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Darwin Correspondence Project

From F. J. Cohn1   9 January 1875

Schweidnitzer Stadtgraben Nro. 26. | Breslau

9 Januar 1875

Hochverehrter Herr

Nicht ohne Beschämung erhalte ich Ihren so liebenswürdigen Brief vom ersten Tage dieses Jahres;2 wenn nach altem Glauben der Segen des Weisen Heil bringt, so müssen die freundlichen Wünsche, welche Sie mir entgegengebracht, mir ein glückliches Jahr verkünden. Von ganzem Herzen erwidere ich Ihre Glückwünsche; möge auch in dem neu begonnenen, wie noch vielen folgenden Jahren, Ihnen vergönnt sein, für die Menschheit neue Thatsachen, neue Gedanken zu finden, und sich des Erfolges Ihrer Geistesarbeit, und der Verehrung Ihrer Zeitgenossen in ungetrübter Frische zu erfreuen.

Ich bin in diesen Tagen viel beschäftigt gewesen mit den Vorbereitungen zu dem 50 jährigen Jubiläum meines Lehrers und Freundes Prof. Goeppert, der sich, wie kein andrer Naturforscher in unserem Kreise, die Liebe seiner Mitbürger durch seine wahrhaft humane Thätigkeit als akademischer Lehrer zu erwerben gewußt hat.3 Eine große Menge von wissenschaftlichen und anderen Festgaben sind für dieses Fest von hiesigen und auswärtigen Freunden vorbereitet worden, ich selbst schicke Ihnen in den nächsten Tagen eine von mir verfaßte Festschrift, über “die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Gattung Volvox” welche die höchst merkwürdige Organisation und Fortpflanzung dieses mikroskopischen “Zellen staates” schildert, und über die untersten Stufen des Lebens manches Licht verbreitet.4 Bei dieser Gelegenheit möchte ich Sie darauf aufmerksam machen, daß bei einem überaus einfachen lebenden Wesen, das kaum höher organisirt ist als Bathybius,5 der Bautrieb, die Fähigkeit sich ein Haus aus fremden Stoffen zu bauen, sehr entwickelt ist. Ich meine die Gattung Difflugia, eine im süßen Wasser verbreitete, artenreiche Gruppe aus der Familie der Rhizopoden, deren Plasmakoerper aber nicht nackt ist, wie bei den Amoeben, noch durch Secretion sich ein hornartiges oder kalkiges Gehäuse baut, wie Arcella6 und die Foraminiferen,7 sondern durch Zusammenkleben von Sandkörnchen, Diatomeenschalen und andren im Wasser vorkommenden Körperchen sich eine Hülle baut, ähnlich wie die Phryganeenlarven.8 Räthselhaft ist eine solche Thätigkeit auf der niedersten Stufe der Organisation

Meine Abhandlung über Aldrovanda und Utricularia, obwohl längst gedruckt, ist doch noch immer nicht ausgegeben, weil dieselbe in einem Bande aufgenommen ist, zu welchem ich den Schlußaufsatz (über Bacterien) noch nicht habe vollenden können;9 inzwischen übersende ich Ihnen einen Abdruck der Tafel; es wird mich freuen, wenn Sie von derselben für Ihre Schrift Gebrauch machen wollen, und ich stelle Ihnen dieselbe zu jeglicher Benutzung mit Vergnügung zur Disposition.10

Bei einem Besuch des Botanischen Garten zu Berlin im vorigen Herbst sah ich außerordentlich üppige Exemplare von Darlingtonia und Dionaea, welche unter Glasglocken auf Sphagnum cultivirt waren.11 Nach der Versicherung des Gärtners waren hier keine Insecten zu den Pflanzen gelangt, und doch entwickelten sich dieselben kräftiger, als ich sie je gesehen. Wie ist dies zu erklären?

Von der Redaction der “Deutschen Rundschau”, die eine Art “Revue de deux mondes” zu werden bestimmt ist, und in welcher auch der von mir vor einiger Zeit Ihnen zugeschickte Aufsatz “Botanische Probleme” enthalten war, bin ich ersucht worden, einen “Essay” über Ihr in Aussicht stehendes Buch von Drosera zu schreiben, und ich bin gern bereit dies zu thun.12 Sollte ich daher durch Ihre grosse Freundlichkeit zeitig in den Besitz Ihres Buches gelangen können, so würde ich dadurch in den Stand gesetzt, dem grossen Leserkreis der Deutschen Revue durch einen Bericht über Ihre neuen Forschungen bald eine Freude zu machen.

Mit der Bitte mir Ihr, mich so hoch ehrendes und erfreuendes Wohlwollen zu erhalten, zeichne ich in Verehrung | Dr. Ferdinand Cohn.

CD annotations

Top of first page: ‘Extremely interesting letter— | Particles of case Dr Carpenter—13 | Feeding of Dionæa— My experiment on Drosera—14 | —Sheet N Review— | New sp. of Aldrovanda’15 pencil

Footnotes

For a translation of this letter, see Appendix I.
The celebrations in question were held on 11 January 1875 in Breslau, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of Heinrich Robert Goeppert’s doctorate (Cohn 1875b, p. 93 n.).
There is a copy of Cohn 1875b (The developmental history of the genus Volvox) in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL. Volvox is a genus of green algae. Cohn proposed that cytoplasmic bridges in embryonic cells served to channel materials from the somatic cells to the developing embryos.
Bathybius was a substance found on the seabed that Thomas Henry Huxley originally thought was a primordial organism; he named it Bathybius haeckelii (T. H. Huxley 1868b; L. Huxley ed. 1900, 2: 295–6; Nature, 19 August 1875, p. 316). See also Rice 1983.
Difflugia, Arcella, and Amoeba were genera in the class Rhizopoda; they are currently classified as genera in the subphylum Lobosa (amoebas) in the kingdom Protozoa. The shell of Arcella is produced by the organism itself, while the shell of Difflugia is made of mineral particles collected by the organism from the environment.
Foraminifera are unicellular marine protozoans; they are typically found near the bottom of the sea. See Lipps et al. 2011.
Phryganeidae is the family of giant casemaker caddisflies. The larvae construct cases of plant pieces fastened together with silk.
Cohn’s paper on the carnivorous plant Aldrovanda (the waterwheel plant) and Utricularia (bladderworts; Cohn 1875a) appeared in the third part of the first volume of Beiträge der Biologie der Pflanzen, a journal on plant biology edited by Cohn himself. CD’s proof copy of Cohn 1875a is in DAR 58.2: 35–43. Four papers appeared under the heading ‘Untersuchungen über Bacterien’ (Research on bacteria), three of which were written by Cohn (Cohn 1872b, Cohn 1875c, and Cohn 1876b); Cohn evidently decided to publish his last of these in the second volume of Beiträge der Biologie der Pflanzen.
Cohn probably sent table 1 from Cohn 1875a: it contained drawings of Aldrovanda and Utricularia. In Insectivorous plants, p. 323, CD reproduced figure 5, a woodcut of a whorl of leaves of Aldrovanda. See also letter to F. J. Cohn, 1 January 1875.
Darlingtonia californica, the California pitcher-plant or cobra lily, and Dionaea muscipula, the Venus fly trap, are both carnivorous plants. Darlingtonia and Dionaea are monospecific genera. Sphagnum is a genus of mosses noted for their ability to store several times their dry weight in water.
Cohn’s essay on Insectivorous plants, which included a lengthy treatment of Drosera (sundew), appeared in 1876 (Cohn 1876); there is a lightly annotated copy in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL. No copy of his ‘Botanische Probleme’ (Botanical problems; Cohn 1874) has been found in the Darwin Archive–CUL.
CD’s annotations are notes for a reply to Cohn that has not been found. William Benjamin Carpenter had written an article, ‘On the hereditary transmission of acquired psychical habits’ (Carpenter 1873), in which he discussed the ability of some Foraminifera to construct multiform tests or casings using quartz grains of various sizes (see Correspondence vol. 21, letter to W. B. Carpenter, 21 April [1873]).
CD intended to write to Cohn about his book Insectivorous plants, in which he discussed Drosera (sundew) and Dionaea (Venus fly trap) at length. Cohn’s name appears on CD’s presentation list for Insectivorous plants (see Appendix IV).
CD may have meant to write to Cohn about Aldrovanda vesiculosa var. australis, which he mentioned in Insectivorous plants, p. 329–30, writing that he was not sure whether it should rank as a variety or a species. He had received a specimen from Daniel Oliver in October 1874 (Correspondence vol. 22, letter from Daniel Oliver, 20 October 1874.)

Bibliography

Cohn, Ferdinand Julius. 1872b. Untersuchungen über Bacterien. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 1 (1870–5) 2d pt: 127–224.

Cohn, Ferdinand Julius. 1875a. Ueber die Function der Blasen von Aldrovanda und Utricularia. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 1 (1870–5) 3d pt: 71–92.

Cohn, Ferdinand Julius. 1875c. Untersuchungen über Bacterien. II.Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 1 (1870–5) 3d pt: 141–207.

Cohn, Ferdinand Julius. 1876b. Untersuchungen über Bacterien. IV. Beiträge zur Biologie der Bacillen. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 2 (1876–7): 249–76.

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

Insectivorous plants. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1875.

Rice, A. L. 1983. Thomas Henry Huxley and the strange case of Bathybius haeckelii: a possible alternative explanation. Archives of Natural History 11: 169–80.

Translation

From F. J. Cohn1   9 January 1875

Schweidnitzer Stadtgraben Nro. 26. | Breslau

9 January 1875

Highly honoured Sir

It is not without embarrassment that I receive your so very kind letter of the first day of the year;2 if according to the old belief the blessing of the wise brings luck, then the kind wishes that you bestowed upon me must herald a happy year for me. I return your good wishes with all my heart; may the year that has just begun, and many more beyond that, grant you the opportunity to discover new facts, new thoughts for humanity, and to enjoy with undiminished vigour the fruits of your intellectual endeavours, as well as the veneration of your contemporaries.

These days I have been very busy with the preparations for the golden jubilee of my teacher and friend Prof. Goeppert, who, like no other naturalist in our circle, has won the affection of his fellow citizens through his truly humane conduct as an academic teacher.3 A great number of celebratory gifts, scientific and other, have been prepared for this occasion by friends both local and abroad, and I myself will send you my publication in his honour, on “die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Gattung Volvox”, within the next few days. It is an account of the most remarkable organisation and reproduction of this microscopic “cell state”, and it sheds considerable light on the lowest orders of life.4 May I also take this opportunity to direct your attention to the fact that in an exceedingly primitive living being, that is scarcely more organised than Bathybius,5 the building instinct, the capacity to build a shelter for itself from foreign matter, is well developed. I mean the genus Difflugia, a common freshwater species-rich group of the family of Rhizopoda. Their plasma body is not naked like that of Amoeba, nor does it form a corneous or calcareous casing by secretion, like Arcella6 and the Foraminifera;7 rather, like the larvae of Phryganeidae,8 Volvox constructs a casing for itself by gluing together grains of sand, the cell walls of diatoms, and other corpuscles in the water. Such an activity on the lowest level of organisation is mysterious.

Though it has long been printed, my paper on Aldrovanda and Utricularia is still awaiting distribution, because it will appear in a volume whose concluding essay (on bacteria) I have not yet been able to finish.9 In the meantime, I am sending you a copy of the table. You are welcome to use it for your publication, and it is a pleasure to put it at your disposal for any use you may find for it.10

During a visit to the botanic gardens of Berlin last autumn, I saw extraordinarily luxuriant specimens of Darlingtonia and Dionaea, cultivated under glass bells on Sphagnum.11 The gardener assured me that no insects had got to the plants, and yet they developed more vigorously than I have ever seen before. How can this be explained?

I have received a request to write an “Essay” on your forthcoming book on Drosera from the editors of Deutsche Rundschau, which is intended to become something like the Revue des deux mondes, and which also published my article “Botanische Probleme” (of which I sent you a copy some time ago), and I am most happy to do this.12 If you would be so very kind as to help me get hold of your book early, this would enable me to soon delight the large readership of the German magazine with a report on your latest researches.

In the hope of your continuing goodwill which I feel so highly honoured by and which gives me such pleasure, I remain in veneration | Dr. Ferdinand Cohn.

Footnotes

For a transcription of this letter in its original German, see pp. 19–21.
The celebrations in question were held on 11 January 1875 in Breslau, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of Heinrich Robert Goeppert’s doctorate (Cohn 1875b, p. 93 n.).
There is a copy of Cohn 1875b (The developmental history of the genus Volvox) in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL. Volvox is a genus of green algae. Cohn proposed that cytoplasmic bridges in embryonic cells served to channel materials from the somatic cells to the developing embryos.
Bathybius was a substance found on the seabed that Thomas Henry Huxley originally thought was a primordial organism; he named it Bathybius haeckelii (T. H. Huxley 1868b; L. Huxley ed. 1900, 2: 295–6; Nature, 19 August 1875, p. 316). See also Rice 1983.
Difflugia, Arcella, and Amoeba were genera in the class Rhizopoda; they are currently classified as genera in the subphylum Lobosa (amoebas) in the kingdom Protozoa. The shell of Arcella is produced by the organism itself, while the shell of Difflugia is made of mineral particles collected by the organism from the environment.
Foraminifera are unicellular marine protozoans; they are typically found near the bottom of the sea. See Lipps et al. 2011.
Phryganeidae is the family of giant casemaker caddisflies. The larvae construct cases of plant pieces fastened together with silk.
Cohn’s paper on the carnivorous plant Aldrovanda (the waterwheel plant) and Utricularia (bladderworts; Cohn 1875a) appeared in the third part of the first volume of Beiträge der Biologie der Pflanzen, a journal on plant biology edited by Cohn himself. CD’s proof copy of Cohn 1875a is in DAR 58.2: 35–43. Four papers appeared under the heading ‘Untersuchungen über Bacterien’ (Research on bacteria), three of which were written by Cohn (Cohn 1872b, Cohn 1875c, and Cohn 1876b); Cohn evidently decided to publish his last of these in the second volume of Beiträge der Biologie der Pflanzen.
Cohn probably sent table 1 from Cohn 1875a: it contained drawings of Aldrovanda and Utricularia. In Insectivorous plants, p. 323, CD reproduced figure 5, a woodcut of a whorl of leaves of Aldrovanda. See also letter to F. J. Cohn, 1 January 1875.
Darlingtonia californica, the California pitcher-plant or cobra lily, and Dionaea muscipula, the Venus fly trap, are both carnivorous plants. Darlingtonia and Dionaea are monospecific genera. Sphagnum is a genus of mosses noted for their ability to store several times their dry weight in water.
Cohn’s essay on Insectivorous plants, which included a lengthy treatment of Drosera (sundew), appeared in 1876 (Cohn 1876); there is a lightly annotated copy in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL. No copy of his ‘Botanische Probleme’ (Botanical problems; Cohn 1874) has been found in the Darwin Archive–CUL.

Bibliography

Cohn, Ferdinand Julius. 1872b. Untersuchungen über Bacterien. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 1 (1870–5) 2d pt: 127–224.

Cohn, Ferdinand Julius. 1875a. Ueber die Function der Blasen von Aldrovanda und Utricularia. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 1 (1870–5) 3d pt: 71–92.

Cohn, Ferdinand Julius. 1875c. Untersuchungen über Bacterien. II.Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 1 (1870–5) 3d pt: 141–207.

Cohn, Ferdinand Julius. 1876b. Untersuchungen über Bacterien. IV. Beiträge zur Biologie der Bacillen. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 2 (1876–7): 249–76.

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

Insectivorous plants. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1875.

Rice, A. L. 1983. Thomas Henry Huxley and the strange case of Bathybius haeckelii: a possible alternative explanation. Archives of Natural History 11: 169–80.

Summary

Thanks CD for his letter of 1 Jan 1875. Will send a paper on the genus Volvox ["Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Gattung Volvox", Cohn Beitr. Biol. Pflanz. 1 (1875) Heft 3: 99–115].

Informs CD of his discoveries of the "house"-building capacity of Difflugia, one of the lowest forms of organism.

Sends CD his writing on Aldrovanda and Utricularia, which he is welcome to use in his forthcoming book [Insectivorous plants].

Has observed a Dionaea fertilised without insect aid.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-9810
From
Ferdinand Julius Cohn
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Breslau
Source of text
DAR 161: 199
Physical description
ALS 4pp (German) †

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 9810,” accessed on 20 April 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-9810.xml

Also published in The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 23

letter