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Francis Galton
Summary
Galton was a naturalist, statistician, and evolutionary theorist. He was a second cousin of Darwin’s, having descended from his grandfather, Erasmus. Born in Birmingham in 1822, Galton studied medicine at King’s College, London, and also read mathematics…
Matches: 10 hits
- … Galton was a naturalist, statistician, and evolutionary theorist. He was a …
- … from his grandfather, Erasmus. Born in Birmingham in 1822, Galton studied medicine at King’s College …
- … completing a natural historical narrative of the journey (Galton 1853). Darwin enjoyed and admired …
- … animals in Africa. On receiving a copy of Origin , Galton remarked that reading the book was like …
- … hypothesis of pangenesis in Variation (1868), Galton began a series of experiments on rabbits to …
- … he wrote on 26 April 1870 . In the following year, Galton delivered a paper to the Royal Society …
- … hereditary material to be transmitted through the blood. Galton resumed his experiments with …
- … organs, isolated from the effects of environment or habit. Galton shared his views in several …
- … sought help from his mathematician son George, who shared Galton’s more statistical approach to …
- … in human achievement. In response to a questionnaire that Galton prepared for his book English men …
Darwin in letters, 1872: Job done?
Summary
'My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, 'is so nearly closed. . . What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’, and the tenor of his correspondence throughout the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye…
Matches: 5 hits
- … more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’ ( letter to Francis Galton, 8 November [1872] ), and the …
- … drawings shortly afterwards ( letter from Samuel Butler to Francis Darwin, [before 30 May 1872] , …
- … the claims of spiritualists, and Darwin, through his cousin Francis Galton, had with some interest …
- … however, incorporated in the second edition, produced by Francis Darwin after his father’s death. …
- … new name on the list of volunteers: by the beginning of May, Francis Darwin, the Darwins’ third son, …
St George Jackson Mivart
Summary
In the second half of 1874, Darwin’s peace was disturbed by an anonymous article in the Quarterly Review suggesting that his son George was opposed to the institution of marriage and in favour of ‘unrestrained licentiousness’. Darwin suspected, correctly,…
Matches: 17 hits
- … In 1874, the Catholic zoologist St George Jackson Mivart caused Darwin and his son …
- … reproductive choices would have an effect on future society. Francis Galton had written about the …
- … appeared to have created very little stir, until, in July 1874, Mivart published an anonymous review …
- … of the Quarterly ( letter from G. H. Darwin, 29 July 1874 ). Darwin hastily advised against …
- … to wish to circulate ( letter to G. H. Darwin, 1 August [1874] ). Darwin provided a draft of the …
- … to endorse them ( letter from G. H. Darwin, 5 August 1874 ). He sent a second draft, which Darwin …
- … a fair copy of his letter with his letter of 6 [August] 1874 . George and Darwin were also …
- … George’s letter to Murray with his letter of 11 August 1874 , and was no doubt relieved to …
- … to all he asked ( letter from John Murray, 12 August 1874 ). In October, George’s letter …
- … a Pickwickian sense’ ( letter to John Murray, 18 October 1874 ). In other words, Mivart had used …
- … reaction was savage ( letter to G. H. Darwin, [6 December 1874] ). Hooker and Huxley between them …
- … the attack on George ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 December 1874 ). Huxley met Mivart at an evening …
- … ( Enclosure to letter from J. D. Hooker, 21 December 1874 .) A reply soon came from Mivart . …
- … of a gentleman’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 23 December 1874 ). However, Huxley still wrote to …
- … this. 124 Gower St W.C. Dec. 24th 1874. Private & Confidential …
- … to John Tyndall ( letter from John Tyndall, 28 December 1874 , and letter from J. D. Hooker, 29 …
- … 16 January 1875, p. 66, signed, ‘The Quarterly Reviewer of 1874’. In it he reiterated his claim that …
Animals, ethics, and the progress of science
Summary
Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…
Matches: 9 hits
- … encounter with vivisection came in 1870-71 when his cousin Francis Galton undertook a long series of …
- … particles (‘gemmules’) dispersed throughout the body. Galton acquired different breeds of rabbits …
- … surgically joining the bodies of different breeds together. Galton reported regularly to Darwin on …
- … his theory to apply to plants. He added, however that Galton’s experiments were ‘extremely curious’, …
- … ( letter to Nature , [before 27 April 1871] ). When Galton could no longer look after the …
- … the poor creatures a home at Down, only to return them to Galton as required for further cross …
- … however, and he advised against repeating the procedures of Galton: With respect to your …
- … can be chloroformed (letter to G. J. Romanes, 27 December 1874 ). In the previous sections …
- … To bring more solidarity to the field, Darwin’s son Francis, and a number of his close colleagues …
Darwin in letters, 1878: Movement and sleep
Summary
In 1878, Darwin devoted most of his attention to the movements of plants. He investigated the growth pattern of roots and shoots, studying the function of specific organs in this process. Working closely with his son Francis, Darwin devised a series of…
Matches: 22 hits
- … organs in this process. Working closely with his son Francis, Darwin devised a series of experiments …
- … of most advanced plant laboratories in Europe. While Francis was away, Darwin delighted in …
- … (see Movement in plants , pp. 112–13). He explained to Francis on 2 July : ‘I go on maundering …
- … out that he missed sensitiveness of apex’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, [11 May 1878] ). …
- … the bassoon & apparently more by a high than a low note.’ Francis apparently played the musical …
- … on plant movement were intensely collaborative, with Francis playing a more active role than ever. …
- … exchanged when they were apart. At the start of June, Francis left to work at Sach’s laboratory in …
- … ( letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 18 June [1878] ). While Francis was away, Darwin sent regular …
- … to talk to, about my work, I scribble to you ( letter to Francis Darwin, 7 [July 1878] ). Two …
- … is horrid not having you to discuss it with’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, 20 [July 1878] ). …
- … topics and dictating experimental method and design. Francis seems to have been allowed to work more …
- … cells of oats to determine whether they had chlorophyll, Francis reported ( letter from Francis …
- … that could not easily be obtained at Down House, but Francis thought Horace’s abilities were a match …
- … well made.’ (Jemmy or Jim was Horace’s nickname.) Francis was occasionally struck by Sachs’s …
- … every day & never the bedded out one’ ( letter from Francis Darwin, [after 7 July 1878] ). …
- … to dismiss work that contradicted his own. Darwin asked Francis to test the results of the Polish …
- … borrowed Cieselski & read him,’ he reported ( letter from Francis Darwin, [22 June 1878] ). …
- … style, Sachs seems to have been a very supportive mentor to Francis and even extended a kind of …
- … which is here the cure for all evils’ ( letter from Francis Darwin, [24 and 25 July 1878] ). …
- … the family are here & all adoring Bernard’, he wrote to Francis on 7 July . ‘Bernard is very …
- … the right’ and referred him to recent work by Francis Galton on selective breeding. He still thought …
- … and an earlier effort to promote his scheme at the 1874 meeting of the British Association in …
Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life
Summary
1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…
Matches: 22 hits
- … 2490 games’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876 ). Francis Darwin, happily established in Down …
- … the first member of the next generation of the family, with Francis and Amy’s child expected in …
- … beloved daughter-in-law and relief from his anxiety about Francis. By the end of the year there was …
- … Mivart made a slanderous attack on George Darwin in late 1874 in an anonymous article, which …
- … Darwin reassured his close friend Joseph Hooker that he and Francis would attend the meeting. Darwin …
- … subject takes an opposite line’. Although he conceded that Francis had the best of an argument with …
- … to propose the young rising star of Cambridge morphology, Francis Maitland Balfour, for fellowship …
- … of the earliest available commercial models of typewriter. Francis Darwin and his wife, Amy, …
- … point, and he was reliant on his son George and cousin Francis Galton for the calculations. ‘I have …
- … in their research. He revelled in the praise heaped on Francis by George Henry Lewes for an article …
- … chemical pycrotoxine in vivisection experiments ( letter to Francis Darwin, [1 May 1876] ). Darwin …
- … 2 May [1876] ). Darwin even cautioned the otherwise healthy Francis, ‘Take care and do not overwork …
- … first time to a large and healthy boy, the son of Amy and Francis. Just four days later, Darwin had …
- … son William sought comfort. He expressed his anxiety that Francis was too young to care for the baby …
- … a practical stoicism in the face of death, and it was Francis’s mother-in-law, Mary Anne Ruck, who …
- … (DAR 219.9: 138)). But Mary Anne Ruck’s ability to console Francis after Amy’s death gained Emma’s …
- … equal ‘for goodness & kindness of heart’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, 16 September [1876] ). …
- … absorbing would soon be required, but feared that Francis would be unable to resume his …
- … Darwin received Hooker’s condolences on 13 September , Francis had left Down. Amy was buried in …
- … plans were set in motion to extend the house to accommodate Francis, and Darwin continued his own …
- … Hackels bellowing at us yesterday very well’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, 27 [September 1876] ). …
- … Darwin on 29 September (DAR 239.23: 151). By the time Francis returned to Down in late October, Emma …
Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 9 hits
- … ( To Fritz Müller, 25 September 1873 ). But by March 1874, some doubts seemed to have arisen when …
- … with new & related matter. ( To J. V. Carus, 19 March [1874] ). A year later, Darwin still …
- … 8 January 1876] ). It was his cousin, the statistician Francis Galton, who provided a statistical …
- … to publish the report in the introduction to the book ( To Francis Galton, 13 January [1876] ). …
- … 6 June 1876] ). The project proved to be too complex and Francis Darwin later recalled, ‘the …
- … birth of Darwin’s first grandchild, a son born to Amy and Francis Darwin on 7 September, suddenly …
- … if, as I expect, you find it too much for you’ ( To Francis Darwin, 16 September [1876] ). Francis …
- … have accepted all, though some slightly modified’ ( To Francis Darwin, 20 September [1876] ). …
- … ‘Your corrections are very good & very useful’ ( To Francis Darwin 25 September [1876] ). …
Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings
Summary
‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…
Matches: 15 hits
- … attack upon Darwin’s son George, in an anonymous review in 1874 (see Correspondence vol. 22, …
- … had also considered taking up the issue with Murray in 1874, even threatening to break off future …
- … laid to rest, another controversy was brewing. In December 1874, Darwin had been asked to sign a …
- … Darwin had become acquainted with Klein when his son Francis was studying medicine in London. Klein …
- … botanical research and had visited Down House in April 1874 (see Correspondence vol. 22, letters …
- … A scientific friendship had developed between the men in 1874, and this was enhanced by Romanes’s …
- … white’ ( letter from G. J. Romanes, [before 4 November 1874] ). Testing Pangenesis …
- … performed on animals in previous years by Darwin’s cousin Francis Galton. These had been …
- … manuscripts and proofs, Darwin now relied heavily on his son Francis, who had made the decision in …
- … wrote, ‘I beg ten thousand pardon & more’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, [ c . February 1875?] …
- … plants , and moved on to Variation 2d ed., Francis signed himself, ‘Your affect son … the …
- … 219.1: 89). The most eminent of Darwin’s guests was Francis, duke of Teck, a German prince …
- … Darwin could not keep up, and on 22 July , he had Francis reply: ‘My Father desires me to say …
- … on 2 December, the same meeting at which Romanes and Francis Darwin were made fellows. But Thiselton …
- … had learned of Lyell’s failing health from Hooker in 1874 and January 1875. On 22 February, he was …
3.8 Leonard Darwin, interior photo
Summary
< Back to Introduction Leonard Darwin, who created the distinctive image of his father sitting on the verandah at Down House, also portrayed him as a melancholy philosopher. His head, brightly lit from above, emerges from the enveloping darkness; he…
Matches: 3 hits
4.16 Joseph Simms, physiognomy
Summary
< Back to Introduction In September 1874, the American doctor Joseph Simms, then on a three-year lecture tour of Britain, sent Darwin a copy of his book, Nature’s Revelations of Character; Or, Physiognomy Illustrated. He was seeking a public…
Matches: 4 hits
- … < Back to Introduction In September 1874, the American doctor Joseph Simms, then on a …
- … notions. Some members of Darwin’s circle, notably Francis Galton and James Paget, certainly credited …
- … [1861] (DCP-LETT-3256]. Simms’s letter to Darwin, 14 Sept. 1874 (DCP-LETT-9637; from DAR 177:164). …
- … Lavater (London: F. Pitman and Joseph Poole, 1885), p. 20. Francis Darwin (ed.), The Life and …
Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small
Summary
In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…
Matches: 9 hits
- … at an early age was encouraged by Darwin. He wrote to Francis: ‘I say nothing about the loss to …
- … a small tribute of respect’ (letter from John Lubbock to Francis Darwin, 20 April 1882 (DAR 215: 10n …
- … of ice dams causing glacial lakes was presented by Thomas Francis Jamieson in a paper to the …
- … father confessor. ( Letter from Charles Lyell, 1 September 1874 .) Darwin’s fame continued …
- … Darwin’s views on eugenics, a term coined by his cousin Francis Galton, were mixed, partly owing to …
- … years of Darwin’s life show his increasing attachment to Francis, as father and son worked together …
- … no one to talk to, I scribble this to you’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, [1 August 1878] ). …
- … from Charlotte Papé, 16 July 1875 ). She now addressed Francis, who could best appreciate the …
- … and nothing too small’ (letter from Charlotte Papé to Francis Darwin, 21 April 1882, DAR 215: 7k). …
Darwin’s reading notebooks
Summary
In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…
Matches: 28 hits
- … are not found listed here. The description given by Francis Darwin of his father’s method of …
- … Darwin Library (AC.34). Darwin’s books were bequeathed to Francis Darwin, who, in 1908, gave all but …
- … to be available to scholars using the archive. Books that Francis Darwin had kept were left to his …
- … 1828] 31 An analysis of British Ferns. G. W. Francis 4 s [Francis 1837]— plates of …
- … Vol 2 & 3. } 20 th . Galtons Tour in S. Africa [Galton 1853] good Aug 23. Moore …
- … Smith life [S. Smith 1855] Galtons Art of Travelling [Galton 1855] March 13 th 2 d …
- … work is listed again on p. [22]. 44 Probably Francis Boott. 45 Edward …
- … Africa . London. *119: 18v.; 119: 14a Bacon, Francis. 1825–36. The works of Francis …
- … design . (Bridgewater Treatise no. 4.) London. [9th ed. (1874) in Darwin Library.] 119: 5a …
- … ed. London. [Darwin Library.] 128: 12 Castelnau, Francis, Comte de. 1846. M. de Castelnau …
- … of Linnæus . n.p. 119: 4a Davis, John Francis. 1852. China, during war and since …
- … the Second. London. [Other eds.] 119: 17b Francis, George William. 1837. An analysis …
- … of J. Galt . 2 vols. London. 119: 21b Galton, Francis. 1853. The narrative of an …
- … Cowper . 4 vols. London. 119: 5a Head, Francis Bond. 1834. Bubbles from the Brunnens …
- … Leonard, ed. 1843. Memoirs and correspondence of Francis Horner. Edited by Leonard Horner. 2 …
- … . Boston. [Other eds.] *119: 18v. [Jeffrey, Francis]. 1811. Alison on taste. Edinburgh …
- … Library.] 128: 6 Jones, George. 1849. Sir Francis Chantrey; recollections of his …
- … . 2 vols. London. [Other eds.] 119: 2a Larpent, Francis Seymour. 1853. The private …
- … [Darwin Library.] 119: 9a Macclintock, Francis Leopold. 1859. The voyage of the …
- … [Darwin Library.] *128: 149 Napier, William Francis Patrick. 1828–40. History of the …
- … [Other eds.] *119: 23; 128: 5 Napier, William Francis Patrick. 1857. The life and …
- … Weimar. [Darwin Library.] 128: 12 [Newman, Francis William]. 1847. A history of the …
- … North, Roger. 1826. The lives of the Right Hon. Francis North, Baron Guildford, … the Hon. Sir …
- … A. Tulk. London: Ray Society. 119: 20a Oliphant, Francis Romano. 1859. Narrative of the …
- … of Vienna by the Turks . Translated from the German by Francis Leveson Gower [afterwards …
- … [Abstract in DAR 91: 5.] *119: 5v. Smedley, Francis Edward. [1854–6]. Harry Coverdale’s …
- … . London. *128: 178; 128: 9 Stephens, James Francis. 1827–46. Illustrations of British …
- … eds.] *128: 161 Thurstan, Henry J. pseud . (Francis Turner Palgrave). 1858. The …
Women as a scientific audience
Summary
Target audience? | Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those exchanged with his editors and publisher, reveal a lot about his intended audience. Regardless of whether or not women were deliberately targeted as a…
