To William Bowman 16 May [1869–81]
Summary
"I shall not be in London on Monday, but I have written to my Brother to ask him to aid you"
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | William Bowman, 1st baronet |
Date: | 16 May [1869-81] |
Classmark: | George Houle Autographs (dealer) (Catalogue 61, March 1992) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-13781 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … 16 May 1873 16 May 1874 16 May 1875 16 May 1876 16 May 1877 16 May 1878 16 May 1879 16 May …
To ? 2 May [1869 or later]
Summary
"When a man has laboured hard in science & has proved that he is capable of original research, he may [some]times indulge in speculation [&] the public will indulge him. But even in this case it is a common error to speculate too largely, for speculation is far easier than observation or experiments . . ."
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Unidentified |
Date: | 2 May [1869-82] |
Classmark: | Sotheby’s (dealers) (28 March 1983) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-13866A |
Matches: 1 hit
- … 2 May 1873 2 May 1874 2 May 1875 2 May 1876 2 May 1877 2 May 1878 2 May 1879 2 May 1880 2 …
To W. K. Bridgman 21 January [1869]
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | William Kencely Bridgman |
Date: | 21 Jan [1869] |
Classmark: | DAR 143: 146 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6565 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876. …
To James Crichton-Browne 8 June 1869
Summary
Thanks for information about expression.
Comments on JC-B’s photographs of insane people.
Sends copy of Duchenne [see 6755].
Asks for further information about platysma, his bête noire for a year or two.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | James Crichton-Browne |
Date: | 8 June 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 143: 328 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6779 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … and morphology of the hand at Glasgow in 1876, and on the hand at the Working Men’s …
To ? 30 October [1869 or 1870]
Summary
Comments on a case of crossing distant plants of Habenaria
and on hermaphroditism in hybrid plants.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Unidentified |
Date: | 30 Oct [1869-70] |
Classmark: | King Edward VI High School, Stafford |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6961A |
Matches: 1 hit
- … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876. Dressler, Robert L. 1981. The orchids: …
From Ernst Haeckel 29 September 1869
Summary
Thanks CD for assistance concerning sponge specimens. Mentions Englishmen who have sent specimens. J. S. Bowerbank has not answered requests.
Sends articles dealing with sponges and Medusae. Cites passages for CD to read. Suggests passages from Entwicklungsgeschichte der Siphonophoren [1869].
Describes meeting with Sars and his trip to Norway.
Author: | Ernst Philipp August (Ernst) Haeckel |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 29 Sept 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 166: 53 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6917 |
From Fritz Müller 18 October 1869
Summary
Describes experiments to test the fertility of Abutilon, which appears self-sterile,
and briefly mentions dichogamy in Eschscholzia.
Author: | Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 18 Oct 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 76: B178, Linnean Society of London (LS Ms 299/12) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6943 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876. Delpino, Federico. 1868–75. Ulteriori …
To Fritz Müller 18 July [1869]
Summary
Reports reviews of Facts and arguments for Darwin [1869].
Is preparing for a French translation of Orchids.
The case of Abutilon which is sterile with some individuals is remarkable.
Has sent FM’s account of the monstrous Begonia to the Linnean Society.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller |
Date: | 18 July [1869] |
Classmark: | The British Library (Loan MS 10 no 29) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6835 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876. ‘Fertilization of orchids’: Notes on the …
From A. R. Wallace 20 October 1869
Summary
Looks forward to Descent, though he expects to find more to differ with than in any other of CD’s books.
Problems of usefulness of incipient organs and of the independent origin of similar complex organs are real difficulties.
Plans a little book on "Distribution of animals".
Author: | Alfred Russel Wallace |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 20 Oct 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 106: B86–7 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6949 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … geographical distribution of animals ( Wallace 1876 ). CD had visited Caerdeon, Barmouth, …
To Fritz Müller 1 December [1869]
Summary
Role of humming-birds in plant fertilisation.
Alexander Agassiz has visited Down.
Sales of Facts and arguments for Darwin.
Encloses copy of T. H. Farrer letter [7015] and observations on the self-sterility of Eschscholzia.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller |
Date: | 1 Dec [1869] |
Classmark: | The British Library (Loan MS 10 no 31) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7018 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876. Dobbs, David. 2005. Reef madness: Charles …
From George M’Ilvaine Ramsey 5 April 1869
Author: | George M’Ilvaine Ramsey |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 5 Apr 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 271.6a: 3 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6692F |
Matches: 1 hit
- … lecture expounding the same ideas on 15 June 1876; this was published as Ramsey 1877 . See …
From C. F. Claus 6 February 1869
Summary
Pleased by CD’s good opinion and offer to provide material. Discusses work he would do on cirripedes.
Moritz Wagner’s views on migration of species;
his doubts about Fritz Müller’s views on developmental stages of Crustacea.
Author: | Carl Friedrich Claus |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 6 Feb 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 161: 177 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6605 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … he made his own observations on development in the genus (see Claus 1876 , pp. 10–13). …
From Fritz Müller 18 December 1869
Summary
Discusses dimorphic and trimorphic plants; mentions especially Rubiaceae and a dimorphic monocotyledon.
Notes observations on the monstrous male flowers of Begonia,
and on self-sterile plants.
Author: | Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 18 Dec 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 109: B125–6 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7029 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876. ‘Fertilization of orchids’: Notes on the …
From Fritz Müller 15 June 1869
Summary
FM much gratified by the appearance of Für Darwin translation.
Discusses dimorphism in Rubiaceae.
Author: | Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 15 June 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 110: B115; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Directors’ Correspondence 215/175) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6783 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876. Flora fluminensis . By José Mariano da …
To T. H. Farrer 10 October [1869]
Summary
Sympathises with THF at being forestalled by Delpino, but urges him to publish confirmation.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Thomas Henry Farrer, 1st baronet and 1st Baron Farrer |
Date: | 10 Oct [1869] |
Classmark: | Linnean Society of London (LS Ms 299/17) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6930 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … kingdom. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876. Farrer, Thomas Henry. 1872. On the …
To Nature 13 November [1869]
Summary
Comments on A. W. Bennett’s letter [Nature 1 (1869): 58] on fertilisation of winter-flowering plants. CD used net, not a bell-glass to cover Lamium.
Refers to F. Delpino’s observations on fertilisation of grasses; CD is glad to say these observations are compatible with "the very general law that distinct individual plants must be occasionally crossed".
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Nature |
Date: | 13 Nov [1869] |
Classmark: | Nature 1 (1869): 85 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6987 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876. …
From C. F. Claus 24 January 1869
Summary
Sends a paper on reproductive modes of Leptodera ["Organisation und Fortpflanzen von Leptodera", Schr. Ges. Beförd. Naturw. Marburg (1869)].
Criticises Ernst Haeckel’s work as too unripe and enthusiastic.
Asks CD for some specimens of cirripedes in pupal stage for a work in progress.
Author: | Carl Friedrich Claus |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 24 Jan 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 161: 176 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6575 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … s gastraea theory (see Claus 1874 and Claus 1876 ; see also Di Gregorio 2005 , pp. 297– …
letter | (17) |
Claus, C. F. | (2) |
Darwin, C. R. | (9) |
Haeckel, Ernst | (1) |
Müller, Fritz | (3) |
Ramsey, G. M’I. | (1) |
Wallace, A. R. | (1) |
Darwin, C. R. | (8) |
Müller, Fritz | (2) |
Unidentified | (2) |
Bowman, William | (1) |
Bridgman, W. K. | (1) |
Darwin, C. R. | (17) |
Müller, Fritz | (5) |
Claus, C. F. | (2) |
Unidentified | (2) |
Bowman, William | (1) |
Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life
Summary
1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…
Matches: 30 hits
- … I cannot bear to think of the future The year 1876 started out sedately enough with …
- … has won only 2490 games’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876 ). Francis Darwin, happily …
- … life. But the calm was not to last, and the second half of 1876 was marked by anxiety and deep grief …
- … in him for ‘new matter’ (letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876). The preparation of the second edition …
- … Climbing plants ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 23 February 1876 ). When Smith, Elder and Company …
- … observed to Carus. ( Letter to J. V. Carus, 24 April 1876. ) Darwin focused instead on the …
- … ‘advantages of crossing’ (letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876). Revising Orchids was less a …
- … with his new research in mind: ‘During this autumn of 1876 I shall publish on the “Effects of Cross …
- … pamphlet, Darwin confounded (C. O’Shaughnessy 1876), which, he informed Darwin, ‘completely …
- … and it is the correct one’ ( letter from Nemo, [1876?] ). Combatting enemies... …
- … disguised his views as to the bestiality of man’ (Mivart 1876, p. 144). Not only was the comment …
- … in giving him pain ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876 ). Although Mivart had long been a …
- … a zoologist ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 29 January 1876 ). Both aims were achieved, and in Darwin’s …
- … in London’ ( letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, [4 February 1876] ). 'The heat of battle& …
- … issue had occupied Darwin for much of 1875. In January 1876, a Royal Commission report was published …
- … The Physiological Society, which had been founded in March 1876 by the London physiologist John …
- … The 'insect eating theory' Throughout 1876, Darwin continued to receive responses …
- … published later that year and a German translation in 1876. ‘What is more to be wondered at—Nature …
- … an answer’ ( letter from S. B. Herrick, 12 February 1876 ). Others questioned whether insects …
- … eating theory’ ( letter from Peter Henderson, 15 November 1876 ). William Dallinger from Liverpool …
- … to his results ( letter from Moritz Schiff, 8 May 1876 ). Pangenesis v. perigenesis …
- … second edition of Variation was published in February 1876 (despite bearing a publication date …
- … ( letter from G. J. Romanes, [ c . 19 March 1876] ). A less welcome reaction came from an ardent …
- … previous year ( letter to G. H. Darwin, [after 4 September 1876] ). ...all sorts of …
- … later told Muller ( letter to Fritz Müller, [9 February 1876] ). Likewise, when Johann von Fischer …
- … ( letter from Johann von Fischer, [before 15 September 1876] ). Hubert Airy’s latest paper on leaf …
- … of very young buds’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 21 June [1876] ). Darwin recognised scientific skill …
- … Thomas Edward ( letter from F. M. Balfour, 11 December 1876 ; letter to Samuel Smiles, 16 …
- … it to the death’ ( letter from James Torbitt, 19 April 1876 ). Darwin beat an angry retreat. He …
- … untrustworthy fanatic ( letter to James Torbitt, 21 April 1876 ). Darwin also had cause to …
Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 25 hits
- … in the vegetable kingdom , published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project …
- … the self-fertilised’ ( To G. H. Darwin, 8 January [1876] ). George explained the difficulties of …
- … equal value.’ ( From G. H. Darwin, [after 8 January 1876] ). It was his cousin, the statistician …
- … introduction to the book ( To Francis Galton, 13 January [1876] ). Joseph Henry …
- … on yet another experimental aspect of his work. In February 1876, he wrote to the agricultural …
- … in a state of nature’ ( To J. H. Gilbert, 16 February 1876 ). Darwin wanted to try to remove all …
- … soil to remove nutrients ( From J. H. Gilbert, 4 March 1876 ). In June 1876, Darwin had supposedly …
- … samples differed ( To Edward Frankland, [before 6 June 1876] ). The project proved to be too …
- … am convinced that the book is of value’ By August 1876, the book had gone to press and …
- … shall ever do on this subject’ ( To Asa Gray, 9 August 1876 ). As Darwin began correcting …
- … I would suggest 1,500’ ( To R. F. Cooke, 16 September 1876 ). In the meantime, a happy event, the …
- … it too much for you’ ( To Francis Darwin, 16 September [1876] ). Francis must have found some …
- … slightly modified’ ( To Francis Darwin, 20 September [1876] ). Darwin continued to send work, …
- … & very useful’ ( To Francis Darwin 25 September [1876] ). At the end of September …
- … early in November’ ( To J. V. Carus, 27 September 1876 ). The title had now changed from that …
- … alone worth reading. ( To Otto Zacharias, 5 October [1876] ). Hermann Müller, in contrast, wrote …
- … Pedecino, and Comes ( From Hermann Müller, 4 October 1876 ). Gray was impatient for a copy …
- … had not yet been released ( From Asa Gray, 12 October 1876 ). Darwin sent the sheets, apologised …
- … that of almost anyone else’ ( To Asa Gray, 28 October 1876 ). Gray reassured him, ‘I have as yet …
- … faultless as your temper’ ( From Asa Gray, 12 November 1876 ). The book was published on 10 …
- … 6 or 700 would sell.’ ( To John Murray, 15 November 1876 ). In fact, Murray sold 1100 copies of …
- … for science’ ( From Friedrich Hildebrand, 6 December 1876 ). After reading the book, Hildebrand …
- … for further work’ ( From Hermann Müller, 6 December 1876 ). Alphonse de Candolle noted the …
- … experiments ( From Alphonse de Candolle 16 December 1876 ). One critical review came from Alfred …
- … yet been produced’ ( From A. R. Wallace, 13 December 1876 ). No reply to this letter has been …
Darwin's 1876 letters online
Summary
Birth, tragic death . . . and cardigan jackets. To mark the 211th anniversary of Darwin's birth, we have released online the transcripts and footnotes of over 460 letters written to and from him in 1876 and a supplement of 180 letters written before…
Matches: 6 hits
- … footnotes of over 460 letters written to and from him in 1876 and a supplement of 180 letters …
- … was devoted to the means of crossing. The year 1876 started energetically, with Darwin …
- … of Variation under domestication appeared early in 1876. Reprints of Origin, Climbing plants …
- … in January 1877; Darwin had been working on it since May 1876. Work was probably a welcome …
- … letters written or conjectured to have been written before 1876, which have been discovered or …
- … to a span of years, but that were probably written before 1876. Many of these are from a recently …
From Argus pheasant to Mivart: To A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876
Summary
This letter has almost everything you might want from a Darwin letter, and merits a correspondingly, magnificently complete set of notes provided by the Correspondence Project. First, the letter is to that other doyen of natural selection, Alfred Russel…
Matches: 1 hits
- … records Darwin's views on the first volume of Wallace's 1876 book The geographical …
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)
Summary
George Eliot was the pen name of celebrated Victorian novelist Mary Ann Evans (1819-1880). She was born on the outskirts of Nuneaton in Warwickshire and was educated at boarding schools from the age of five until she was 16. Her education ended when she…
Matches: 1 hits
- … Emma to a Sunday afternoon at the Leweses’ on 30 April 1876 (Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242) and …
Have you read the one about....
Summary
... the atheistical cats, or the old fogies in Cambridge? We've suggested a few - some funny, some serious - but all letters you can read here.
Matches: 1 hits
- … ... the atheistical cats, or the old fogies in Cambridge? We've suggested a few - some funny, some …
Jane Gray
Summary
Jane Loring Gray, the daughter of a Boston lawyer, married the Harvard botanist Asa Gray in 1848 and evidence suggests that she took an active interest in the scientific pursuits of her husband and his friends. Although she is only known to have…
Matches: 1 hits
- … hurrah, 2795 games. (letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876 ) And an entry in Jane …
4.28 'English celebrities' montage
Summary
< Back to Introduction One of the stranger appropriations of Elliott and Fry’s portrayal of Darwin was to make him one of a group of ‘Authors’, in an album titled English Celebrities, 19th Century (1876). Fiction writers and scientists were grouped…
Women as a scientific audience
Summary
Target audience? | Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those exchanged with his editors and publisher, reveal a lot about his intended audience. Regardless of whether or not women were deliberately targeted as a…
Women’s scientific participation
Summary
Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…
Matches: 4 hits
- … Letter 10439 - Treat, M. to Darwin, [3 April 1876] Mary Treat describes a field trip …
- … 10390 - Herrick, S. M. B . to Darwin, [12 February 1876] Sophia Herrick asks …
- … Letter 10517 - Darwin to Francis, F., [29 May 1876] Darwin gives his son, Francis, …
- … Letter 10517 - Darwin t o Francis, F., [29 May 1876] Darwin gives his son, Francis …
3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos
Summary
< Back to Introduction Darwin’s plans for the illustration of his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) led him to the Swedish-born painter and photographer, Oscar Gustaf Rejlander. Rejlander gave Darwin the notes that he had…
Matches: 3 hits
3.17 Lock and Whitfield, 'Men of Mark'
Summary
< Back to Introduction The ambitious series of photographs of Men of Mark, published by the firm of Lock and Whitfield between 1876 and 1883, was a successor to similar sets which had appeared in the 1850s and 1860s. This one was distinguished by its…
Matches: 1 hits
- … Mark , published by the firm of Lock and Whitfield between 1876 and 1883, was a successor to …
Dipsacus and Drosera: Frank’s favourite carnivores
Summary
In Autumn of 1875, Francis Darwin was busy researching aggregation in the tentacles of Drosera rotundifolia (F. Darwin 1876). This phenomenon occurs when coloured particles within either protoplasm or the fluid in the cell vacuole (the cell sap) cluster…
Matches: 6 hits
- … in the tentacles of Drosera rotundifolia (F. Darwin 1876). This phenomenon occurs when coloured …
- … and continued collecting wild plants in the spring of 1876. The resulting observations would …
- … his observations. On 7 September 1876, Francis welcomed his son Bernard into the …
- … on the nature and function of aggregation. Francis’ 1876 paper on aggregation sought explicitly to …
- … protoplasm, rather than condensations of cell-sap (F. Darwin 1876, p. 312). Cohn’s comments on …
- … by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray. Darwin, F. 1876. The Process of Aggregation in the …
Animals, ethics, and the progress of science
Summary
Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…
Matches: 1 hits
- … religious sect’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 4 June [1876] ). Experimenters and a portion of the …
Power of movement in plants
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Family experiments Darwin was an active and engaged father during his children's youth, involving them in his experiments and even occasionally using them as observational subjects. When his children…
Matches: 1 hits
- … Letter 10517 - Darwin to Francis Darwin, 29 May 1876 Darwin writes to Francis to …
Darwin as mentor
Summary
Darwin provided advice, encouragement and praise to his fellow scientific 'labourers' of both sexes. Selected letters Letter 2234 - Darwin to Unidentified, [5 March 1858] Darwin advises that Professor C. P. Smyth’s observations are not…
Matches: 1 hits
- … Letter 10523 - Darwin to Treat, M., [1 June 1876] Darwin praises Treat’s work and …
Dramatisation script
Summary
Re: Design – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig Baxter – as performed 25 March 2007
Matches: 6 hits
- … THE OLDER ONE GETS THE MORE THERE IS TO DO: 1868-1876 In which the friends consider the …
- … 20 JULY 1857 45 A GRAY, PREFACE TO DARWINIANA, 1876 46 THE NICENE CREED, …
- … TO A GRAY, 22 MAY 1860 91 A GRAY, DARWINIANA, 1876 92 A GRAY, REVIEW OF …
- … TO JD HOOKER 1870 183 C DARWIN, AUTOBIOGRAPHY 1876 184 A GRAY, PREFACE, …
- … GRAY, 19 JANUARY 1863 193 TO A GRAY 9 AUGUST 1876 194 FROM A GRAY 25 …
- … JUNE 1874 203 C DARWIN TO A GRAY 28 JANUARY 1876 204 FROM A GRAY 11 …
People featured in the German and Austrian photograph album
Summary
Biographical details of people from the Habsburg Empire that appeared in the album of German and Austrian scientists sent to Darwin on 12 February 1877. We are grateful to Johannes Mattes for providing these details and for permission to make his…
Matches: 4 hits
- … Künste”. He co-founded the Scientific Club in Vienna (1876) and moved from Vienna to Paris in 1889. …
- … and was sent back to Europe as a military attaché. Since 1876, Gagern served as secretary of the …
- … Kautschuk- und Leder-Industrie. 2 nd issue. Wien: Manz 1876. N.N.: GM Josef Edler von …
- … society Carnuntum (1884) and the Scientific Club (1876) in Vienna. Doblhoff-Dier J. v.: …
Darwin in public and private
Summary
Extracts from Darwin's published works, in particular Descent of man, and selected letters, explore Darwin's views on the operation of sexual selection in humans, and both his publicly and privately expressed views on its practical implications…
Matches: 1 hits
- … 10546 – Darwin to Editor of The Times , [23 June 1876] Darwin forwards to The …
Essays & reviews by Asa Gray
Summary
Asa Gray wrote a series of reviews of Darwin’s works for American magazines such as Atlantic Monthly and The Nation. These gave publicity to Darwin’s theories, and they also contained extended reflections on the possible implications of these theories…