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Darwin Correspondence Project

From Fritz Müller1   29 October 1881

Blumenau, Sa. Catharina, Brazil,

29 Oktober 1881.

Verehrter Herr!

Vielen Dank für Ihren freundliche Brief vom 10. Septbr. und für die Nummer der “Nature”, die ich grade bekommen habe.2 Von den hybriden Samen von Lagerstroemia, von denen ich Ihnen neulich mittheilte, haben nur sieben gekeimt, und diese stammten alle von Blüten, welche mit grünem Pollen befruchtet waren. Von den aus gelbem Pollen hervorgegangenen schienen zwar einige gut zu sein, aber noch keiner hat bis heut gekeimt (sie waren gesäet am 11. Juni).3

Zu Anfang dieses Monats fanden hier mehrere sehr schwere Regenfälle statt, welche mir gute Gelegenheit boten, die Wirkungen solcher Regengüsse auf Pflanzen zu beobachten. Wo immer der Boden nicht dicht von Pflanzen bedeckt ist, prallen die Regentropfen von der Erde zurück in die Höhe, reissen kleine Erdtheilchen mit sich, und diese bleiben nun an den Stengeln und Blättern niedriger Pflanzen hängen und hüllen sie vollständig in eine Kruste ein, manchmal bis zu mehr als 25 cm Höhe. Manche kleinen Pflanzen werden niedergezogen und durch die Last der ihre Blätter bedeckenden Erde an den Boden festgeheftet; und manche gehen zu Grunde, besonders wenn heisse sonnige Tage auf den Regen folgen; und ich denke, dass alle Blätter, welche so dick von der Kruste eingehüllt sind, stark in ihren normalen Lebensäusserungen beeinträchtigt werden müssen. Nun ist es sehr merkwürdig zu sehen, dass zwischen jenen Pflanzen, welche über und über mit Schmutz bedeckt sind, die Blätter von Oxalis, Phyllanthus u. s. w. ganz trocken and rein erscheinen nach dem heftigsten Regen.—4 Natürlich ist die untere Seite der Blätter viel mehr der Gefahr ausgesetzt, in der beschriebenen Weise beschmutzt zu werden, als die obere, und es mag deshalb für niedrige Pflanzen besonders wichtig sein, dass ihre Unterseite durch eine Wachsabsonderung geschützt ist. Ich sende Ihnen trockene Blätter von drei Pflanzen, welche beim Untertauchen nur an der oberen Seite benetzt werden, während die untere durch einen Reif geschützt ist. Ich hoffe, Sie werden das an den trocknen Blättern sehen können. Es sind 1) eine Art Passiflora, welche freilich bisweilen hoch in Hecken hinauf klettert, für gewöhnlich aber es vorzieht zwischen niedrigen Kräutern an Wegrainen zu kriechen. Bei manchen anderen Passifloren, welche ich untersuchte, waren beide Seiten der Blätter geschützt; 2) eine niedrige Art von Alstroemeria, die selten über 20 cm hoch wird. Beide Seiten sind geschützt bei manchen andern Arten dieser Gattung; 3) eine Marantacee; bei manchen andern Arten jener Familie waren die Blätter beiderseits ungeschützt.5

Unter den neuen Pflanzen, die hier nach unserer letzten Ueberschwemmung erschienen sind, und die von den oberen Theilen des Itajahy-Flusses heruntergekommen sind (Arten von Cleome, Cuphea, Jussieua u. s. w.), befindet sich auch eine kleine Art von Anagallis, die ich vorher nie gesehen habe.6 Nun soll nach Endlicher’s gen. plant. keine Anagallis in Amerika einheimisch sein; und doch würde es ziemlich auffällig sein, wenn eine Art aus der alten Welt grade jetzt auf unserem überschwemmten Land erschiene. Die europäischen rothen und blauen Pimpinellen sind bei Desterro sehr häufig, wo sie ohne Zweifel, wie so viele andere europäische Unkräuter, aus Europa eingeschleppt worden sind. In Deutschland hatten alle Anagallis-Pflanzen, die ich gesehen habe, rothe oder blaue Blüten; aber bei Desterro habe ich wiederholt solche mit violetten Blumen angetroffen, welche offenbar aus der Kreuzung der rothen und blauen hervorgegangen sind....7

Footnotes

For a translation of this letter, see Appendix I. According to Alfred Möller, all Fritz Müller’s letters to CD were written in English (see Möller ed. 1915–21, 2: 72 n.); most of them have not been found. Many of the letters were later sent by Francis Darwin to Möller, who translated them into German for his Fritz Müller: Werke, Briefe und Leben (Möller ed. 1915–21). Möller also found final drafts of some Müller letters among the Fritz Müller papers and included these in their original English form (ibid. 2: 72 n). Where the original English versions are missing, the published version, usually appearing in German translation, has been used.
Lagerstroemia is the genus of crape myrtle. See letters from Fritz Müller, 7 February 1881 and 28 February 1881. Müller was investigating the fertility of the two different types of pollen.
Oxalis is the genus of wood sorrel; Phyllanthus is the genus of leaf flower.
Passiflora is the genus of passionflower, Alstroemeria is the genus of lily of the Incas, and Marantaceae is the family of arrowroot.
The Itajahy river is now known as the Itajaí Açu. Cleome is the genus of spider flower, Cuphea is the genus of waxweed, and Jussiaea (a synonym of Ludwigia) is the genus of seedbox and primrose-willow. Anagallis is the genus of pimpernel.
Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher and Endlicher 1836–42. The scarlet pimpernel is Anagallis arvensis; the most common blue pimpernel is A. foemina (poorman’s weatherglass). Müller was evidently unaware of an indigenous species in Brazil, A. filiformis, which has violet flowers. Destêrro (now Florianópolis) is on Santa Catarina Island.

Bibliography

Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus. 1836–42. Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. With 4 supplements; in 2 vols. Vienna: Friedrich Beck.

Möller, Alfred, ed. 1915–21. Fritz Müller. Werke, Briefe und Leben. 3 vols in 5. Jena: Gustav Fischer.

Translation

From Fritz Müller1   29 October 1881

Blumenau, Sa. Catharina, Brazil,

29 October 1881.

Esteemed Sir!

Many thanks for your kind letter of 10 Septbr. and for the issue of “Nature” which I received just now.2 Of the hybrid seeds of Lagerstroemia, which I told you about recently, only seven have germinated, and all of these come from flowers which had been fertilised with green pollen. Of those which developed from yellow pollen, although some of them seemed good, still none have germinated up to now (they were sown on 11 June).3

At the beginning of this month there were several heavy rainstorms, which presented me with a good opportunity to observe the effects of such downpours on plants. Where the ground is not always thickly covered with plants, the raindrops bounce off the ground, taking small particles of soil with them, and these then remain on the stems and leaves of low plants and encase them completely with a crust, sometimes up to more than 25cm high. Some small plants are pulled down and pinned to the ground by the weight of the soil covering their leaves; and some perish, especially when hot, sunny days follow the rain; and I think that all leaves which are covered so thickly with a crust must be strongly impeded in their normal life functions. Now, it is very peculiar to see that among these plants which are covered in dirt over and over, the leaves of Oxalis, Phyllanthus etc. look completely dry and clean after the heaviest rainfall.—4 Naturally, the underside of the leaves is far more exposed than the surface to the danger of getting dirty as described, and it may therefore be especially important for low-lying plants that their underside is protected by a waxy secretion. I am sending you dry leaves from three plants whose surface only gets moistened when they are immersed, while the underside is protected by bloom. I hope you will be able to see this in the dry leaves. They are 1) a species of Passiflora, which indeed sometimes climbs up high in hedges, but commonly prefers to creep between low herbaceous plants along the wayside. In some Passiflora which I studied, both sides of the leaf were protected; 2) a low species of Alstroemeria which rarely grows beyond 20cm high. In some species of this genus both sides are protected; 3) a Marantacea; in some other species of this family the leaves are unprotected on both sides.5

Among the new plants which have appeared around here after our most recent flood, and which have come down from the upper parts of the Itajahy river (species of Cleome, Cuphea, Jussieua etc) there is also a small species of Anagallis which I never saw before.6 Now, according to Endlicher’s gen. plant. no Anagallis should be indigenous to America; and yet, it would be rather odd if a species from the old world appeared just now on our inundated lands. The European red and blue pimpernels are very common near Desterro, where without doubt like so many other European weeds they have been introduced from Europe. In Germany, all Anagallis plants I saw had red or blue flowers, but near Desterro I repeatedly found ones with violet flowers, which obviously issued from inter-breeding between the red and blue ones.…7

Footnotes

For a transcription of the original German of the published source of this letter, see Transcript. According to Alfred Möller, all Fritz Müller’s letters to CD were written in English (see Möller ed. 1915–21, 2: 72 n.); most of them have not been found. Many of the letters were later sent by Francis Darwin to Möller, who translated them into German for his Fritz Müller: Werke, Briefe und Leben (Möller ed. 1915–21). Möller also found final drafts of some Müller letters among the Fritz Müller papers and included these in their original English form (ibid. 2: 72 n). Where the original English versions are missing, the published version, usually appearing in German translation, has been used.
Lagerstroemia is the genus of crape myrtle. See letters from Fritz Müller, 7 February 1881 and 28 February 1881. Müller was investigating the fertility of the two different types of pollen.
Oxalis is the genus of wood sorrel; Phyllanthus is the genus of leaf flower.
Passiflora is the genus of passionflower, Alstroemeria is the genus of lily of the Incas, and Marantaceae is the family of arrowroot.
The Itajahy river is now known as the Itajaí Açu. Cleome is the genus of spider flower, Cuphea is the genus of waxweed, and Jussiaea (a synonym of Ludwigia) is the genus of seedbox and primrose-willow. Anagallis is the genus of pimpernel.
Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher and Endlicher 1836–42. The scarlet pimpernel is Anagallis arvensis; the most common blue pimpernel is A. foemina (poorman’s weatherglass). Müller was evidently unaware of an indigenous species in Brazil, A. filiformis, which has violet flowers. Destêrro (now Florianópolis) is on Santa Catarina Island.

Bibliography

Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus. 1836–42. Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. With 4 supplements; in 2 vols. Vienna: Friedrich Beck.

Möller, Alfred, ed. 1915–21. Fritz Müller. Werke, Briefe und Leben. 3 vols in 5. Jena: Gustav Fischer.

Summary

Thanks CD for letter of 10 September [13326]

and for copy of Nature.

Reports on Lagerstroemia experiments.

Has been making observations on what happens to plants following heavy rain. Sends CD three specimens to show how dirt attaches to the undersides of leaves.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-13441A
From
Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil
Source of text
Möller ed. 1915–21, 2: 419–20
Physical description
inc (German trans)

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 13441A,” accessed on 15 May 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-13441A.xml

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