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Darwin Correspondence Project

From Alphonse de Candolle1   14 August 1877

Genève

14 aout 1877.

Mon cher Monsieur

Faites moi le plaisir de dire à Monsieur votre fils que j’ai lu avec beaucoup d’intérêt son opuscule sur les poils de Dipsacus sylvestris.2 Il s’agit d’un phénomène curieux quoique peu apparent. Faut-il le rapprocher de l’expulsion des sucs laiteux quand le tissu des Lactuca, Papaver etc, se trouve très turgescent?3 Peut-être dans ce dernier cas y a-t-il rupture de membranes cellulaires, ce qui n’est pas dans le Dipsacus. Quant à nommer la substance qui s’échappe un protoplasma, je veux bien, pourvu qu’on me permette deux reserves. 1o Ce mot ne me plait guère, à cause du proto; j’aimerais mieux dire plasma, car on n’ose à peine dire qu’une chose est première. Il y a toujours quelque état antérieur. On trouvera, je presume, un jour un proplasma, ensuite un pro-pro-plasma, etc, à mesure qu’on perfectionnera le microscope. 2o Je prends le plasma pour le quidquid ignotum de notre époque.4 Les effets semblables de divers réactifs chimiques me prouvent surtout l’ignorance actuelle des chimistes, puisque deux plasmas tirés de deux boyaux polliniques ou de deux ovules de plantes de familles differentes, qui paraissent chimiquement et sous le microscope identiques produisent des végétaux absolument differents. Force il y a de dire, d’après les effets: ou ces plasma se composent d’elements differents, ou leurs éléments sont disposés de manières différentes, de facon qu’une même impulsion determine d’autres évolutions.

Le plasma des poils de Dipsacus sylvestris est-il sembable à celui des boyaux polliniques et du sac embryonaire de la plante? Il peut sembler identique et ne pas l’être. Pourrait-on féconder l’ovule avec le contenu des poils? Si oui, la preuve serait faite. Monsieur Francis serait-il disposé à tenter l’expérience?

Vous me demandez si je crois les plantes à surfaces glauques plus frequentes dans les pays chauds que dans les pays tempérés ou froids, et dans les pays humides que dans les secs.5 Pour repondre il faudrait posseder une liste des espèces ayant une secretion cireuse glauque sur les tiges, les feuilles ou les fruits, mais on ne l’a pas et on ne peut guère l’avoir. Une infinité d’espèces n’ont pas été observées à ce point de vue. Dans les descriptions on a confondu des teintes grises ou blanches avec des poussières cireuses. Enfin il y a une multitude d’intermediaires entre les surfaces glauques et celles où la matière excretée, cireuse, est faible ou transparente. J’ai repassé dans mon esprit les exemples de surfaces vraiment glauques que je connais; ensuite j’ai regardé le mémoire capital de Mr de Bary, Bot. Zeitung 1871, sur la production des matières cireuses, et j’ai vu quelle quantité de plantes de familles differentes offrent cette spécialité.6 Il y a des centaines de cas déja connus et l’observation sur le frais en dévoilerait des milliers. Maintenant, en l’absence de toute énumération, s’il fallait énoncer des simples probabilités, comment le ferais-je? Par exemple, s’il fallait parier pour savoir si les plantes glauques (et cireuses) sont plus nombreuses dans une des trois catégories de pays chauds, tempérés ou froids, je parierais pour les pays tempérés. C’est là que se trouvent surtout des Legumineuses, Crassulacées, Ficoides, Cactées, Rosacées, Graminées dans les quelles le phénomène est frequent.7 Je parierais encore pour les pays secs, plutot qu’humides, car les plantes grasses abondent au Cap, au Méxique—et ne sont pas rares dans la région canarienne et de la Méditerranée. Les régions équatoriales ont aussi, sans doute, des Myricées, Scitaminées, Euphorbiacées etc, à surfaces frequemment glauques, mais dans une proportion qui me parait moins importante.8 Enfin dans les flores arctiques je remarque bien peu d’espèces glauques. J’ose à peine en citer, parcequ’il faudrait vérifier si ce sont des glaucescences vraies et non des teintes cendrées, sans excrétion. Pourtant le nombre total des espèces étant fort limité dans ces flores, il se peut que les espèces glauques y soient en faible proportion relativement à la totalité des espèces glauques, mais dans une proportion un peu forte relativement aux flores elles mêmes.

En somme je parierais pour les pays secs, sous des latitudes de 28 à 45o, dans les deux hémisphères, mais comme dans tous les paris je pourrais bien perdre.

Mon fils vous presente ses respects. Il apprendra avec plaisir le resultat des expériences sur la nutrition des Drosera.9 | Agréez, mon cher Monsieur, l’assurance de tout mon dévouement | Alph. de Candolle

Footnotes

For a translation of this letter, see Appendix I.
See letter to Alphonse de Candolle, 3 August 1877 and n. 4. Francis Darwin sent Candolle a copy of his paper ‘On the protrusion of protoplasmic filaments from the glandular hairs on the leaves of the common teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris)’ (F. Darwin 1877b). Dipsacus sylvestris is a synonym of D. fullonum (common or fuller’s teasel).
Lactuca is the genus of lettuce; Papaver is the genus of poppies. Lactucarium or lettuce opium (a latex) is the milky substance secreted from the stems of several species of lettuce. Poppies also produce latex, having specialised ducts in all parts of the plant.
Quidquid ignotum (Latin): whatever (is) unknown.
Anton de Bary had published a multi-part study, ‘Ueber die Wachsüberzüge der Epidermis’ (On the wax coating of the epidermis; Bary 1871), in which he had investigated the chemical composition, origin, and development of epicuticular coatings on various parts of a wide range of plants. George Bentham had also mentioned this work in his letter to CD of [after 12 July 1877].
Leguminosae (a synonym of Fabaceae): the family of peas and beans; Crassulaceae: stonecrop or orpine; Ficoidae (a former name for Aizoaceae): fig-marigold or iceplant; Cactaceae: cactus; Rosaceae: rose, apple, plum; Gramineae (a synonym of Poaceae): grasses.
Myricaceae: the family of wax-myrtle; Euphorbiaceae: spurge or euphorbias. In Bentham and Hooker 1862–83, 3: 636–57, Scitamineae was a natural order that included plants now within the families Musaceae (banana), Zingiberaceae (ginger), and Marantaceae (arrowroot).
Casimir de Candolle had studied the effects of feeding insects to the insectivorous plant Dionaea muscipula (Venus fly trap; C. de Candolle 1876). CD had mentioned Francis’s work on the effects of feeding Drosera rotundifolia (common sundew; see letter to Alphonse de Candolle, 3 August 1877 and n. 6).

Bibliography

Bary, Anton de. 1871. Ueber die Wachsüberzüge der Epidermis. Botanische Zeitung 29: 128–39, 145–54, 161–76, 566–71, 573–85, 589–600, 605–16.

Candolle, Casimir de. 1876. Sur la structure et les mouvements des feuilles du Dionæa muscipula. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles n.s. 55: 400–31.

Translation

From Alphonse de Candolle1   14 August 1877

Geneva

14 August 1877.

My dear Sir

Allow me the pleasure of telling your son that I read with much interest his work on the filaments of Dipsacus sylvestris.2 It is a curious although barely obvious phenomenon. Should it be compared to the the emission of milky juices when the tissues of Lactuca, Papaver etc, are very swollen?3 Perhaps in the latter case there is a rupture of the cellular membranes, which there is not in Dipsacus. As for calling the substance that escapes a protoplasm, I would like to be allowed two provisos. 1st I hardly like this word, because of the proto; I would prefer plasma, for one scarcely dares say that a thing is first. There is always a previous state. One day, I assume, a proplasma will be found, then a pro-pro-plasma, etc, as the microscope is improved. 2d I see plasma as the quidquid ignotum of our age.4 Similar effects from various chemical reactions demonstrate above all the real ignorance of chemists, since two plasmas taken from two pollen tubes or two ovules of plants of different families, which appear chemically and microscopically identical produce totally different plants. We are compelled to say, based on the effects: either these plasmas are made up of different elements, or their elements are arranged differently, in such a way that the same impetus causes different developments.

Does the plasma of filaments of Dipsacus sylvestris resemble that of the pollen tubes and the embryo sac of the plant? It could seem identical but not be so. Could the ovule be fertilised with the contents of the filaments? If yes, it would prove the case. Would Mr Francis be disposed to attempt the experiment?

You asked whether I believe plants with glaucous surfaces are more frequent in hot countries than in temperate or cold ones, and in moist countries rather than dry ones.5 To answer it would require a list of species having a waxy glaucous coating on stems, leaves or fruits, but there is none and one could hardly have one. An infinite number of species have not been observed with this in mind. Descriptions have conflated grey or white colours with waxy coatings. Finally, there is a wealth of intermediates between glaucous surfaces and those where the waxy excretion is faint or transparent. I have mentally revisited the examples of truly glaucous surfaces that I know; then I looked at the capital memoir of Mr de Bary, Bot. Zeitung 1871, on the production of waxy substances, and I looked at a number of plants of different families that have this special quality.6 There are hundreds of cases that are already known and fresh observations would reveal thousands. Now, in the absence of any enumeration, if it were necessary to state simple probabilities, how would I do it? For example, if one had to wager whether glaucous (and waxy) plants are more numerous in one of the three categories of hot, temperate or cold countries, I would bet on temperate ones. It is mainly here that the Leguminosae, Crassulaceae, Ficoidae, Cactaceae, Rosaceae, Gramineae, in which the phenomenon is frequent, are found.7 I would wager further on dry countries, rather than humid ones, for fleshy plants are abundant at the Cape, in Mexico—and are not rare in the Canary region and in the Mediterranean. Equatorial regions, without doubt, also possess the Myricaceae, Scitamineae, Euphorbiaceae etc, often with glaucous surfaces, but to a degree that seems to me less important.8 Finally in arctic flora I notice very few glaucous species. I hardly dare to mention these, because it would be necessary to verify whether these are truly glaucous and not ashy colours, without excretion. While the total number of species is highly limited in these floras, it is possible that these glaucous species are a relatively small proportion of the total of glaucous species, but a slightly greater proportion relative to the flora itself.

In short I would bet on dry regions, at latitudes from 28 to 45o, in both hemispheres, but as with all wagers I could well lose.

My son sends his regards. He is keen to learn the results of the experiments on feeding Drosera.9 | Accept, my dear Sir, the assurance of my complete devotion | Alph. de Candolle

Footnotes

For a transcription of this letter in its original French, see Transcript.
See letter to Alphonse de Candolle, 3 August 1877 and n. 4. Francis Darwin sent Candolle a copy of his paper ‘On the protrusion of protoplasmic filaments from the glandular hairs on the leaves of the common teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris)’ (F. Darwin 1877b). Dipsacus sylvestris is a synonym of D. fullonum (common or fuller’s teasel).
Lactuca is the genus of lettuce; Papaver is the genus of poppies. Lactucarium or lettuce opium (a latex) is the milky substance secreted from the stems of several species of lettuce. Poppies also produce latex, having specialised ducts in all parts of the plant.
Quidquid ignotum (Latin): whatever (is) unknown.
Anton de Bary had published a multi-part study, ‘Ueber die Wachsüberzüge der Epidermis’ (On the wax coating of the epidermis; Bary 1871), in which he had investigated the chemical composition, origin, and development of epicuticular coatings on various parts of a wide range of plants. George Bentham had also mentioned this work in his letter to CD of [after 12 July 1877].
Leguminosae (a synonym of Fabaceae): the family of peas and beans; Crassulaceae: stonecrop or orpine; Ficoidae (a former name for Aizoaceae): fig-marigold or iceplant; Cactaceae: cactus; Rosaceae: rose, apple, plum; Gramineae (a synonym of Poaceae): grasses.
Myricaceae: the family of wax-myrtle; Euphorbiaceae: spurge or euphorbias. In Bentham and Hooker 1862–83, 3: 636–57, Scitamineae was a natural order that included plants now within the families Musaceae (banana), Zingiberaceae (ginger), and Marantaceae (arrowroot).
Casimir de Candolle had studied the effects of feeding insects to the insectivorous plant Dionaea muscipula (Venus fly trap; C. de Candolle 1876). CD had mentioned Francis’s work on the effects of feeding Drosera rotundifolia (common sundew; see letter to Alphonse de Candolle, 3 August 1877 and n. 6).

Bibliography

Bary, Anton de. 1871. Ueber die Wachsüberzüge der Epidermis. Botanische Zeitung 29: 128–39, 145–54, 161–76, 566–71, 573–85, 589–600, 605–16.

Candolle, Casimir de. 1876. Sur la structure et les mouvements des feuilles du Dionæa muscipula. Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles n.s. 55: 400–31.

Summary

Thanks for Francis Darwin’s Dipsacus paper.

Dislikes the word "protoplasm", because improved microscopes will uncover more fundamental substances. Also "plasma" merely hides the ignorance of modern chemists.

Expects waxy, glaucous-leaved plants to be most frequent in dry temperate climates.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-11106
From
Alphonse de Candolle
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Geneva
Source of text
DAR 161: 22
Physical description
ALS 4pp (French)

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 11106,” accessed on 24 November 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11106.xml

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