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Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad

Summary

At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…

Matches: 21 hits

… At the start of 1863 , Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation …
… markedly, reflecting a decline in his already weak health. Darwin then began punctuating letters …
… letter-writing dwindled considerably. The correspondence and Darwin’s scientific work diminished …
… of the water-cure. The treatment was not effective and Darwin remained ill for the rest of the year. …
… of man and his history' The first five months of 1863 contain the bulk of the …
… to man’s place in nature both had a direct bearing on Darwin’s species theory and on the problem …
… put it in a letter to J. D. Hooker of 24[–5] February [1863 ] . When Huxley’s book described the …
… anything grander’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 26 [February 1863 ] ). In the same letter, he gave his …
… in expressing any judgment on Species or origin of man’. Darwin’s concern about the popular …
… Lyell’s and Huxley’s books. Three years earlier Darwin had predicted that Lyell’s forthcoming …
… origins was further increased by the discovery in March 1863 of the Moulin-Quignon jaw, the first …
… first half of 1863 focused attention even more closely on Darwin’s arguments for species change. …
… seen how indignant all Owen’s lies and mean conduct about E. Columbi made me… . The case is come to …
… sentence from the second edition of Antiquity of man (C. Lyell 1863b, p. 469), published in …
… this subject seems to get rarer & rarer’ ( letter to H. W. Bates, 18 April [1863 ] ), …
… for the Natural History Review ( see letter to H. W. Bates, 12 January [1863 ] ). Darwin added …
… Copley Medal had been unsuccessful ( see letter from E. A. Darwin to Emma Darwin, 11 November [1863 …
… on the bookcase and around the head of the sofa ( letter to W. E. Darwin, [25 July 1863 ], and …
… very slowly recovering, but am very weak’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, [29 September? 1863 ] ). …
… was hidden by overgrown trees and shrubs ( see letter from W. D. Fox, 7 September [1863 ] ). Emma …
… Thomas’s Hospital, London ( letter from George Busk, [ c. 27 August 1863 ] ). Brinton, who …

Women’s scientific participation

Summary

Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…

Matches: 21 hits

… | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a …
… community. Here is a selection of letters exchanged between Darwin and his workforce of women …
… Women: Letter 1194 - Darwin to Whitby, M. A. T., [12 August 1849] Darwin …
… peculiarities in inheritance. Letter 3787 - Darwin, H. E. to Darwin, [29 October …
… in her garden. Letter 4523 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [6 June 1864] …
… officinalis . Letter 5745 - Barber, M. E. to Darwin, [after February 1867] …
… Egypt. Letter 7223 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., [8 June 1867 - 72] Darwin …
… 6535 - Vaughan Williams , M. S. to Darwin, H. E., [after 14 October 1869] Darwin’s …
… Henrietta. Letter 7179 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [5 May 1870] …
… Letter 4242 - Hildebrand, F. H. G. to Darwin, [16 July 1863 ] Hildebrand writes to …
… the wallpaper. Letter 5756 - Langton, E. & C. to Wedgwood S. E., [after 9 …
… Letter 1701 - Morris, M. H. to Prior, R. C. A., [17 June 1855] Margaretta Hare Morris …
… Letter 4235 - Becker, L. E. to Darwin, [8 July 1863 ] Lydia Becker sends Darwin a …
… Lychnis diurna. Letter 8168 - Ruck, A. R . to Darwin, H., [20 January 1872] …
… lawn. Letter 8224 - Darwin to Ruck, A. R., [24 February 1872] Darwin …
… Himalaya and Tibet. Letter 4139 - Darwin, W. E. to Darwin, [4 May 1863 ] …
… Letter 1701 - Morris, M. H. to Prior, R. C. A., [17 June 1855] Margaretta Hare Morris …
… detail. Family letter: Darwin, E. to Darwin, W. E., [January 23rd 1887]: Emma …
… of his garden. Letter 4233 - Tegetmeier, W. B. to Darwin, [29 June - 7 July 1863 ] …
… garden ”. Letter 6083 - Casparay, J. X. R. to Darwin, [2 April 1868] …
… and edited by “a lady”. Darwin, E. to Darwin, W. E. , (March, 1862 - DAR 219.1:49) …

Science, Work and Manliness

Summary

Discussion Questions|Letters In 1859, popular didactic writer William Landels published the first edition of what proved to be one of his best-selling works, How Men Are Made. "It is by work, work, work" he told his middle class audience, …

Matches: 10 hits

… In describing what they did using the language of labour, Darwin and his male colleagues asserted …
… 1. Which elements of the scientific process do Darwin and his male correspondents tend to …
… another's scientific work? How does this differ from how Darwin praised women's work ? …
… Letters Letter 282 - Darwin to Fox, W. D., [9 - 12 August 1835] Darwin …
… thinking and hammering”. Letter 1533 - Darwin to Dana, J. D., [27 September 1853] …
… the labour bestowed on it are “really surprising” and Darwin hopes that Dana’s health withstood the …
… labour and patience”. Letter 4262 - Darwin to Gray, A., [4 August 1863] Darwin …
… which was “no slight labour”. Letter 3901 - Darwin to Falconer, H., [5 & 6 January …
… worked out paper on which Falconer has worked very hard. Darwin hopes that Falconer’s extreme labour …
… arrange facts. Letter 8153 - Darwin to Darwin, W. E., [9 January 1872] Darwin …

Scientific Networks

Summary

Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…

Matches: 13 hits

… activities for building and maintaining such connections. Darwin's networks extended from his …
… when strong institutional structures were largely absent. Darwin had a small circle of scientific …
… section contains two sets of letters. The first is between Darwin and his friend Kew botanist J. D. …
… about Hooker’s thoughts. Letter 729 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., [11 Jan 1844] …
… is like confessing a murder”. Letter 736 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 23 Feb [1844 …
… of wide-ranging species to wide-ranging genera. Darwin and Gray Letter 1674 …
… species. Letter 1685 — Gray, Asa to Darwin, C. R., 22 May 1855 Gray recalled …
… flora in the USA. Letter 2125 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 20 July [1857] Darwin …
… information exchange. Letter 1202 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 6 Oct [1848] …
… forms of address and acknowledgement. Darwin and W. B. Tegetmeier Letter 1751 — …
… Letter 4170 — Becker, Lydia to Darwin, C. R., 18 May 1863 This is a very formal letter …
… Letter 4258 — Becker, Lydia to Darwin, C. R., 31 July [1863 ] Becker has found seeds produced …
… . Letter 4260a — Darwin, C. R. to Becker, L. E., 2 Aug [1863 ] Darwin thanks Lydia …

Referencing women’s work

Summary

Darwin's correspondence shows that women made significant contributions to Darwin's work, but whether and how they were acknowledged in print involved complex considerations of social standing, professional standing, and personal preference.…

Matches: 16 hits

… Darwin's correspondence shows that women made significant contributions to Darwin's work, …
… set of selected letters is followed by letters relating to Darwin's 1881 publication …
… throughout Variation . Letter 2395 - Darwin to Holland, Miss, [April 1860] …
… anonymised and masculinised. Letter 3316 - Darwin to Nevill, D. F., [12 November …
… Nevill is referenced by name for her “kindness” in Darwin’s Fertilisation of Orchids . …
… science critic. Letter 4370 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [April - May 1865] …
… as “friends in Surrey”. Letter 4794 - Darwin to Lyell, C., [25 March 1865] …
… to state that the information was “received through Sir C. Lyell” or received from “Miss. B”. …
… Letter 7223 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., [9 June 1867 - 72] Darwin asks his niece to …
… Letter 8321 - Darwin to Litchfield, H. E., [13 May 1872] Darwin consults his …
… at him. Letter 7345 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [15 June 1872] Darwin’s …
… Letter 8427 - Darwin to Litchfield H. E., [25 July 1872] Darwin thanks Henrietta for …
… near his house. Letter 8168 - Ruck, A. R. to Darwin, H., [20 January 1872] …
… worm castings . Letter 7345 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [15 June 1872] …
… . Letter 12745 - Darwin to Wedgwood, K. E. S., [8 October 1880] Darwin …
… Letter 13037 - Darwin to Darwin, W. E., [5 February 1881] Darwin discusses …

Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health

Summary

On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…

Matches: 23 hits

… On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July …
… … of having grown older’. This portrait, the first of Darwin with his now famous beard, had been …
… 52 hours without vomiting!! In the same month, Darwin began to consult William Jenner, …
… prescribed a variety of antacids and purgatives, and limited Darwin’s fluid intake; this treatment …
… the dimorphic aquatic cut-grass Leersia . In May, Darwin finished his paper on Lythrum …
… he had set aside the previous summer. In October, Darwin let his friends know that on his …
… to the surgeon and naturalist Francis Trevelyan Buckland, Darwin described his symptoms in some …
… November and December were also marked by the award to Darwin of the Royal Society’s Copley Medal; …
… been unsuccessfully nominated the two previous years. As Darwin explained to his cousin William …
… it was conferred, brought a dramatic conclusion to the year. Darwin also wrote to Fox that he was …
… progress’ in Britain. Challenging convention Darwin’s concern about the acceptance of …
… leaf, and aerial roots. When his health deteriorated in 1863 , he found that he could still continue …
… vol. 11). In a letter of [27 January 1864] , Darwin wrote to Hooker: ‘The only approach to work …
… produce tendrils However, the queries that Darwin, describing himself as ‘a broken-down …
… Menyanthes ( letter from Emma and Charles Darwin to W. E. Darwin, [20 May 1864] ), or his …
… 5 September 1864 ). Fritz Müeller sent his book, Für Darwin , and Darwin had it translated by a …
… scientific debate. He had begun taking the journal in April 1863 and was an enthusiastic subscriber. …
… circulating with the 1864 subscription fund ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 1 February [1864] ). …
… but Lyell says when I read his discussion in the Elements [C. Lyell 1865] I shall recant for fifth …
… and their predecessors had continued to grow following the 1863 publication of Huxley’s Evidence …
… on intellectual & moral qualities’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 28 [May 1864] ). …
… failure to win the award in the two preceding years. An 1863 letter from the president of the Royal …
… … & too light to turn into candlesticks’ ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 1 December 1864 ). …

Science: A Man’s World?

Summary

Discussion Questions|Letters Darwin's correspondence show that many nineteenth-century women participated in the world of science, be it as experimenters, observers, editors, critics, producers, or consumers. Despite this, much of the…

Matches: 14 hits

… Discussion Questions | Letters Darwin's correspondence show that many nineteenth …
… Letters Darwin’s Notes On Marriage [April - July 1838] In these notes, …
… of family, home and sociability. Letter 489 - Darwin to Wedgwood, E., [20 January 1839] …
… theories, & accumulating facts in silence & solitude”. Darwin also comments that he has …
… sitting by”. Letter 3715 - Claparède, J. L. R. A. E. to Darwin, [6 September 1862] …
… are not those of her sex”. Letter 4038 - Darwin to Lyell, C., [12-13 March 1863 ] …
… “first rate critic”. Letter 4377 - Haeckel, E. P. A. to Darwin, [2 January 1864] …
… of feminine works”. Letter 4441 - Becker, L. E. to Darwin, [30 March 1864] …
… ladies, to study nature. Letter 4940 - Cresy, E. to Darwin, E., [20 November 1865] …
… masculine nor pedantic”. Letter 6976 - Darwin to Blackwell, A. B., [8 November 1869] …
… natural thinking”. Letter 8079 - Norton, S. R. to Darwin, [20 November 1871] …
… read the pamphlet herself. Letter 8335 - Reade, W. W. to Darwin, [16 May 1872] …
… to women. Letter 10746 – Darwin to Dicey, E. M., [1877] Darwin gives his …
… patience. Letter 13607 – Darwin to Kennard, C. A., [9 January 1882] Darwin …

Natural Science and Femininity

Summary

Discussion Questions|Letters A conflation of masculine intellect and feminine thoughts, habits and feelings, male naturalists like Darwin inhabited an uncertain gendered identity. Working from the private domestic comfort of their homes and exercising…

Matches: 12 hits

… thoughts, habits and feelings, male naturalists like Darwin inhabited an uncertain gendered identity …
… feminine powers of feeling and aesthetic appreciation, Darwin and his male colleagues struggled to …
… Letters Letter 109 - Wedgwood, J. to Darwin, R. W., [31 August 1831] Darwin …
… professional work on his return. Letter 158 - Darwin to Darwin, R. W., [8 & 26 …
… and taking in the aesthetic beauty of the world around him. Darwin describes the “striking” colour …
… and walks into town with Emma. Letter 555 - Darwin to FitzRoy, R., [20 February 1840] …
… an Infant ’. Letter 2781 - Doubleday, H. to Darwin, [3 May 1860] Doubleday …
… borders of his garden. Letter 2864 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., [12 July 1860] …
… saw anything so beautiful”. Letter 4230 - Darwin to Gardeners’ Chronicle, [2 July 1863 ] …
… domestic family life. Letter 4377 - Haeckel, E. P. A. to Darwin, [2 January 1864] …
… conducted in his home. Letter 6453 - Langton, E. to Wedgwood, S. E., [9 November 1868] …
… on the bedroom wallpaper. Letter 10821 - Graham C. C. to Darwin, [30 January 1877] …

Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small

Summary

In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…

Matches: 24 hits

… In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous …
… for scientific colleagues or their widows facing hardship. Darwin had suffered from poor health …
… of his scientific friends quickly organised a campaign for Darwin to have greater public recognition …
… Botanical observation and experiment had long been Darwin’s greatest scientific pleasure. The year …
… to Fritz Müller, 4 January 1882 ). These were topics that Darwin had been investigating for years, …
… working at the effects of Carbonate of Ammonia on roots,’ Darwin wrote, ‘the chief result being that …
… contents, if immersed for some hours in a weak solution of C. of Ammonia’. Darwin’s interest in root …
… London on 6 and 16 March, respectively. In January, Darwin corresponded with George John …
… letter from Arthur de Souza Corrêa, 28 December 1881 ). Darwin had a long-running interest in such …
… experiments had been conducted to lend support to Darwin’s theory of pangenesis (see …
… the flowers & experimentising on them’ ( letter to J. E. Todd, 10 April 1882 ). While …
… our homes, would in this case greatly suffer’ ( letter to C. A. Kennard, 9 January 1882 ). Kennard …
… judged, intellectually his inferior, please ( letter from C. A. Kennard, 28 January 1882 ). …
… and a ‘Glycerin Pepsin mixture’ (letters to W. W. Baxter, 11 March 1882 and 18 March [1882 ]) …
… he is a good deal depressed about himself’ (letter from H. E. Litchfield to G. H. Darwin, 17 March …
… dull aching in the chest’ (Emma Darwin to G. H. Darwin, [ c . 28 March 1882] (DAR 210.3: 45)). …
… is very calm but she has cried a little’ (letter from H. E. Litchfield to G. H. Darwin, [19 April …
… overflowing in tenderness’ (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, 10 May 1882 (DAR 219.1: 150)). …
… to some Estancia,’ wrote Hughes, ‘as the scenery &c. will amply repay your trouble’ ( letter …
… where he had witnessed an earthquake in 1835 ( letter from R. E. Alison, [March–July 1835 ]). …
… pains)… would be very interesting to me’ ( letter to E. W. V. Harcourt, 24 June [1856] ). In a …
… ( letter from Aleksander Jelski, [1860–82] ). In 1863 , the final blow was dealt to Darwin’s …
… a fallen enemy!’ ( letter to T. F. Jamieson, 24 January [1863 ] ). From 1863 to 1865, Darwin …
… will be months before I am able to work’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, [ c . 10 April 1864] ). To …

Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest

Summary

The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of Origin. Darwin got the fourth…

Matches: 19 hits

… The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now …
… and also a meeting with Herbert Spencer, who was visiting Darwin’s neighbour, Sir John Lubbock. In …
… all but the concluding chapter of the work was submitted by Darwin to his publisher in December. …
… hypothesis of hereditary transmission. Debate about Darwin’s theory of transmutation …
… alleged evidence of a global ice age, while Asa Gray pressed Darwin’s American publisher for a …
… me any harm—any how I can’t be idle’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 24 August [1866] ). Towards …
… of which Tegetmeier had agreed to supervise ( letter to W. B. Tegetmeier, 16 January [1866] ). …
… you go on, after the startling apparition of your face at R.S. Soirèe—which I dreamed of 2 nights …
… on those terms so you are in for it’ ( letter from H. E. Darwin, [ c . 10 May 1866] ). …
… there are over 200 medallions of Papa made by a man from W ms photo in circulation amongst the …
… by Heinrich Georg Bronn, had been published in 1860 and 1863 by the firm E. Schweizerbart’sche …
… teleological development ( see for example, letter to C. W. Nägeli, 12 June [1866] ). Also in …
… common broom ( Cytisus scoparius ) and the white broom ( C. multiflorus ) in his botanical …
… and June on the subject of Rhamnus catharticus (now R. cathartica ). Darwin had become …
… of separate sexes. William gathered numerous specimens of R. catharticus , the only species of …
… species was ‘merely ordinaryly diœcious’ ( letter from W. E. Darwin, [7 May – 11 June 1866] ). On …
… replied with a modified list, adding Fritz Müller’s Fü r Darwin , and a recent fossil discovery in …
… selection, and with special creation ( letter from W. R. Grove, 31 August 1866 ). Hooker later …
… their father’s death in 1848 until Catherine married in 1863 . Catherine had written shortly before …

Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute

Summary

Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…

Matches: 26 hits

… Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, …
… couple of months were needed to index the work, a task that Darwin handed over to someone else for …
… and animals ( Expression ), published in 1872. Although Darwin had been collecting material and …
… A global reputation The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly …
… who might best answer the questions, with the result that Darwin began to receive replies from …
… Variation would be based on proof-sheets received as Darwin corrected them. Closer to home, two …
… Charles Fleeming Jenkin, challenged different aspects of Darwin’s theory of transmutation as …
… orchids are fertilised by insects ( Orchids ). While Darwin privately gave detailed opinions of …
… capable hands of Alfred Russel Wallace. At the same time, Darwin was persuaded by some German …
… were becoming counterproductive. Throughout the year, Darwin continued to discuss now …
… in Germany, and Federico Delpino in Italy, who provided Darwin with the collegial support and …
… tedious dull work’ Thomas Henry Huxley sent Darwin the New Year’s greeting, ‘may you be …
… number of copies to be printed, and by the end of the month Darwin promised to send the revised …
… to John Murray, 31 January [1867] ). A week later, Darwin had sent the manuscript to the …
… Vorlesungen über den Menschen (Lectures on man; Vogt 1863 ) from German into French. With a …
… anyhow most ought to be introduced’ ( letter to W. S. Dallas, 8 November [1867] ). Dallas resisted …
… & I cannot get on so quickly as I could wish’ (letter from W. S. Dallas, 20 November 1867). …
… see your second volume on “The Struggle for Existence &c.” for I doubt if we have a sufficiency …
… “supplemental remarks on expression”’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, [12–17] March [1867] ). Darwin’s …
… aviary to see whether this was the case ( letter from A. R. Wallace, 24 February [1867] ). He also …
… level. In his response to Wallace ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 26 February [1867] ), Darwin defended …
… to the work I shall find it much better done by you than I c d have succeeded in doing’ ( letter …
… pooh-poohed her, & as it seems very unjustly’ ( letter to W. E. Darwin, 27 [March 1867] ). …
… I have not a word to say against it but such a view c d hardly come into a scientific book’ ( …
… Wallace published a long article, ‘Creation by law’ (A. R. Wallace 1867c), which responded to Jenkin …
… are excellent, excellent, excellent’ ( letter to H. E. Darwin, 26 July [1867] ). The year ended as …

	botany	(1)
	CCD intro	(4)
	Featured	(1)
	hothouse	(1)
	Copley medal	(1)
	humans	(1)
	distribution	(1)
	Germany	(1)
	glacier	(1)
	illness	(1)
	Origin	(1)
	Survival of the fittest	(1)
	Variation	(2)
	Pangenesis	(1)
	questionnaire	(1)
	Sexual selection	(1)

Darwin Correspondence Project

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