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Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad
Summary
At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…
Matches: 20 hits
- … At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of …
- … scientific correspondence. Six months later the volume of his correspondence dropped markedly, …
- … & must write briefly’ ( letter to John Scott, 31 May [1863] ), and in a letter of 23 [June …
- … Malvern Wells, Worcestershire, where he underwent a course of the water-cure. The treatment was not …
- … put it in a letter to J. D. Hooker of 24[–5] February [1863] . When Huxley’s book described the …
- … anything grander’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 26 [February 1863] ). In the same letter, he gave his …
- … origins was further increased by the discovery in March 1863 of the Moulin-Quignon jaw, the first …
- … bear ( see letter from Jacques Boucher de Perthes, 23 June 1863 ). Although English experts …
- … in learned journals and the press during the first half of 1863 focused attention even more closely …
- … the first part of his presidential address at the Linnean Society of London to British and foreign …
- … he discussed the importance of applying Darwin’s theory to geological and palaeontological …
- … November when Darwin heard that his nomination for the Royal Society’s Copley Medal had been …
- … Emma Darwin, 11 November [1863] ). The council of the Royal Society voted instead for the geologist …
- … to win the award was Edward Sabine, President of the Royal Society ( see letter from Edward Sabine …
- … in species of Linum ’) was read before the Linnean Society. In the paper, Darwin presented …
- … communicated Scott’s Primula work to the Linnean Society in a paper that was read in February …
- … Scotland; he warned Darwin that at the Edinburgh Botanical Society, where he read his orchid paper, …
- … and Herschelea Darwin communicated to the Linnean Society ( see letter to Roland Trimen, 23 …
- … On the way to Malvern Wells, Darwin stopped in London overnight to consult George Busk, former …
- … Brinton, a stomach specialist at St Thomas’s Hospital, London ( letter from George Busk, [ c. 27 …
Bibliography of Darwin’s geological publications
Summary
This list includes papers read by Darwin to the Geological Society of London, his books on the geology of the Beagle voyage, and other publications on geological topics. Author-date citations refer to entries in the Darwin Correspondence Project’s…
Matches: 8 hits
- … This list includes papers read by Darwin to the Geological Society of London, his books on the …
- … numbers refer to R. B. Freeman’s standard bibliography of Darwin’s works. —Extracts from …
- … for private distribution by the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1 December 1835. [ Shorter …
- … commanded by Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 2 (1838): 446-9 …
- … in the neighbourhood of the Plata. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 2 (1838): 542 …
- … from the study of coral formations. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 2 (1838): …
- … continents are elevated. Transactions of the Geological Society of London 2nd ser., pt. 3, 5 …
- … Ayres. Proceedings of the Geological Society 19 (1863): 68-71. [ Shorter publications , pp. …
Darwin in letters, 1844–1846: Building a scientific network
Summary
The scientific results of the Beagle voyage still dominated Darwin's working life, but he broadened his continuing investigations into the nature and origin of species. Far from being a recluse, Darwin was at the heart of British scientific society,…
Matches: 8 hits
- … The scientific results of the Beagle voyage still dominated Darwin's working life, but …
- … his continuing investigations into the nature and origin of species and varieties. In contrast to …
- … and gathering information from an ever-expanding network of correspondents. Down House was altered …
- … stay; and, with his father’s advice, Darwin began a series of judicious financial investments to …
- … Between 1844 and 1846 Darwin himself wrote ten papers, six of which related to the Beagle …
- … Darwin’s views. South America drew together all the geological and palaeontological results of …
- … (1830–3) and a commitment to Lyell’s idea of gradual geological change taking place overimmensely …
- … University and a period of half-hearted work with the Geological Survey of Great Britain. Like …
Women’s scientific participation
Summary
Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…
Matches: 22 hits
- … Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively …
- … Darwin thanks Mary Whitby for passing on the results of her experiments. He would be grateful for …
- … Henrietta Darwin provides her father with observations of cats’ instinctive behaviour. …
- … to Darwin’s request for observations to be made on seeds of Pulmonaria officinalis . …
- … to Darwin, [8 & 9 May 1869] Jane Loring Gray, wife of American naturalist Asa Gray, …
- … Darwin asks his niece, Lucy, to observe the expression of emotion in her pet dog and birds. …
- … Darwin’s niece, Margaret, passes on observations of a crying baby to Darwin's daughter, …
- … niece, Lucy, provides observations on the expression of emotion in horses and babies. She also …
- … Edward Blyth, curator of the museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, sends specimens and bird …
- … Letter 4242 - Hildebrand, F. H. G. to Darwin, [16 July 1863] Hildebrand writes to …
- … Sutton, the keeper of the Zoological gardens in London, responds to Darwin’s request for …
- … Letter 4235 - Becker, L. E. to Darwin, [8 July 1863] Lydia Becker sends Darwin a …
- … tells Darwin about her work on worms and about a recent geological ramble she had taken with her …
- … Letter 4139 - Darwin, W. E. to Darwin, [4 May 1863] William sends the results of a …
- … Letter 4258 - Becker, L. E. to Darwin, [31 July 1863] Lydia Becker details her …
- … from Miss Bateman, the first woman admitted to Linnean Society. Men: Letter 1836 …
- … James Tenant, keeper of the aquarium at the Zoological Society’s gardens, sends Darwin the results …
- … 4233 - Tegetmeier, W. B. to Darwin, [29 June - 7 July 1863] Tegetmeier updates Darwin …
- … 3896 - Darwin to Huxley, T. H, [before 25 February 1863] Darwin offers the results of …
- … Letter 4010 - Huxley, T. H. to Darwin, [25 February 1863] Huxley praises Henrietta’s …
- … Letter 4038 - Darwin to Lyell, C., [12-13 March 1863] Darwin secretly passes on …
- … Darwin seeks to decline the Secretaryship of the Geological Society. Once his writing skills and …
Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments
Summary
The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…
Matches: 17 hits
- … the chief work on Charles Darwin’s mind was the writing of The variation of animals and plants …
- … projects came to fruition in 1865, including the publication of his long paper on climbing plants in …
- … lengthy discussion written by George Douglas Campbell, duke of Argyll, appeared in the religious …
- … the year, Darwin was elected an honorary member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The year …
- … ready to submit his paper on climbing plants to the Linnean Society of London, and though he was …
- … Darwin’s nomination for the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1864, had staunchly …
- … of species ( Origin ), which the Council of the Royal Society had failed to include among the …
- … fever), and was wondering whether to send it to the Linnean Society, or to the Royal Society of …
- … An abstract of the paper was read before the Linnean Society on 2 February, and in April Darwin …
- … that he needed for references, probably from the Linnean Society ( letter to [Richard Kippist], 4 …
- … Scott had evidently started his crossing experiments in 1863 (see Correspondence vol. 11, …
- … vol. 11, letter from J. D. Hooker, 10 June 1863 ). However, probably the most enthusiastic …
- … that Lyell in his Antiquity of man , published in 1863, had made unacknowledged use of Lubbock’s …
- … Hooker to convalesce, first with friends in Notting Hill, London, then in Buxton, Derbyshire. …
- … and Leonard were still at school in Clapham, south-west London, and Horace was seeing a private …
- … foolish’;. In November, Darwin and Emma visited Erasmus in London ( Correspondence vol. 13, CD’s …
- … and before the move to Down, Kent, when Darwin was living in London. There are letters commenting on …
Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health
Summary
On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…
Matches: 23 hits
- … on 11 July 1864 : ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having …
- … after the long illness that had plagued him since the spring of 1863. Because of poor health, Darwin …
- … professor of clinical medicine at University College, London, and physician-in-ordinary to Queen …
- … from that of the five physicians Darwin had consulted in 1863. In a letter of 26[–7] March [1864] …
- … of Lythrum salicaria ’) and sent it to the Linnean Society of London, thus completing the work he …
- … were also marked by the award to Darwin of the Royal Society’s Copley Medal; he had been nominated …
- … medal was considered the greatest accolade that the Royal Society could bestow. The announcement of …
- … leaf, and aerial roots. When his health deteriorated in 1863, he found that he could still continue …
- … Gardens, Kew, and professor of botany at University College, London, were of substance, testifying …
- … plants’), which Darwin submitted to the Linnean Society in January 1865. Climbers and twiners …
- … Origin . He communicated Crüger’s paper to the Linnean Society, in addition to a paper on Bonatea …
- … Scott’s papers on the orchid Oncidium to the Linnean Society in 1864 (Scott 1864b). Recognising …
- … Primulaceae that was communicated by Darwin to the Linnean Society (Scott 1864a); other papers of …
- … scientific debate. He had begun taking the journal in April 1863 and was an enthusiastic subscriber. …
- … socialising with Charles Lyell and other members of the London scientific circle. Another …
- … Council’s judgment. The declaration, drafted by a group of London chemists and signed by over 200 …
- … in 1864 reflects the strong interest he still took in geological questions. The arguments taking …
- … always immediately related to his theory; however, his early geological studies on the Beagle …
- … of upheaval and subsidence. Darwin’s changes to the geological chapters in later editions of …
- … and their predecessors had continued to grow following the 1863 publication of Huxley’s Evidence …
- … officers of the recently formed Anthropological Society of London, many of whose members sought a …
- … failure to win the award in the two preceding years. An 1863 letter from the president of the Royal …
- … some scientific journals, and to discuss botanical and geological questions with Hooker. He also …
Darwin in letters, 1862: A multiplicity of experiments
Summary
1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the extent and breadth of the botanical experiments…
Matches: 20 hits
- … As the sheer volume of his correspondence indicates, 1862 was a particularly productive year for …
- … botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the …
- … Hooker told him: ‘you are alluded to in no less than 3 of the papers in Linn. Trans!— I do not think …
- … Still taking a keen interest in the progress of his views through Europe, Darwin negotiated, in …
- … condition in Primula ’, was read before the Linnean Society of London in November 1861, and was …
- … up his experiments in December as a paper for the Linnean Society. And three sexual forms in …
- … had decided that the case warranted a paper for the Linnean Society ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 6 …
- … that George Bentham’s presidential address to the Linnean Society on 24 May, in which he held up …
- … The paper in which he did so, read before the Linnean Society in November 1861, was lengthened and …
- … part of his popular exposition of Darwin’s theory (Rolle 1863; see letter to Friedrich Rolle, 17 …
- … in America. Even after the news, which arrived in London early in January, that the Trent affair had …
- … Darwin had managed to appear in person at the Linnean Society to read his Catasetum paper, but …
- … violent vomiting and trembling; that I dread coming up to London’ ( letter to Hugh Falconer, 14 …
- … no longer active in the field himself, his opinions on geological matters were still greatly valued …
- … Darwin agreed to referee Jamieson’s paper for the Geological Society ( see letter to A. C. Ramsay, …
- … and enemies Others were anxious for Darwin’s geological approval. Andrew Crombie Ramsay, the …
- … the paper had been attacked by members of the council of the Geological Society, and there was …
- … 1862 ). Ramsay’s was not the only significant geological paper of 1862. In May, Darwin heard …
- … his argument, put forward in his anniversary address to the Geological Society in February, that the …
- … his address, Huxley also challenged the assumption that ‘geological contemporaneity’ could be …
Darwin in letters, 1860: Answering critics
Summary
On 7 January 1860, John Murray published the second edition of Darwin’s Origin of species, printing off another 3000 copies to satisfy the demands of an audience that surprised both the publisher and the author. It wasn't long, however, before ‘the…
Matches: 15 hits
- … On 7 January 1860, John Murray published the second edition of Darwin’s Origin of species , …
- … : reactions and reviews But it was the opinion of scientific men that was Darwin’s main …
- … but were nonetheless appreciated for their honest critiques of his views. ‘One cannot expect …
- … gave ‘good and well deserved raps’ on his discussion of the geological record; but this criticism, …
- … to fly’. His ‘dearly beloved’ theory suffered a series of attacks, the most vicious of which came …
- … to T. H. Huxley, 3 July [1860] ). (A chronological list of all the reviews mentioned in the volume …
- … Sedgwick, not surprisingly, attacked the book on a number of fronts. But it was his methodological …
- … saying that nat. selection does not explain large classes of facts; but that is very different from …
- … on having developed a theory that explained several classes of facts— those of geological succession …
- … Darwin. Comparing natural selection to the undulatory theory of light or to the theory of gravity, …
- … helps to explain why Darwin was delighted by the defence of his scientific method by the young …
- … criticisms arose from evidence (or the lack thereof) in the geological record. Several critics …
- … Russel Wallace’s assessment that the imperfection of the geological record was one of the weakest …
- … stated publicly at a meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in May that ‘his chief attacks …
- … after reading William Hopkins’s hostile critique of his geological argument, he wrote to Lyell on …
Thomas Henry Huxley
Summary
Dubbed “Darwin’s bulldog” for his combative role in controversies over evolution, Huxley was a leading Victorian zoologist, science popularizer, and education reformer. He was born in Ealing, a small village west of London, in 1825. With only two years of…
Matches: 8 hits
- … reformer. He was born in Ealing, a small village west of London, in 1825. With only two years of …
- … alongside his medical duties, concentrating on the anatomy of marine invertebrates. Shortly after …
- … eventually obtaining a lectureship at the Royal School of Mines, and an appointment as …
- … Review. Huxley became a regular correspondent of Darwin’s in the early 1850s. Darwin was …
- … in marine animals and German science. Through the exchange of specimens and technical discussions of …
- … as ‘my dear Huxley’ for the first time in a letter of 20 February [1855]. Darwin did have …
- … varieties. At the time, Huxley was committed to a theory of zoological types in which every creature …
- … in popular forums, such as his working men's lectures, the London Times , and Macmillan& …
Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small
Summary
In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…
Matches: 20 hits
- … in plant physiology, he investigated the reactive properties of roots and the effects of different …
- … between science and art, and the intellectual powers of women and men. He fielded repeated requests …
- … by early April, he was being carried upstairs with the aid of a special chair. The end came on 19 …
- … his brother Erasmus had been interred in 1881. But some of his scientific friends quickly organised …
- … In the end, his body was laid to rest in the most famous of Anglican churches, Westminster Abbey. …
- … pleasure. The year opened with an exchange with one of his favourite correspondents, Fritz Müller. …
- … for years, but he was always keen to learn more. One line of research was new: ‘I have been working …
- … of carbonate of ammonia on roots’, read at the Linnean Society of London on 6 and 16 March, …
- … by planting in apposition’, was read at the Linnean Society on 4 May, but not published. …
- … Collier in 1881 for a portrait commissioned by the Linnean Society. Collier sent Darwin a copy of …
- … 2, p. 2). His physician for some years was the prominent London practitioner Andrew Clark. On 9 …
- … I want you to do is to get one of the cleverer sort of young London Doctors such as Brunton or Pye …
- … travel inland from Santiago in 1834, making observations of geological uplift ( letter from Thomas …
- … scientific life in the 1840s: his duties as secretary of the Geological Society, his work on geology …
- … In May 1857, Darwin wrote to the secretary of the Royal Society, William Sharpey, with …
- … ( letter from Aleksander Jelski, [1860–82] ). In 1863, the final blow was dealt to Darwin’s …
- … was presented by Thomas Francis Jamieson in a paper to the Geological Society. Darwin was a referee …
- … a fallen enemy!’ ( letter to T. F. Jamieson, 24 January [1863] ). From 1863 to 1865, Darwin …
- … from my continued ill-health has been my seclusion from society & not becoming acquainted with …
- … ‘the imbecile, the maimed, and other useless members of society’. He regarded this as the highest …
How old is the earth?
Summary
One of Darwin’s chief difficulties in making converts to his views, was convincing a sceptical public, and some equally sceptical physicists, that there had been enough time since the advent of life on earth for the slow process of natural selection to…
Matches: 9 hits
- … One of Darwin’s chief difficulties in making converts to his views, was …
- … physicists, that there had been enough time since the advent of life on earth for the slow process …
- … least 300 million years had elapsed since ‘the latter part of the Secondary period’, that is, the …
- … from at least 300 million years in the first edition of Origin (pp. 285-7), to 150 million in …
- … been rash. I have not sufficiently allowed for the softness of the strata underlying the chalk . . . …
- … that we cannot know at what rate the sea wears away a line of cliff: I assumed the one inch per …
- … Russel Wallace weighed in at various times. In 1863, when Origin was in its third …
- … the Cambrian formation. ’ The strata of the Cambrian geological era were rich in fossils of a wide …
- … Thomson, who had just backed him for fellowship of the Royal Society, should have factored that in …
Robert FitzRoy
Summary
Robert FitzRoy was captain of HMS Beagle when Darwin was aboard. From 1831 to 1836 the two men lived in the closest proximity, their relationship revealed by the letters they exchanged while Darwin left the ship to explore the countries visited during the…
Matches: 15 hits
- … Robert FitzRoy was captain of HMS Beagle when Darwin was aboard. From 1831 to 1836 the two men …
- … viewed through Darwin’s increasingly negative opinion of his once ‘ beau ideal ’ of a captain. …
- … to 1836 during two surveying voyages to the southern coast of South America, was born into an …
- … uncle, Viscount Castlereagh, foreign secretary and leader of the House of Commons, committed suicide …
- … with being in command in isolated areas; on the first voyage of the Beagle , FitzRoy’s …
- … philosophy, it was hoped, would mitigate the hardships of command. In September 1831 he was informed …
- … down during the voyage, suffering ‘ morbid depression of spirits, & a loss of all decision & …
- … 1834. This hydrographic work, combined with the close study of natural phenomena such as earthquakes …
- … FitzRoy was sure that a change in the direction of tides after the Concepcion earthquake had caused …
- … As a devout Christian, FitzRoy believed that all human society came from one stock and did not …
- … scientific elite, soon being appointed secretary of the Geological Society of London. In 1834, …
- … for mariners, and a lengthy text on the subject in 1863. Despite FitzRoy’s remarkable work in …
- … in a perverted manner ’. When FitzRoy moved away from London in 1839, Darwin was ‘right glad of it’ …
- … ’. From 1854, Darwin was a member of the Royal Society committee advising the Board of Trade …
- … ed., Narrative of the Beagle voyage, 1831-1836 , 4 vols. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2012. …
Before Origin: the ‘big book’
Summary
Darwin began ‘sorting notes for Species Theory’ on 9 September 1854, the very day he concluded his eight-year study of barnacles (Darwin's Journal). He had long considered the question of species. In 1842, he outlined a theory of transmutation in a…
Matches: 18 hits
- … 1854, the very day he concluded his eight-year study of barnacles ( Darwin's Journal ). …
- … do before presenting his views publicly, he was so convinced of their merit that he made plans for …
- … had been ‘steadily reading & collecting facts on variation of domestic animals & plants & …
- … convinced Darwin that further evidence for the fact of evolution had to be gathered and presented …
- … unflattered ’ when some readers attributed the authorship of Vestiges to him. It took another …
- … had worried that the process would reveal the untenability of his views. ‘ How awfully flat I shall …
- … When Darwin had read the introduction to Hooker’s Flora of New Zealand in October 1853, he …
- … by March 1855, he was immersed in the preparatory stages of his own book, fully taking on board the …
- … which I can collect, for & versus the immutability of species ’, he told his cousin William …
- … in April 1855 did not look ‘ very ugly ’, the breeding of fancy pigeons proved enjoyable and …
- … began his pigeon breeding programme, he started a series of ‘seed-salting experiments’ to determine …
- … as I can find made out,—in geograph. distribution, geological history—affinities &c &c & …
- … from Darwin’s writing as a joint paper to the Linnean Society of London. The aim was to establish …
- … reported that presentation of the joint paper at the Linnean Society had ‘ gone on prosperously ’. …
- … so highly of it that they had it read before the Linnean Society. This insures me the acquaintance …
- … heard about the presentation of his work at the Linnean Society, Darwin was well into the …
- … to complete this work, but as he worked on it daily in May 1863, he admitted that there ‘ never …
- … Essay by Darwin in 1858, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 249-52 Wallace, …
