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Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year

Summary

The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…

Matches: 29 hits

… be done by observation during prolonged intervals’ ( letter to D. T. Gardner, [ c . 27 August …
… pleasures of shooting and collecting beetles ( letter from W. D. Fox, 8 May [1874] ). Such …
… And … one looks backwards much more than forwards’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 11 May [1874] ). …
… was an illusory hope.— I feel very old & helpless’ ( letter to B. J. Sulivan, 6 January [1874] …
… inferred that he was well from his silence on the matter ( letter from Ernst Haeckel, 26 October …
… in such rubbish’, he confided to Joseph Dalton Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 18 January [1874] …
… that Mr Williams was ‘a cheat and an imposter’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 27 January 1874 ). …
… his, ‘& that he was thus free to perform his antics’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 29 January [1874 …
… Darwin had allowed ‘a spirit séance’ at his home ( letter from T. G. Appleton, 2 April 1874 ). …
… edition, published in 1842 ( Correspondence vol. 21, letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 17 …
… Hooker, and finally borrowed one from Charles Lyell ( letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 8 January …
… (letters from George Cupples, 21 February 1874 and 12 March 1874 ); the material was …
… the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii; letters from T. N. Staley, 12 February 1874 and 20 February 1874 …
… ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 14 April 1874 ). The technical nature of Huxley’s argument prompted …
… was published in November 1874 ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 November 1874 ). Though containing …
… print runs would be very good ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 November 1874 ). Darwin's …
… Review & in the same type’ ( letter from John Murray, 12 August 1874 ). George’s letter …
… he finally wrote a polite, very formal letter to Mivart on 12 January 1875 , refusing to hold any …
… & snugness’ ( letter from Emma Darwin to J. B. Innes, 12 October [1874] ). More …
… vicar of Deptford ( letter from Emma Darwin to J. B. Innes, 12 October [1874] ), but to her …
… a source of inspiration. In April, he wrote a letter to Nature, observing that the flowers of …
… primroses were abundant in each district ( letter to Nature , 18 April [1874] ). He …
… M. Story-Maskelyne, 4 May 1874 ). In a second letter to Nature , Darwin summarised the …
… blindfolded from the moment of being hatched ( letter to Nature , 7 and 11 May [1874] ; …
… with the contraction of Dionaea leaves in Nature (Burdon Sanderson 1874). Hooker also …
… mechanism that Darwin agreed with ( letter to F. J. Cohn, 12 October 1874 ). Darwin’s American …
… bank with enormous tips to his ears ( letter from Asa Gray, 12 May 1874 ). The Manchester …
… ). He featured in the scientific worthies series in Nature ( letter to J. N. Lockyer, 13 May …
… excellent, & as clear as light’ ( letter to John Tyndall, 12 August [1874] ). Hooker …

Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots

Summary

Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…

Matches: 26 hits

… his publishers, he warned that it was ‘dry as dust’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 9 September 1879 ). …
… turned out, alas, very dull & has disappointed me much’ ( letter to Francis Galton, 15 [June …
… home again’, he fretted, just days before his departure ( letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, [after 26 …
… many blessings, was finding old age ‘a dismal time’ ( letter to Henry Johnson, 24 September 1879 ) …
… wrinkles one all over like a baked pear’ ( enclosure in letter from R. W. Dixon, 20 December 1879 …
… itself, or gone some other way round?’ At least the last letter of 1879 contained a warmer note and …
… office to complete Horace’s marriage settlement ( letter from W. M. Hacon, 31 December 1879 ). …
… but they were ‘as nice and good as could be’ ( letter from Karl Beger, [ c. 12 February 1879] ) …
… on your life’s work, which is crowned with glory’ ( letter from Ernst Haeckel, 9 February 1879 ). …
… the statement ‘In the beginning was carbon’ ( letter from Hermann Müller, 14 February 1879 ). …
… and others as a journal for presenting a uniform view of nature based on the theory of development …
… as the ‘organ of “uncultivated materialism”’ ( letter from Francis Darwin, [after 2 June 1879 ]). …
… up the glory & would please Francis’, he pointed out ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 13 March [1879 …
… wholly & shamefully ignorant of my grandfathers life’ ( letter to Ernst Krause, 14 March 1879 …
… well, and with little fatigue’ ( letter to G. H. Darwin, 12 July 1879 , and letter from Leonard …
… ever about life of D r . D’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, 12 July [1879] ). It was little …
… Thiselton-Dyer, 5 June 1879 , and letter to G. H. Darwin, 12 July 1879 ). Darwin’s final task …
… inn ‘ very comfortable’, but told Leonard Darwin on 12 August that there were ‘too many human …
… not to have come up when the Darwins lunched with him on 12 August (Darwin’s ‘Journal’). Nor did …
… the world. At the end of the year he was awarded a prize of 12,000 francs by the Turin Academy of …
… made on scientific grounds. Evidently concerned about the nature of Malcolm Guthrie’s critique of …
… letter and the image of the frog be published in Nature ( letter to J. N. Lockyer, 4 and 6 …
… which greatly pleased Darwin ( letter from Grant Allen, 12 February 1879 ). One of Allen’s targets …
… attend to they will not undertake anything fresh of such a nature’, Darwin wrote in reply on 3 May …
… engagement being made public ( letter from T. H. Farrer, 12 October 1879 ). Darwin’s response not …
… accurate in its treatment’ ( letter from Francis Galton, 12 November 1879 ). The comment that …

Darwin's in letters, 1873: Animal or vegetable?

Summary

Having laboured for nearly five years on human evolution, sexual selection, and the expression of emotions, Darwin was able to devote 1873 almost exclusively to his beloved plants. He resumed work on the digestive powers of sundews and Venus fly traps, and…

Matches: 25 hits

… also contributed to discussions in the scientific weekly Nature on the role of inherited and …
… I omitted to observe, which I ought to have observed” ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 January [1873] …
… work your wicked will on it—root leaf & branch!” ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 12 January 1873 ) …
… parts of the flower would become modified & correlated” ( letter to T. H. Farrer, 14 August …
… it again, “for Heaven knows when it will be ready” ( letter to John Murray, 4 May [1873] ). …
… we take notes and take tracings of their burrows” ( letter from Francis Darwin, 14 August [1873] ) …
… in importance; and if so more places will be created” ( letter to E. A. Darwin, 20 September 1873 …
… our unfortunate family being fit for continuous work” ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 25 September …
… of November 1872 and sold quickly. He wrote to Hooker on 12 January [1873] , “Did I ever boast to …
… off, & most of them sold!” Reviews remarked on the popular nature of the book. Full of …
… on any point; for I knew my own ignorance before hand” ( letter to George Cupples, 28 April [1873] …
… “he would fly at the Empr’s throat like a bulldog” ( letter from L. M. Forster to H. E. Litchfield, …
… force & truth of the great principle of inheritance!” ( letter to F. S. B. F. de Chaumont, 3 …
… the heavy breathing that accompanied sexual intercourse? (letter from ?, [1873?]). The Scottish …
… with up lines; & sadness & decay with the reverse—” ( letter from William Main, 2 April …
… with the advance of civilisation and good breeding ( letter from Henry Reeks, 3 March 1873 ). …
… have never felt an inclination to have a second dose” ( letter from Robert Swinhoe, 26 March 1873 …
… of an orbital one produces snapping of the jaws” ( letter from James Crichton-Browne, 16 April 1873 …
… that illustrated the physiognomy of the disease ( letter to James Crichton-Browne, 30 December 1873 …
… by an individual could be transmitted to its offspring ( letter from J. T. Moggridge, 1 February …
… fearful of butchers and butcher’s shops ( letter to Nature , [before 13 February 1873] ). …
… triggered by smell. Darwin joined the debate, writing to Nature ( letter to Nature , [before …
… after he had smashed some with his finger ( letter to Nature , [before 3 April 1873] ). …
… by seeing the corpses of a fellow species” ( letter to Nature , [before 24 July 1873] ). …
… character traits in families, and the comparative role of nature and nurture by gathering statistics …

Darwin in letters, 1881: Old friends and new admirers

Summary

In May 1881, Darwin, one of the best-known celebrities in England if not the world, began writing about all the eminent men he had met. He embarked on this task, which formed an addition to his autobiography, because he had nothing else to do. He had…

Matches: 27 hits

… in Unconscious memory in November 1880 and in an abusive letter about Darwin in the St James’s …
… memory in Kosmos and sent Darwin a separate letter for publication in the Journal of Popular …
… made a small omission ’. Stephen’s reply on 12 January was flattering, reassuring, and …
… Balfour translated Krause’s account and published it in Nature , and George Romanes wrote such …
… publishers decided to print ‘500 more, making 2000’ ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 4 January 1881 ) …
… of leaves that were so original that Darwin sent them to Nature for publication. Darwin, who was …
… the animal learnt from its own individual experience ( letter from G. J. Romanes, 7 March 1881 ). …
… whether observations of their behaviour were trustworthy ( letter to Francis Galton, 8 March [1881] …
… about the sale of books being ‘a game of chance’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 12 April 1881 ). On 18 …
… to me that anyone could watch the movements & doubt its nature. But these doubts have led me to …
… for more suggestions of such plants, especially annuals ( letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 21 March …
… Darwin had difficulty in obtaining mature plants. On 12 April, he reported to Müller , ‘I have …
… to make me happy & contented,’ he told Wallace on 12 July , ‘but life has become very …
… supposed he would feel ‘less sulky in a day or two’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 29 July 1881 ). The …
… dead a work falls at this late period of the season’ ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 30 July 1881 ). …
… He was scrupulous in sending any important observations to Nature or incorporating them into his …
… conversation with you’, a Swedish teacher told him ( letter from C. E. Södling, 14 October 1881 ), …
… add, however little, to the general stock of knowledge’ ( letter to E. W. Bok, 10 May 1881 ). …
… regular ‘bread-winners’ ( Correspondence vol. 30, letter to C. A. Kennard, 9 January 1882 ). …
… any future publication & to acknowledge any criticism’ ( letter to C. G. Semper, 19 July 1881 …
… there proves that I took a very erroneous view of the nature & capabilities of the Fuegians’ ( …
… the kindly protection of the high priests of science’ ( letter from Francisco de Arruda Furtado, 29 …
… scientific material Darwin received, he subscribed to Nature , which he thought ‘an excellent …
… fight’ (letters to J. D. Hooker, 6 August 1881 and 12 August 1881 ). Darwin may have …
… else’s judgment on the subject ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 12 July 1881 ). However, some requests …
… problem: he had been asked to review Wiesner’s book for Nature . ‘It might be an opportunity of …
… response to Wiesner’s book appeared in the issue of Nature published the day after Darwin’s …

Darwin in letters, 1862: A multiplicity of experiments

Summary

1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the extent and breadth of the botanical experiments…

Matches: 27 hits

… but really I do think you have a good right to be so’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, [15 and] 20 …
… species. Darwin attempted to dissuade him from this view ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 14 [January 1862 …
… partially sterile together. He failed. Huxley replied ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 20 January 1862 …
… and pronounced them ‘simply perfect’, but continued ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 18 December [1862] ) …
… resigned to their difference of opinion, but complained ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 28 December [1862 …
… letters, Darwin, impressed, gave him the commission ( see letter to John Scott, 11 December [1862] …
… protégé, telling Hooker: ‘he is no common man’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 [December 1862] ). …
… Towards the end of the year, he wrote to Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 [December 1862] ): …
… and added, ‘new cases are tumbling in almost daily’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 22 January [1862] ). In …
… hopeful, became increasingly frustrated, telling Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 March [1862] ) …
… on the problem: ‘the labour is great’, he told Gray ( letter to Asa Gray, 10–20 June [1862] ), ‘I …
… resulted from his ‘ enormous labour over them’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 [October 1862] ; …
… Oliver: ‘I can see at least 3 classes of dimorphism’ ( letter to Daniel Oliver, 12 [April 1862] ), …
… result once out of four or five sets of experiments’ ( letter to M. T. Masters, 24 July [1862] ). …
… one species may be said to be generically distinct’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 14 July [1862] ). The …
… and determined to publish on Linum ‘at once’ ( letter to John Scott, 11 December [1862] ), …
… d . like to make out this wonderfully complex case—’ ( letter to Daniel Oliver, 29 [July 1862] ). …
… The case clearly excited Darwin, who exclaimed to Gray ( letter to Asa Gray, 9 August [1862] ), ‘I …
… that the case warranted a paper for the Linnean Society ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 6 October [1862] …
… that had given him ‘great pleasure to ride’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 22 January [1862] ). But he …
… know not in the least , whether the Book will sell’ ( letter to John Murray, 9 [February 1862] …
… govern the structure of almost every flower’ ( letter to Daniel Oliver, 8 June [1862] ). …
… so doubtful about anything I published’, he told Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 15 [May 1862] ). …
… drew from Darwin a detailed explanation of his views on the nature of variation, and on how it might …
… passed so miserable a nine months’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 12 September [1862] ). A family …
… ‘Botany is a new subject to me’ ( letter to John Scott, 12 November [1862] ), but, impressed by …
… into Tyndall’s ears’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 10–12 November [1862] ). Another of Darwin’s …

Moral Nature

Summary

In Descent of Man, Darwin argued that human morality had evolved from the social instincts of animals, especially the bonds of sympathy and love. Darwin gathered observations over many decades on animal behavior: the heroic sacrifices of social insects,…

Matches: 13 hits

… save another. Letters Letter 7048 : Darwin, W. E., to Darwin, …
… but rather in a muddle on the whole subject" Letter 7645 : Morley, John to Darwin, …
… but 'in the air' from generation to generation." Letter 7685 : Darwin to …
… that man ever existed as a non-social animal." Letter 7691 , Morley, John, to …
… the moral sense, at a time when Paris is aflame". Letter 7145 : Darwin to Cobbe, F. …
… apes & savages at the moral sense of mankind." Letter 7149 : Cobbe, F. P. to …
… metaphysics & physics form one great philosophy?" Letter 7470 : Wedgwood, …
… which look with reverence or respect is shame." Letter 7537 : Darwin, C. R. to …
… dissatisfied with himself & regret his conduct." Letter 9377 : Darwin, C. R. to …
… remain, to a large extent, of the same so-called instinctive nature as before?" …
… or random) is Self or Self-Interest." Letter 12615 : Darwin, C. R. to Preston, …
… 1871. 'Mr. Darwin on conscience', Pall Mall Gazette of 12 April 1871. [ link to pdf …
… University Press. Wilson, E. O. 1978. On Human Nature , pp. 149-67. …

Women’s scientific participation

Summary

Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…

Matches: 28 hits

… Observers Women: Letter 1194 - Darwin to Whitby, M. A. T., [12 August …
… silkworm breeds, or peculiarities in inheritance. Letter 3787 - Darwin, H. E. to …
… observations of cats’ instinctive behaviour. Letter 4258 - Becker, L. E. to Darwin, …
… to artificially fertilise plants in her garden. Letter 4523 - Wedgwood, L. C. to …
… be made on seeds of Pulmonaria officinalis . Letter 5745 - Barber, M. E. to …
… Expression from her home in South Africa. Letter 6736 - Gray, A. & J. L …
… Expression during a trip to Egypt. Letter 7223 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., …
… expression of emotion in her pet dog and birds. Letter 5817 - Darwin to Huxley, T. …
… is making similar observations for him. Letter 6535 - Vaughan Williams , M. S. …
… of a crying baby to Darwin's daughter, Henrietta. Letter 7179 - Wedgwood, …
… briefly on her ongoing observations of wormholes. Letter 8611 - Cupples, A. J. …
… expression of emotion in dogs with Emma Darwin. Letter 8676 - Treat, M. to Darwin, …
… birds, insects or plants on Darwin’s behalf. Letter 8683 - Roberts, D. to …
… of an angry pig and her niece’s ears. Letter 8701 - Lubbock, E. F . to Darwin, …
… that she make observations of her pet cats. Letter 8989 - Treat, M. to Darwin, [28 …
… on her experiments with fly-catching Drosera . Letter 9426 - Story …
… without the birds attacking the buds and flowers. Letter 9616 - Marshall, T. to …
… and her father of plants and insects. Men: Letter 2221 - Blyth, E. to Darwin …
… specimens and bird observations from Calcutta. Letter 3634 - Darwin to Gray, A., [1 …
… “enthusiasm and indomitable patience”. Letter 4242 - Hildebrand, F. H. G. to Darwin …
… contained in “a little treatise”. Letter 4436 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., [26-27 …
… he has moved one or two of them into his bedroom. Letter 5602 - Sutton, S. to …
… expression of emotion in chimpanzees and orangs. Letter 5705 - Haast, J. F. J. von …
… to show in his museum in Canterbury, New Zealand. Letter 6453 - Langton, E. to …
… Letter 10390 - Herrick, S. M. B . to Darwin, [12 February 1876] Sophia Herrick …
… future. Letter 4038 - Darwin to Lyell, C., [12-13 March 1863] Darwin …
… Letter 7858 - Darwin to Wa llace, A. R., [12 July 1871] Darwin tells Wallace that …
… Letter 3316 - Darwin to Nevill, D. F., [12 November 1861] Darwin requests the …

Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad

Summary

At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…

Matches: 27 hits

… that he was ‘unwell & must write briefly’ ( letter to John Scott, 31 May [1863] ), and in a …
… persevered with his work on Variation until 20 July, his letter-writing dwindled considerably. The …
… of man and Huxley’s Evidence as to man’s place in nature both had a direct bearing on Darwin’s …
… from ‘some Quadrumanum animal’, as he put it in a letter to J. D. Hooker of 24[–5] February [1863] …
… ‘I declare I never in my life read anything grander’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 26 [February 1863] …
… than Origin had (see Correspondence vol. 8, letter to Charles Lyell, 10 January [1860] ). …
… of man and Huxley’s Evidence as to man’s place in nature directly confronted experts and non …
… from animals like the woolly mammoth and cave bear ( see letter from Jacques Boucher de Perthes, 23 …
… leap from that of inferior animals made him ‘groan’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 6 March [1863] ). …
… out that species were not separately created’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 17 March [1863] ). Public …
… book he wished his one-time mentor had not said a word ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 24[–5] February …
… I respect you, as my old honoured guide & master’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 6 March [1863] ). …
… against stronger statements regarding species change ( letter from Charles Lyell, 11 March 1863 ). …
… thinking, while Huxley’s book would scare them off ( see letter from Asa Gray, 20 April 1863 ). In …
… change of species by descent put him ‘into despair’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 11 May [1863] ). In the …
… he had ‘gained nothing’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 12–13 March [1863] ). poor miserable …
… Natural History Review ( see letter to H. W. Bates, 12 January [1863] ). Darwin added Bates’s …
… in 1863. From Shropshire, where Darwin first began observing nature, he was invited to become an …
… Society ( see letter from Edward Sabine to John Phillips, 12 November 1863 ). Characteristically, …
… for every plant, and stated that there must then be ‘in nature, a deeper seated and innate principle …
… VI). However, when Evidence as to man’s place in nature was published in February 1863, Huxley …
… IV). Darwin continued to investigate the true nature of sterility, a question he had been …
… also encouraged him to write ( see letter to John Scott, 12 April [1863] ). In this paper, Scott …
… in other flowers, provided evidence for his assertion that nature ‘abhors perpetual self …
… to capture his attention ( see letter to John Scott, 12 April [1863] ). Additionally, Darwin …
… Huxley, 25 February 1863 , and letter to Charles Lyell, 12–13 March [1863] ). Emma was a …
… ‘It was indeed one of the strongest feelings in his nature, and was exemplified in matters small and …

Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts

Summary

At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…

Matches: 25 hits

… & I am sick of correcting’ ( Correspondence vol. 16, letter to W. D. Fox, 12 December [1868 …
… Well it is a beginning, & that is something’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [22 January 1869] ). …
… made any blunders, as is very likely to be the case’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 13 January 1869 ). …
… than I now see is possible or probable’ (see also letter to A. R. Wallace, 22 January [1869] , …
… is strengthened by the facts in distribution’ ( letter to James Croll, 31 January [1869] ). Darwin …
… tropical species using Croll’s theory. In the same letter to Croll, Darwin had expressed …
… a very long period before the Cambrian formation’ ( letter to James Croll, 31 January [1869] …
… data to go by, but don’t think we have got that yet’ ( letter from James Croll, 4 February 1869 ). …
… I d have been less deferential towards [Thomson]’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 19 March [1869] ). …
… completed revisions of the ‘everlasting old Origin’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 1 June [1869] ), he was …
… him however in his researches I would willingly do so’ ( letter from Robert Elliot to George …
… with his noisy courting of the female in the garden ( letter from Frederick Smith, 8 October 1869 …
… doubted her ability to recognise the different varieties ( letter to W. B. Tegetmeier, 25 February …
… weary of everlasting males & females, cocks & hens.—’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 13 November …
… with much more of the same description’ ( enclosure to letter from Henry Maudsley, 20 May 1869 ). …
… in an additional & proximate cause in regard to Man’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 14 April 1869 …
… orang-utan, and the bird of paradise (Wallace 1869a; letter to A. R. Wallace, 22 March [1869] ) …
… does himself an injustice & never demands justice’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 14 April 1869 ). …
… geological structures of the South American cordillera ( letter to Charles Lyell, 20 May 1869 ), …
… of the same species that Darwin had investigated in depth ( letter from C. F. Claus, 6 February …
… role of earthworms in the formation of the soil ( letter to Gardeners’ Chronicle , 9 May [1869] …
… sundew), a genus that he had studied in the early 1860s ( letter to W. C. Tait, 12 and 16 March …
… 1869 ). Problems of design and purposefulness in nature had been alluded to in a more …
… Much more influential in the long term, however, was Nature , the first issue of which appeared …
… periodicals’, he wrote to Hooker, regretting only that Nature did not review more foreign …

Darwin in letters, 1878: Movement and sleep

Summary

In 1878, Darwin devoted most of his attention to the movements of plants. He investigated the growth pattern of roots and shoots, studying the function of specific organs in this process. Working closely with his son Francis, Darwin devised a series of…

Matches: 27 hits

… Hooker, ‘or as far as I know any scientific man’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 December [1878] ). …
… or arched.… Almost all seedlings come up arched’ ( letter to Sophy Wedgwood, 24 March [1878–80] ). …
… when he finds out that he missed sensitiveness of apex’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, [11 May 1878] …
… Darwin complained. ‘I am ashamed at my blunder’ ( letter to John Tyndall, 22 December [1878] ). …
… accursed German language: Sachs is very kind to him’ ( letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 18 June …
… have nobody to talk to, about my work, I scribble to you ( letter to Francis Darwin, 7 [July 1878] …
… but it is horrid not having you to discuss it with’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, 20 [July 1878] ). …
… determine whether they had chlorophyll, Francis reported ( letter from Francis Darwin, [after 7 …
… ‘There is one machine we must have’, Francis wrote ( letter from Francis Darwin, [before 17 July …
… ‘He seems to me to jump to conclusions rather’ ( letter from Francis Darwin, [before 3 August 1878] …
… the pot-plant every day & never the bedded out one’ ( letter from Francis Darwin, [after 7 July …
… ‘I have borrowed Cieselski & read him,’ he reported ( letter from Francis Darwin, [22 June 1878 …
… books & red-wine which is here the cure for all evils’ ( letter from Francis Darwin, [24 and 25 …
… is very sweet & pretty,’ he added a week later ( letter to Francis Darwin, 14 July [1878] ). …
… in a booboo, whereas I ought to have said a gee-gee’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, 17 July [1878] ). …
… close down on the object, but he will always do so’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 20 August [1878] ). …
… idiot, a deaf-mute, a monkey & a baby in your house!’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 2 September …
… that I want to play the part of a thieving wasp’ ( letter from G. J. Romanes, 21 June 1878 ). …
… than zoology, where his work had been more controversial ( letter from J.-B. Dumas and Joseph …
… me Dr Darwin, the title seems to me quite ridiculous’ ( letter to John Price, 2 April [1878] ). …
… to go, in the mind of your theory, and to elucidate the true nature of the “imperfection of the …
… The Swiss botanist Arnold Dodel-Port announced on 12 June 1878 the first issue of an atlas with …
… science our atlas would not have come together’ ( letter from Arnold Dodel-Port, 18 June 1878 ). …
… or religious prejudice. An engineer in Bohemia addressed his letter to ‘the inspired hermit of Down’ …
… in Germany, as if they had been school-boys’ ( letter to Karl von Scherzer, 1 April 1878 ). …
… a personal god with the ‘eternity of matter’ ( letter from H. N. Ridley, [before 28 November 1878] …
… the evidence of the existence of a God looked at through nature’s phenomena’ ( letter from James …

Darwin in letters, 1872: Job done?

Summary

'My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, 'is so nearly closed. . . What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’, and the tenor of his correspondence throughout the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye…

Matches: 27 hits

… What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’ ( letter to Francis Galton, 8 November [1872] …
… anything more on 'so difficult a subject, as evolution’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 27 July …
… best efforts, set the final price at 7 s. 6 d. ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 February 1872 ) …
… condition as I can make it’, he wrote to the translator ( letter to J. J. Moulinié, 23 September …
… translation remained unpublished at the end of the year ( letter from C.-F. Reinwald, 23 November …
… to the comparative anatomist St George Jackson Mivart ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 11 January …
… comparison of Whale & duck most beautiful’ ( letter from A. R. Wallace, 3 March 1872 ) …
… a person as I am made to appear’, complained Darwin ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 5 January 1872 ). …
… Darwin would renounce `fundamental intellectual errors’ ( letter from St G. J. Mivart, 6 January …
… was silly enough to think he felt friendly towards me’ ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 8 January [1872 …
… hoping for reconciliation, if only `in another world’ ( letter from St G. J. Mivart, 10 January …
… have been ungracious in him not to thank Mivart for his letter. He promised to send a copy of the …
… partly in mind, `chiefly perhaps because I do it badly’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 3 August [1872] …
… Darwinism is to be the theme. Surely the world moves!’ ( letter from Mary Treat, 13 December 1872 …
… to find that Weismann accepted it at least in part ( letter to August Weismann, 5 April 1872 ). ‘I …
… few naturalists in England seem inclined to believe it’ ( letter to Herman Müller, [before 5 May …
… reached the buzzing place where I myself was standing’ ( letter to Hermann Müller, [before 5 May …
… ‘as for myself it is dreadful doing nothing’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 22 October [1872] ). He was …
… to stand closer (a serried mass) and to be more erect’ ( letter to Briton Riviere, 19 May [1872] ) …
… and amused rather than offended by `that clever book’ ( letter to J. M. Herbert, 21 November 1872 …
… wrote offering Arthur May’s drawings shortly afterwards ( letter from Samuel Butler to Francis …
… 'exactly where, from his ignorance, he feels no doubts’ ( letter to F. C. Donders, 17 June …
… music provided by her husband, Richard Buckley Litchfield ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 13 May 1872 …
… to Henrietta; 'I know that I am half-killed myself’ ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 25 July 1872 …
… fellow’ was Darwin’s wholeheartedly partisan reply ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 May 1872 ). On 13 …
… turn into an old honest Tory’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 July [1872] ). Darwin and …
… Mr. Darwin , and Darwin wrote a cutting letter to Nature in Wallace’s defence ( letter to …

Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small

Summary

In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…

Matches: 25 hits

… ‘I feel a very old man, & my course is nearly run’ ( letter to Lawson Tait, 13 February 1882 ) …
… fertility of crosses between differently styled plants ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 January 1882 …
… thin slices, yet are found to differ greatly in the nature of their contents, if immersed for …
… François Marie Glaziou (see Correspondence vol. 28, letter from Arthur de Souza Corrêa, 20 …
… quite untirable & I am glad to shirk any extra labour’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 6 January …
… probably intending to test its effects on chlorophyll ( letter to Joseph Fayrer, 30 March 1882 ). …
… we know about the life of any one plant or animal!’ ( letter to Henry Groves, 3 April 1882 ). He …
… of seeing the flowers & experimentising on them’ ( letter to J. E. Todd, 10 April 1882 ). …
… find stooping over the microscope affects my heart’ ( letter to Henry Groves, 3 April 1882 ). …
… sooner or later write differently about evolution’ ( letter to John Murray, 21 January 1882 ). The …
… leaves into their burrows ( Correspondence vol. 29, letter from J. F. Simpson, 8 November 1881 …
… on the summit, whence it rolls down the sides’ ( letter from J. F. Simpson, 7 January 1882 ). The …
… light on it, which would have pleased me greatly’ ( letter from J. H. Gilbert, 9 January 1882, …
… annelid seemed to have rather the best of the fight’ ( letter from G. F. Crawte, 11 March 1882 ). …
… by the American educator Emily Talbot (Talbot ed. 1882). His letter to Talbot written the previous …
… by the flippant witlings of the newspaper press’ ( letter from A. T. Rice, 4 February 1882 ). Rice …
… men, and their role as providers for the family. In his letter, he conceded that there was ‘some …
… of our homes, would in this case greatly suffer’ ( letter to C. A. Kennard, 9 January 1882 ). …
… 20 March [1882] ; see also letter from T. L Brunton, 12 February 1882 , and letter to T. L. …
… A lecture by Robert Stawell Ball that was printed in Nature declared George ‘the discoverer of …
… & it is a consolation to me to think that the last 10 or 12 years were the happiest (owing to …
… all the breeds from India & China. Any assistance of this nature would be invaluable; but I know …
… ’ ( Correspondence vol. 17, letter from F. M. Malven, 12 February [1869] ). An extract from …
… the same class with his’ ( letter to F. M. Malven, [after 12 February 1869] ). Accompanying this …
… seems to me a much more difficult point from its graduated nature: some time ago my son, Mr G. …

Cross and self fertilisation

Summary

The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…

Matches: 10 hits

… project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic …
… offspring of English fertile plants’ ( To Fritz Müller, 12 May 1870 ). From a fairly early …
… 17 March [1867] ). He noted another factor in a letter to Gray, remarking, ‘I am going on with my …
… [1873] ). In September, Darwin wrote a long letter to Nature commenting on a seemingly …
… exposed to slightly different conditions of life’ ( To Nature , 20 September [1873] ). Just as …
… by other plants with which they grow mingled in a state of nature’ ( To J. H. Gilbert, 16 February …
… if the book had not yet been released ( From Asa Gray, 12 October 1876 ). Darwin sent the sheets, …
… as being as faultless as your temper’ ( From Asa Gray, 12 November 1876 ). The book was …
… A. R. Wallace, 13 December 1876 ). No reply to this letter has been found, but Darwin had long …
… your Cross & Self Fertilization & about to review it for “Nature”— he gloats over it' ( …

Darwin’s queries on expression

Summary

When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect observations more widely and composed a list of queries on human expression. A number of handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller…

Matches: 20 hits

… handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller, 22 February …
… corporal punishment and not the susceptibilities of a moral nature.” Darwin did not typically …
… Correspondence about Darwin’s Questionnaire (click on the letter dates to see the individual letters …
… online ahead of schedule as part of the “Darwin and Human Nature” project, funded by the Arts and …
… Correspondent Letter date Location …
… Africa)? ] mentioned in JPM Weale letter, but Bowker's answers not found …
… Woolston, Southampton, England letter to W.E. Darwin shrugging …
… Square W London, England enclosed in a letter from Henry Maudsley …
… South Africa possibly included in letter from Mansel Weale …
… Peradeniya, Ceylon enclosed in letter from G.H.K. Thwaites …
… Egypt] possibly included in letter(s) from Asa Gray Nile …
… Haast, J.F.J. von 12 May - 2 June 1867 Christchurch, …
… Hagenauer, F.A. [12 Sept 1867] Lake Wellington, …
… Abbey Place, London, England letter to Emma Darwin baby expression …
… Penmaenmawr, Conway, Wales letter to Emma Darwin infant daughter …
… Square W, London, England Enclosed letter from Dr. C. Browne …
… W., London, England enclosed in letter from W. W. Reade Hottentots …
… Wedgwood, Sarah E to ED [30 March-12 April 1868] …
… England (about Australia) encloses letter from Austrialian friend, letter not …
… Wilson, Samuel 12 Nov 1867 Longerenong, Wimmera, …

Interview with Randal Keynes

Summary

Randal Keynes is a great-great-grandson of Charles Darwin, and the author of Annie’s Box (Fourth Estate, 2001), which discusses Darwin’s home life, his relationship with his wife and children, and the ways in which these influenced his feelings about…

Matches: 14 hits

… and the ways in which these influenced his feelings about nature and religion. …
… a quotation towards the beginning of your book in a letter that Darwin writes to Emma just …
… we have the metaphysical notebooks, which are about human nature; we don't have notebooks on …
… might have ideas that would be of value on species and human nature. He always felt there were many …
… [For more on this correspondence, see our Design in Nature section.] I think the first …
… so maybe if you could talk a bit more about that? Also, the nature of this painful void? …
… of belief? I think you also suggested it was about the nature of belief itself and whether belief is …
… be defiant by everyone in the community. 12. The value of suffering …
… uncaring creator; his view that the manifold suffering in nature is purposeless? Randal …
… experience. 14. Darwin's opinion of human nature Dr White: …
… because of this, he makes this a general feature of human nature, sympathy. There are sources for …
… Randal Keynes: I think he thought very well of human nature. I think he thought we were basically …
… That, I think, is the foundation of his belief in human nature and co-operation, and I think that he …
… and I think, yes, at heart, he had faith in human nature. Dr White: That's a good …

3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos

Summary

< Back to Introduction Darwin’s plans for the illustration of his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) led him to the Swedish-born painter and photographer, Oscar Gustaf Rejlander. Rejlander gave Darwin the notes that he had…

Matches: 6 hits

… Henry Jeens as a steel engraving, which was published in Nature in 1874, and was included in …
… computer-readable date 1871-01-01 to 1871-12-31   medium and material albumen …
… a Meeting of the South London Photographic Society, February 12, 1863. Darwin’s letter to his …
… and to the editor of The Illustrated Review , 12 Oct. [1871] (DCP-LETT-8003). Darwin family …
… of Manchester, English MS 1404, pp. 52–3, with a letter to Dresser from Darwin, dated 10 Sept. 1875 …
… of our time’, pp. 356–7. Steel engraving by Jeens in Nature vol. 10, ‘Presented to the …

Darwin in letters, 1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles

Summary

Darwin's study of barnacles, begun in 1844, took him eight years to complete. The correspondence reveals how his interest in a species found during the Beagle voyage developed into an investigation of the comparative anatomy of other cirripedes and…

Matches: 17 hits

… hurrah for my species-work’ ( Correspondence vol. 3, letter to J. D. Hooker, [5 or 12 November …
… William Herschel, to write the chapter on geology ( letter to J. F. W. Herschel, 4 February [1848] …
… by Darwin on the use of microscopes on board ship ( see letter to Richard Owen, [26 March 1848] ). …
… to Milne directly, he sent a long rejoinder in the form of a letter for publication in the Scotsman. …
… asked for it to be destroyed. Only the draft of Darwin’s letter remains ( letter to the Scotsman …
… that his original fieldwork was ‘time thrown away’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 8 [September 1847] ) …
… that it would be a ‘thorn in the side of É de B.’ (letter to Charles Lyell, 3 January 1850 ). …
… marine invertebrates himself (see Correspondence vol. 2, letter to Leonard Jenyns, 10 April [1837]) …
… a young Balanus in this illformed little monster? Fig 12.— . . . It is manifest this curious little …
… opinion that such a monograph was a ‘desideratum’ ( letter to J. L. R. Agassiz, 22 October 1848 ), …
… abortive stamens or pistils ( Correspondence vol. 2, letter from J. S. Henslow, 21 November …
… care what you say, my species theory is all gospel.—’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 10 May 1848 ). …
… that might be involved, ultimately disagreeing about their nature. Taxonomy and scientific …
… sacrifice the rule of priority for the sake of expedience ( letter to H. E. Strickland, [4 February …
… it as ‘the greatest curse to natural History’ ( letter to H. E. Strickland, 29 January [1849] ). …
… Museum of Zoology, has been transcribed with Darwin’s letter to H. E. Strickland, 29 January [1849 …
… the battle, he gave up only from fatigue and ill health ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 9 April 1849 ). …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 30 hits

… read There appears to be good art. on Entozore 12 by Owen in Encyclop. of Anat. & …
… 1838] Atlas de la Geographie des trois Regnes de la nature. Paris. 6: folio par Céran de …
… [Reimarius 1760] The Highlands & Western Isl ds letter to Sir W Scott [MacCulloch 1824 …
… 1840] [DAR *119: 13] Tucker’s light of Nature [Tucker 1768–78] Johnson …
… 1834] recommended by Sir. J. Mackintosh J. Long Moral Nature of Man [Long 1747] Novum Organum …
… all Vols. Marshall’s Rural Economy of Yorkshire, 12 s [Marshall 1788]—— often quoted by …
… Palaces. Fourth Edition with Woodcuts. 2 vols. fcap. 8vo., 12 s . 30 [Jesse 1838] …
… 1834–40]: In Portfolio of “abstracts” 34 —letter from Skuckard of books on Silk Worm …
… Animals (Deer, Antelopes, &c.) [Jardine 1835–6] 12. Ruminating Animals (Goats, Sheep, …
… et Culture. 4to. Avec 10 planches. Amsterdam, 1768. 12 s . 41 Bailliére [Saint-Simon] 1768] …
… M rs Fry’s Life [Fry 1847] Horace Walpoles letter to C t . of Ossory [Walpole 1848] …
… of Vertebrate animals 54 folio Plates. Maclise 2”12.6. [Maclise 1847] good for woodcuts. (Roy. …
… [Morton 1839] (Preface) Royal Soc. Aspects of Nature Humboldt [A. von Humboldt 1849]— (d[itt …
… History of Brazil [R. Southey 1810–19]. Aspects of Nature. Humboldt [A. von Humboldt 1849]. …
… Asiatic Society ]—contains very little Macleay’s letter to D r Fleming [Macleay 1830] …
… Malthus on Population [Malthus 1826] Oct 12 th W. Earle’s 60 Eastern Seas [Earl 1837]. …
… vol. 19 Mungo Parks travels [Park 1799] Feb 12 Sir H. Davy consolations in travel [H. …
… Lardners 2 nd vol March 16 Gardner’s Music of nature [Gardiner 1832] Life of Haydn …
… [G. Dixon ed. 1789]. Voyages skimmed. Coral Theory 12 th Dampier [Dampier 1697]. 1 st …
… references at end of Hallam [Hallam 1837–9]) Feb. 12 th Charlsworths Journal [ Magazine …
… increase of Hab. earth [Linnaeus 1781a]. Wilcke on Police of Nature [Wilcke 1781]. Hoffberg on …
… May 7 th Skimmed a little of Tucker’s light of nature [Tucker 1768–78]. intolerably prolix …
… on Travel [Linnaeus 1759]. Biberg on œconomy of nature [Biberg 1759]. Barck on foliation of …
… 1805] very poor. 20 th Botanic Garden & Temple of Nature [E. Darwin] 1789–91 and 1803] …
… (d[itt]o) 20 th Reflections on the Study of Nature by Linnæus. (translated) [Linnaeus 1785 …
… [Heer 1854].— Hooker has it.— Very important Hookers letter Jan. 1859 Yules Ava [Yule 1858] …
… of the material from these portfolios is in DAR 205, the letter from William Edward Shuckard to …
… ( Notebooks , pp. 319–28). 55 The letter was addressed to Nicholas Aylward Vigors …
… to William Jackson Hooker. See Correspondence vol. 3, letter to J. D. Hooker, [5 or 12 November …
… 119: 21b Broughton, William Grant. 1832. A letter in vindication of the principles of …

Animals, ethics, and the progress of science

Summary

Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…

Matches: 15 hits

… by the prospect of animals suffering for science. In a letter to E. Ray Lankester, he wrote: ‘You …
… another word about it, else I shall not sleep to-night’ ( letter to E. R. Lankester, 22 March [1871 …
… experiment as an illustration of its tender and sympathetic nature: ‘everyone has heard of the dog …
… pangenesis. Darwin was taken aback, and swiftly replied in a letter to Nature , insisting that he …
… deserved credit for his ‘ingenuity and perseverance’ ( letter to Nature , [before 27 April 1871] …
… for further cross-circulation and ‘Siamesing’ ( letter from Francis Galton, 13 September 1871 ). …
… Some of the results were promising, but inconclusive (see letter from G. J. Romanes, 14 July 1875 …
… results will be necessary to convince physiologists’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 18 July 1875 ). …
… for your work; & I suppose birds can be chloroformed (letter to G. J. Romanes, 27 December …
… branded physiologists as ‘demons let loose from hell’ ( letter to F. B. Cobbe, [14 January 1875] ) …
… detail here . He stated his position most frankly in a letter to Henrietta, 4 January [1875] . …
… point of view I have rejoiced at the present agitation. ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 4 January …
… science of Physiology as doomed to death in this country. ( letter To T. H. Huxley, 14 January 1875 …
… are now in the position of a persecuted religious sect’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 4 June [1876] ) …
… of the utility of experiment amongst people in general’ ( letter from T. L. Brunton, 12 February …

Henrietta Darwin's diary

Summary

Darwin's daughter Henrietta kept a diary for a few momentous weeks in 1871. This was the year in which Descent of Man, the most controversial of her father's books after Origin itself, appeared, a book which she had helped him write. The small…

Matches: 8 hits

… F. J. Wedgwood to H. E. and C. R. Darwin, [1867–72], letter nos. 7058–62). She had published a …
… done before. Her faith in God comes entirely from her inner nature— Now she can trace him in the …
… kno goodness how can we recognise in which part of our nature God is revealed— If our judgement is …
… remember that family life will stretch & exercise my whole nature. I will try to keep …
… my telegram & I feared so to find from G. Lushingtons. 12 I think he must care—it can …
… when I feel my day made bright & happy by one short letter. I want him to take me in his arms …
… [ iron ] side which it is perfectly true is in my nature. & I am selfish—even now I am …
… parable of the talents see Matt. 25: 14–30. 12 Godfrey Lushington and Beatrice Ann …

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Nature
Date:	16 Dec 1879
Classmark:	Nature, 8 January 1880, p. 237
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-12359

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Nature
Date:	15 Dec [1879]
Classmark:	Nature, 1 January 1880, p. 207
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-12391

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Darwin Correspondence Project

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