett asserted that Darwin’s theory accorded well with John …
… induction, ratiocination, and then verification. Darwin and his critics Specific …
… the origin of life itself, which the theory did not address. Darwin chose to treat this as an …
… things, about the multitude of still living simple forms. Darwin readily admitted that his failure …
… it into his method of reasoning about global change. Darwin also knew that Lyell was a powerful …
… of the origin and distribution of blind cave animals. Darwin attempted to answer each of these …
… to one another. Harvey’s letters reveal aspects of Darwin’s theory that gave contemporary …
… discomfort. After several long letters were exchanged, Darwin finally decided that Harvey and other …
… whose offspring should be infertile, inter se ,’ Darwin’s theory would remain unproven (T. H. …
… among animal groups could give rise to new species, Darwin found Huxley’s lecture irritating and …
… because more accustomed to reasoning As Darwin himself well recognised and fully …
… because more accustomed to reasoning.’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 18 May 1860 ). Darwin …
… form’, namely those of embryology ( letter to Asa Gray, 10 September [1860] ). Only his theory, he …
… with other animals’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 10 January [1860] )— he and others were well aware …
… views.—’ ( letter from J. S. Henslow to J. D. Hooker, 10 May 1860 ). What worried Darwin most …
… serve a purpose in Britain. He immediately wrote to Gray on 10 September after studying the first …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 28 hits

… In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to …
… (DAR 119) opens with five pages of text copied from Notebook C and carries on through 1851; the …
… used these notebooks extensively in dating and annotating Darwin’s letters; the full transcript …
… *128). For clarity, the transcript does not record Darwin’s alterations. The spelling and …
… book had been consulted. Those cases where it appears that Darwin made a genuine deletion have been …
… a few instances, primarily in the ‘Books Read’ sections, Darwin recorded that a work had been …
… of the books listed in the other two notebooks. Sometimes Darwin recorded that an abstract of the …
… own. Soon after beginning his first reading notebook, Darwin began to separate the scientific …
… the second reading notebook. Readers primarily interested in Darwin’s scientific reading, therefore, …
… to be Read [DAR *119: Inside Front Cover] C. Darwin June 1 st . 1838 …
… [DAR *119: 2v.] White’s regular gradation in man [C. White 1799] Lindley’s …
… 8 vo p 181 [Latreille 1819]. see p. 17 Note Book C. for reference to authors about E. Indian …
… Marcel de Serres Cavernes d’Ossements 7 th Ed. 10 8 vo . [Serres 1838] good to trace Europ. …
… in brutes Blackwood June 1838 [J. F. Ferrie 1838]. H. C. Watson on Geog. distrib: of Brit: …
… Wiegman has pub. German pamphlet on crossing oats &c [Wiegmann 1828] Horticultural …
… in Library of Hort. Soc. [DAR *119:5v.] M c .Neil 16 has written good article …
… on wheat [Le Couteur 1836] Bechstein on Caged Birds. 10 s 6 d . translated by Rennie …
… Soc read Prichards. Nat: History of Man. Bailliere. 1.10 [Prichard 1843] must be studied . …
… Des ). De leur Anatomie, Reproduction et Culture. 4to. Avec 10 planches. Amsterdam, 1768. 12 s . …
… [Fellows 1839] Catherine 48 Life of Collins R.A. [Collins 1848] Phases of Faith …
… G. Browne 1799]— well skimmed 1839 Jan 10 All life of W. Scott [Lockhart 1837–8] …
… Voyage of Kolff to the Molucca Sea [Kolff 1840] 10 th Surville-Marion [Crozet 1783]. …
… 1839]. References at end. chiefly on instincts 10 th . Blackwalls Researches in Zoology …
… 1839–40]. references at end.— Maer (June 10 to Nov. 14. 1840) Smellies Buffon 3 d …
… 1848. Memoirs of the life of William Collins, Esq., R.A. 2 vols. London. *119: 23; 119: …
… by Richard Owen. Vol. 4 of The works of John Hunter, F.R.S. with notes . Edited by James F. …
… Robert. 1843. Memoirs of the life of John Constable, R.A., composed chiefly of his letters. …
… Peacock, George. 1855. Life of Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S. London. *128: 172; 128: 21 …

Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute

Summary

Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…

Matches: 26 hits

… Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, …
… couple of months were needed to index the work, a task that Darwin handed over to someone else for …
… and animals ( Expression ), published in 1872. Although Darwin had been collecting material and …
… A global reputation The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly …
… who might best answer the questions, with the result that Darwin began to receive replies from …
… Variation would be based on proof-sheets received as Darwin corrected them. Closer to home, two …
… Charles Fleeming Jenkin, challenged different aspects of Darwin’s theory of transmutation as …
… orchids are fertilised by insects ( Orchids ). While Darwin privately gave detailed opinions of …
… capable hands of Alfred Russel Wallace. At the same time, Darwin was persuaded by some German …
… were becoming counterproductive. Throughout the year, Darwin continued to discuss now …
… in Germany, and Federico Delpino in Italy, who provided Darwin with the collegial support and …
… tedious dull work’ Thomas Henry Huxley sent Darwin the New Year’s greeting, ‘may you be …
… number of copies to be printed, and by the end of the month Darwin promised to send the revised …
… to John Murray, 31 January [1867] ). A week later, Darwin had sent the manuscript to the …
… Descent and Expression . In the same letter, Darwin revealed the conclusion to his newly …
… As the year progressed, the book continued to consume Darwin’s time. The first proof-sheets arrived …
… see your second volume on “The Struggle for Existence &c.” for I doubt if we have a sufficiency …
… “supplemental remarks on expression”’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, [12–17] March [1867] ). Darwin’s …
… aviary to see whether this was the case ( letter from A. R. Wallace, 24 February [1867] ). He also …
… level. In his response to Wallace ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 26 February [1867] ), Darwin defended …
… to the work I shall find it much better done by you than I c d have succeeded in doing’ ( letter …
… I have not a word to say against it but such a view c d hardly come into a scientific book’ ( …
… of the hostile kind’ ( letter to Charles Kingsley, 10 June [1867] ). Kingsley himself had remarked …
… beaks shorter than average’ ( letter to Charles Kingsley, 10 June [1867] ). Typically, …
… Wallace published a long article, ‘Creation by law’ (A. R. Wallace 1867c), which responded to Jenkin …
… letters about Variation . Darwin wrote to Carus on 10 December , informing him of errors …

Women’s scientific participation

Summary

Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…

Matches: 22 hits

… | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a …
… community. Here is a selection of letters exchanged between Darwin and his workforce of women …
… Women: Letter 1194 - Darwin to Whitby, M. A. T., [12 August 1849] Darwin …
… peculiarities in inheritance. Letter 3787 - Darwin, H. E. to Darwin, [29 October …
… in her garden. Letter 4523 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [6 June 1864] …
… . Letter 5745 - Barber, M. E. to Darwin, [after February 1867] Mary Barber …
… Egypt. Letter 7223 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., [8 June 1867 - 72] Darwin …
… Henrietta. Letter 7179 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [5 May 1870] …
… the wallpaper. Letter 5756 - Langton, E. & C. to Wedgwood S. E., [after 9 …
… Letter 1701 - Morris, M. H. to Prior, R. C. A., [17 June 1855] Margaretta Hare Morris …
… in Llandudno. Letter 4823 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, H. E., [May 1865] …
… Letter 8144 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., [5 January 1872] Darwin asks his niece, …
… Lychnis diurna. Letter 8168 - Ruck, A. R . to Darwin, H., [20 January 1872] …
… lawn. Letter 8224 - Darwin to Ruck, A. R., [24 February 1872] Darwin …
… Letter 9606 - Harrison, L. C. to Darwin, [22 August 1874] Darwin’s niece, Lucy, …
… Letter 385 - Wedgwood, S. E. & J. to Darwin, [10 November 1837] Emma’s sister, …
… Letter 1701 - Morris, M. H. to Prior, R. C. A., [17 June 1855] Margaretta Hare Morris …
… garden ”. Letter 6083 - Casparay, J. X. R. to Darwin, [2 April 1868] …
… the future. Letter 4038 - Darwin to Lyell, C., [12-13 March 1863] Darwin …
… . Several reviewers speak of the “lucid, vigorous style, &c.” for which he owes her a great debt …
… Letter 7858 - Darwin to Wa llace, A. R., [12 July 1871] Darwin tells Wallace that …
… Letter 347 - Darwin to Whewell, W., [10 March 1837] Darwin seeks to decline the …

Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small

Summary

In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…

Matches: 24 hits

… In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous …
… for scientific colleagues or their widows facing hardship. Darwin had suffered from poor health …
… of his scientific friends quickly organised a campaign for Darwin to have greater public recognition …
… Botanical observation and experiment had long been Darwin’s greatest scientific pleasure. The year …
… to Fritz Müller, 4 January 1882 ). These were topics that Darwin had been investigating for years, …
… working at the effects of Carbonate of Ammonia on roots,’ Darwin wrote, ‘the chief result being that …
… contents, if immersed for some hours in a weak solution of C. of Ammonia’. Darwin’s interest in root …
… London on 6 and 16 March, respectively. In January, Darwin corresponded with George John …
… letter from Arthur de Souza Corrêa, 28 December 1881 ). Darwin had a long-running interest in such …
… experiments had been conducted to lend support to Darwin’s theory of pangenesis (see …
… He was eager to write up the results on Brazilian cane, with Darwin providing a detailed outline: ‘I …
… at the Linnean Society on 4 May, but not published. Darwin carried on with botanical work in …
… which are asymmetric, thus facilitating cross-fertilisation. Darwin’s aim, he said, was just to …
… 3 April 1882 ). Earthworms and evolution Darwin’s last book, Earthworms , had been …
… Appendix V). The conservative Quarterly Review , owned by Darwin’s publisher John Murray, carried …
… our homes, would in this case greatly suffer’ ( letter to C. A. Kennard, 9 January 1882 ). Kennard …
… judged, intellectually his inferior, please ( letter from C. A. Kennard, 28 January 1882 ). …
… dull aching in the chest’ (Emma Darwin to G. H. Darwin, [ c . 28 March 1882] (DAR 210.3: 45)). …
… ‘ slight attack’ (Darwin pocket diary, 1882, 6, 7, 10 April 1882). Some days he was able to walk …
… 20 years, & it is a consolation to me to think that the last 10 or 12 years were the happiest …
… in tenderness’ (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, 10 May 1882 (DAR 219.1: 150)). …
… to some Estancia,’ wrote Hughes, ‘as the scenery &c. will amply repay your trouble’ ( letter …
… where he had witnessed an earthquake in 1835 ( letter from R. E. Alison, [March–July 1835 ]). …
… will be months before I am able to work’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, [ c . 10 April 1864] ). To …

List of correspondents

Summary

Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. Click on a name to see the letters Darwin exchanged with that correspondent. "A child of God" (1) Abberley,…

Matches: 12 hits

… Below is a list of Darwin's correspondents with the number of letters for each one. …
… (12) Agassiz, Louis (10) Agent for Mr Allen …
… Arruda Furtado, Francisco d’ (10) Ashburner, Lionel (1) …
… (1) Babbage, Charles (10) Babington, C. C. …
… (1) Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte …
… (1) Covington, Syms (10) Cowper-Temple, W. F. …
… Dareste, Camille (9) Darwin family (1) …
… (9) Errera, L. A. (10) Erskine, H. N. B. …
… (13) Forbes, Edward (10) Forbes, J. D. …
… François de Chaumont, F. S. B. (10) Fraser, George (3) …
… (1) Gosse, P. H. (10) Goubert, E. M. J. M. P. …
… (1) Harcourt, E. W. V. (10) Hardwicke’s …

Darwin in letters, 1872: Job done?

Summary

'My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, 'is so nearly closed. . . What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’, and the tenor of his correspondence throughout the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye…

Matches: 27 hits

… ‘My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, ‘is so nearly closed. . . What little …
… of On the origin of species , intended to be Darwin’s last, and of Expression of the …
… books brought a strong if deceptive sense of a job now done: Darwin intended, he declared to Alfred …
… on 'so difficult a subject, as evolution’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 27 July [1872] ). …
… of books and papers, and the latter formed the subject of Darwin’s last book, The formation of …
… worms , published in the year before his death. Despite Darwin’s declared intention to take up new …
… begun many years before. In his private life also, Darwin was in a nostalgic frame of mind, …
… The last word on Origin The year opened with Darwin, helped by his eldest son William, …
… on 30 January , shortly after correcting the proofs, and Darwin’s concern for the consolidation of …
… and sixth editions were costly to incorporate, and despite Darwin’s best efforts, set the final …
… remained unpublished at the end of the year ( letter from C.-F. Reinwald, 23 November 1872 ). …
… to bring out the new edition in the United States, Darwin arranged with Murray to have it …
… had to be reset. The investment in stereotype reinforced Darwin’s intention to make no further …
… A worsening breach The criticisms against which Darwin had taken the greatest trouble to …
… objections to the theory of natural selection’, Darwin refuted point by point assertions published …
… Whale & duck most beautiful’ ( letter from A. R. Wallace, 3 March 1872 ). I …
… `in another world’ ( letter from St G. J. Mivart, 10 January 1872 ). Darwin, determined to have …
… `chiefly perhaps because I do it badly’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 3 August [1872] ). …
… from his ignorance, he feels no doubts’ ( letter to F. C. Donders, 17 June 1872 ). Right up to the …
… Charlton Bastian’s recent book on the origin of life (H. C. Bastian 1872; Wallace 1872d) left him …
… & new views which are daily turning up’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 28 August [1872] ). …
… Lord Sackville Cecil, to attend a séance ( letter from M. C. Stanley, 4 June 1872 ). There was …
… you agreed to let them have it for love!!!’ ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 1 August 1872 ). It …
… & have not taken care of ourselves’ ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 20 November 1872 ). A …
… gift, although he doubted he would ever use it ( letter to C. L. Dodgson, 10 December 1872 ). …
… try `with straight blunt knitting needle’ ( letter to L. C. Wedgwood, 5 January [1872] ) to …
… to which any scientific man can look’ ( letter to F. C. Donders, 29 April [1872] ). …

Darwin in letters, 1880: Sensitivity and worms

Summary

‘My heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old Shrewsbury friend Henry Johnson on 14 November 1880. Darwin became fully devoted to earthworms in the spring of the year, just after finishing the manuscript of…

Matches: 22 hits

… heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old …
… to adapt to varying conditions. The implications of Darwin’s work for the boundary between animals …
… studies of animal instincts by George John Romanes drew upon Darwin’s early observations of infants, …
… of evolution and creation. Many letters flowed between Darwin and his children, as he took delight …
… Financial support for science was a recurring issue, as Darwin tried to secure a Civil List pension …
… with Samuel Butler, prompted by the publication of Erasmus Darwin the previous year. …
… Charles Harrison Tindal, sent a cache of letters from two of Darwin’s grandfather’s clerical friends …
… divines to see a pig’s body opened is very amusing’, Darwin replied, ‘& that about my …
… registry offices, and produced a twenty-page history of the Darwin family reaching back to the …
… the world’ ( letter from J. L. Chester, 3 March 1880 ). Darwin’s sons George and Leonard also …
… and conciliate a few whose ancestors had not featured in Darwin’s Life . ‘In an endeavour to …
… think I must pay a round of visits.’ One cousin, Reginald Darwin, warmed to George: ‘he had been …
… an ordinary mortal who could laugh’ ( letter from W. E. Darwin to Charles and Emma Darwin, 22 July …
… by anticipation the position I have taken as regards D r Erasmus Darwin in my book Evolution old …
… to the end’, added her husband Richard ( letter from R. B. Litchfield, 1 February 1880 ). Even the …
… shake their heads in the same dismal manner as you & M r . Murray did, when I told them my …
… had worked on the nerves of marine animals, suggested on 10 December that Darwin try experiments …
… in a book about beetles the impressive words “captured by C. Darwin”. … This seemed to me glory …
… ‘but the subject has amused me’ ( letter to W. C. McIntosh, 18 June 1880 ). Members of the family …
… Association were received in the drawing room and veranda on 10 July. According to the report of the …
… great doctrines …“Come of Age”‘ ( letter from W. C. Williamson to Emma Darwin, 2 September 1880 ). …
… his voice as clearly as if he were present’ (letters to C. W. Fox, 29 March 1880 and 10 [April …

Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia

Summary

Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…

Matches: 25 hits

… Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed …
… , it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet when this study …
… anomalous. Moreover, as the letters in this volume suggest, Darwin’s study of cirripedes, far from …
… classification using the most recent methods available, Darwin was able to provide a thorough …
… his views on the species question (Crisp 1983). Darwin’s interest in invertebrate zoology …
… Robert Edmond Grant. In his Autobiography (pp. 49–50), Darwin recalled: ‘Drs. Grant and …
… numerous references to the ova of various invertebrates, and Darwin’s first scientific paper, …
… marine organisms was exercised during the Beagle voyage. Darwin expressed his current enthusiasm …
… earlier researches in Edinburgh on the ova of invertebrates, Darwin was particularly well prepared …
… In 1835, in the Chonos Archipelago off the coast of Chile, Darwin found ‘most curious’ minute …
… In the zoological notes made during the Beagle voyage, Darwin recorded: ‘The thick shell of some …
… the absence of a shell and its unusual parasitic nature, Darwin recognised that it differed greatly …
… Such a revaluation had not been undertaken when, in 1846, Darwin began to examine several …
… of as many genera as I could procure.’ For fourteen months Darwin pursued an anatomical study of …
… British Museum and himself a cirripede expert, suggested to Darwin that he prepare a monograph of …
… and advised him on procuring other collections. At the time Darwin committed himself to this study, …
… such questions as yours,—whether number of species &c &c should enter as an element in …
… from common stocks— In this view all relations of analogy &c &c &, consist of those …
… metamorphoses, as we shall see presently in Hippoboscus &c states that in Crust, antennæ & …
… 1852) or elevating it to a separate class altogether (R. Owen 1855). Milne-Edwards and Owen also …
… as a distinct class between the Crustacea and the Annelida (R. Owen 1855).^7^ Darwin, however, with …
… addressed how it related to his species theory. On 10 May 1848 , Darwin wrote: I …
… spirits Every cirriped that I dissect I preserve the jaws &c. &c. in this manner, which …
… undergoing further development.— ^10 ^ Proteolepas has recently been claimed as a …
… CD’s specimen has remained unique. (The editors thank Drs R. W. Ingle and G. Boxshall of the British …

Darwin Correspondence Project

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