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Darwin Correspondence Project

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To J. D. Hooker 1 December [1856]

Summary

Questions JDH on separation of sexes in trees in New Zealand flora.

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Joseph Dalton Hooker
Date:	1 Dec [1856]
Classmark:	DAR 114: 185
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-2008

Matches: 14 hits

… Questions JDH on separation of sexes in trees in New Zealand flora. …
… Dated by the reference to the crossing of trees, also discussed in the letters to George …
… CD addressed the question of the crossing of trees in Natural selection , pp. 61–2. CD’s …
… Claudius. 1842. An encyclopaedia of trees and shrubs; being the arboretum et fruticetum …
… to no certain conclusion. — With respect to Trees, which from number of flowers on same …
… CD’s point was that a hermaphrodite tree would have so many flowers that any crossing that …
… took place would be with a flower from the same tree. If the …
… flowers were all of one sex on a tree, crossing could only take …
… place between flowers of different trees (see Natural selection , p. 61). Hooker …
… be skipped) & mark with pencil cross the Trees & double Pencil cross those which were also …
… broke down in not being able to decide between bushes & trees, & this must be arbitary. — …
… I have done the few Trees of England, taking Loudon …
… as rule what to call trees & what bushes, & you will see result. If N. Zealand …
… that there was some connection between trees & the separation of sexes (which w d . favour …

To Charles Lyell 1 June 1872

Summary

Thanks him for interesting letter from a Mr Wood on heredity in fruit-trees.

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Charles Lyell, 1st baronet
Date:	1 June 1872
Classmark:	American Philosophical Society (Mss.B.D25.418); The University of Edinburgh Centre for Research Collections (Gen.117/6267-8)
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-8366

Matches: 16 hits

… Thanks him for interesting letter from a Mr Wood on heredity in fruit-trees. …
… given CD information about the fertility of peach trees grown from seed in New Zealand ( …
… CD had discussed the evidence for peach trees’ descent from the almond in Variation 1: …
… of evidence of most of our vars of fruit trees transmitting their characters to a large …
… considerable variability of cultivated fruit trees in Variation 1: 334–51, citing Joseph …
… 1863 ). CD discussed the fertility of peach trees raised from seed in North America and …
… by the great fertility of seedling peach trees in N. & S. America & in Australia. I …
… of them without grafting & they are now trees 12 to 15 feet high. Only one of these un …
… which never comes to anything. The one tree which bore had only 3 apples on it & they were …
… in any way from the parent apple. This tree never bore or blossomed again until this …
… done ever since. None of these un grafted trees bear any greater resemblance to the wild …
… crab than do the original fruit bearing trees from which they sprung & D r . Hooker is …
… from cottagers who have tried to raise trees from pips is that the apple produces true …
… the progeny of which grew into good sized trees but were never healthy, always dying back …
… invariably dropping off that of some of the trees at an early stage of growth & that of …
… by a New Zealand colonist that the peach tree has sprung up along the river valleys of …

From John Colby 9 April 1877

Summary

Notes on competition among tree species in South Wales.

Author:	John Colby
Addressee:	Charles Robert Darwin
Date:	9 Apr 1877
Classmark:	DAR 161: 208
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-10924

Matches: 10 hits

… Notes on competition among tree species in South Wales. …
… tawny owl or brown owl) typically nests in tree holes. Culm is coal dust or slack; the …
… Pantyderi (Vale of Oaks) and there are still some good old oak trees standing. But very …
… rarely now do I find a seedling oak tree, though ash seeds itself in abundance & grows up …
… like a weed— It seems to push all other trees out of the premises. The only one which …
… having male and female flowers on the same tree. Fraxinus excelsior (European ash) …
… is usually dioecious, having male and female flowers on separate trees. CD discussed the …
… disadvantages of monoecism and dioecism for trees in Cross and self fertilisation , pp. …
… by ash in sheltered places. Of other trees, Alder does well along rivers; wild cherry …
… found; Elm never seeds itself but young trees occasionally grow up from root suckers. …

Knight, Thomas Andrew. 1817. An account of a peach tree, produced from the seed of the almond tree, with some observations on the origin of the peach tree. [Read 7 October 1817.] Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London 3 (1820): 1–5.

Matches: 3 hits

… Knight, Thomas Andrew. 1817. An account of a peach tree, produced from the …
… seed of the almond tree, with some observations on …
… the origin of the peach tree. [Read 7 October 1817. ] Transactions of the Horticultural …

To George Bentham 26 November [1856]

Summary

Asks GB for help in clearing up his problems about Leguminosae, in connection with his "wild bit of speculation on the crossing of plants" [see Natural selection, p. 71].

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	George Bentham
Date:	26 Nov [1856]
Classmark:	Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Bentham Correspondence, Vol. 3, Daintree–Dyer, 1830–1884, GEB/1/3: f. 684)
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-2003

Matches: 12 hits

… Claudius. 1842. An encyclopaedia of trees and shrubs; being the arboretum et fruticetum …
… rarely cross ( Natural selection , p. 71). Trees were a problem because they had so many …
… take place with another flower on the same tree (see Natural selection , pp. 61–2, 71). …
… enemies, & worst of all are any forest-trees of this order. Now the only book which I have …
… in the two sub-orders Cæsalpinieæ & Mimoseæ are mostly Trees or bushes— is this so? But …
… is to know whether there are many timber trees with papilionaceous flowers, ie with a keel …
… joy the little woodcuts seem to show that the trees Dipterix, Parivoa & Erythrina have the …
… on the other hand, to my sorrow the trees Dalbergia Pongamia, Pterocarpus, Butea & …
… shut up just like a Pea. — Do you know these trees, & is my inference right? And can …
… division of the Leguminosæ have as many trees as the two other divisions; or (but …
… this is a very loose question) as many trees as most orders …
… which have any trees? (I have forgotten Robinia, but this I can myself watch to see if the …

To Thomas Rivers 1 February [1863]

Summary

Answers TR’s query about stomata.

CD will use "weeping trees" as an example of how inexplicable the laws of inheritance are, and asks for facts on character of seedlings.

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Thomas Rivers
Date:	1 Feb [1863]
Classmark:	Sotheby’s (dealers) (23–4 July 1987)
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-3962

Matches: 9 hits

… s query about stomata. CD will use "weeping trees" as an example of how inexplicable the …
… on character of seedlings from a weeping trees? Also have you ever sowed from a sporting …
… including cases where fully grown peach trees had suddenly produced nectarines and vice …
… Andrew Jackson. 1845. The fruits and fruit trees of America: or the culture, propagation, …
… in the garden and orchard, of fruit trees generally; with descriptions of all the finest …
… I was meditating a query: I am taking “Weeping trees”, as an example how inexplicable the …
… laws of inheritance are; some weeping trees reproducing themselves almost truly by seed, & …
… Variation , CD cited the weeping habit of trees as an example of ‘how feeble, capricious, …
… case’ of the vagaries of inheritance in trees with his information on varieties of weeping …

From Adolph Reuter 18 July 1869

Summary

Sends notes on lack of variation in seedlings of trees and shrubs

and on climbers changing their character with age.

Author:	Adolf Reuter
Addressee:	Charles Robert Darwin
Date:	18 July 1869
Classmark:	DAR 176: 125
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-6836

Matches: 14 hits

… notes on lack of variation in seedlings of trees and shrubs and on climbers changing their …
… The cultivar Hedera helix ‘arbuscula’ (‘small tree’) has not been identified. Lonicera …
… to you interesting examples; where grafted trees have changed their characteristic etc. — …
… The propagation by seeds of different trees and shrubs’ varietys and their resultance : 1. …
… Acer Pseudoplat. foliis variegatis. The tree was nearly 1 foot big and the ground round …
… our Botan. Garden at Berlin as a beautiful tree. Mr. Bouché, Inspector of the Garden, was …
… have the same peculiarity like the mother -tree. 3. Berberis vulgaris foliis purpureis , …
… very often Seedlings for our nursery of trees etc. from Mr. Grundel at Offenbach and …
… and berry), we did have in our nursery of trees etc also a variety with yellow flower and …
… has been again fine looking pyramidal trees, the rest allways more or less slightly or …
… have a similar appearance as the mother tree. 17. Taxus hibernica (fastigiata. ) A friend …
… leaves). Corylus avellana is the hazel tree; the modern cultivar is called C. avellana ‘ …
… yellow fruit. Fagus sylvatica is the beech tree; ‘purpurea’ is the most common purple-leaf …
… arguments about the more or less constancy of trees and shrubs variety’ s seedling’s and …

From Thomas Rivers 21 January 1863

Summary

Sends some trees to CD.

Would be pleased to receive the copy of Origin offered by CD as gift.

Will give CD any tree or shrub he may want.

Refers to curious strawberry hybrids noticed in Journal of Horticulture [I. Anderson-Henry, "Crossing strawberries", J. Hortic. n.s. 4 (1863): 45–6].

Author:	Thomas Rivers
Addressee:	Charles Robert Darwin
Date:	21 Jan 1863
Classmark:	DAR 176: 160
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-3933

Matches: 8 hits

… Sends some trees to CD. Would be pleased to receive the copy of …
… offered by CD as gift. Will give CD any tree or shrub he may want. Refers to curious …
… peach 1 Amygdalus communis dulcis The trees are from pots & if potted & placed under glass …
… me invaluab〈le . 〉〉The little package of trees will be paid to London from Bromley p r . …
… me if you have the least wish to have a tree or shrub I have so many thousands that it …
… in which Rivers offered to send CD peach trees, a reply to CD’s letter to Rivers of 11 …
… Rivers, 15 January [1863] , in which CD expressed an interest in peach trees, as well …
… as an almond tree. Amygdalus communis var. dulcis is a synonym of Prunus dulcis , the …

To Thomas Rivers 17 [January 1863]

Summary

Can TR distinguish generally, always, or never, a nectarine-tree from a peach-tree before it flowers or before it fruits? He wants to quote TR’s answer.

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Thomas Rivers
Date:	17 [Jan 1863]
Classmark:	John Wilson (dealer) (Catalogue 61, 21 July 1989, item 50)
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-3922

Matches: 4 hits

… differed in appearance and flavour, but the trees differed ‘in no other respects’, and …
… Can TR distinguish generally, always, or never, a nectarine-tree from …
… a peach-tree before it flowers or before it fruits? He wants to quote TR’s answer. …
… generally, always, or never a nectarine tree from a Peach before it flowers or before it …

To Victor Marshall 14 September 1879

Summary

CD responds to VM’s desire to plant a tree in his honour by offering three choices.

Again expresses his pleasure in Coniston.

Acknowledges that Ruskin was right about his feeling "a deep and tender interest about the brightly coloured hinder half of certain monkeys".

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Victor Alexander Ernest Garth (Victor) Marshall
Date:	14 Sept 1879
Classmark:	American Philosophical Society (Mss.B.D25.)
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-12230

Matches: 8 hits

… CD responds to VM’s desire to plant a tree in his honour by offering three choices. Again …
… 1766–1848) . The bark of Quercus suber (cork tree or cork oak) is harvested for cork. The …
… of certain monkeys. — With respect to the tree you wish to treat me as if I were a Royal …
… 1879 and n. 3. Marshall wanted to plant a tree in his garden as a memorial of CD’s recent …
… would be a pity not to plant a handsome tree. I admire some the American oaks & have got a …
… my father sowed the acorn of a cork-tree on my birthday, & I have one of its children …
… autumn, shall I send you some:—the young trees would be my grandchildren in one sense. — …
… Here is a fuss about the tree; but what shall I do? It is a constant pleasure to me to …

From Adolf Reuter 23 September 1869

Summary

Sends notes on variation in plants.

Author:	Adolf Reuter
Addressee:	Charles Robert Darwin
Date:	23 Sept 1869
Classmark:	DAR 176: 126
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-6905

Matches: 14 hits

… a curious fact , that some varietys of trees and shrubs will often show again past 10–15 …
… Betulus quercifolia , from this fine looking tree is standing in the garden of Sanssouci …
… Betulus. b, Platanus orientalis cuneata , a tree about 15’ high was always covered with …
… colour is also planted at Sanssouci and the tree may be 12 years old. Last year on the …
… less interesting as the first is an apple tree (Golden Pipping)(inoculated on the ground …
… in this manner a pyram〈idal〉 growing apple tree. — V. I send you also for the curiosity 3 …
… was the cause? — The wild stock from this ash tree was Fraxinus pubescens and not like the …
… common Acer Negundo, not only because the tree is growing more strongly, so the wood of …
… phenomen〈on〉 as with the variegated ash tree, which has been described in your book. b, …
… Mey) a beautiful and very much estimated tree has been propagated in our Garden every year …
… time perhaps 30 inoculated Acer platanoi trees where the eyes have been destroyed by the …
… Platanus orientalis is the oriental plane tree; foliis cuneatis : with wedge-shaped …
… is a variety of Malus domestica , the apple tree. Symphoria racemosa and Symphoricarpus …
… Ptelea trifoliata is the common hop-tree; ‘aurea’ is a cultivar with bright yellow leaves …

From Francis Darwin [after 2 June 1879]

Summary

Geotropism.

Experimenting on Porlieria in damp and dry earth.

Hermann Müller has been ridiculed for teaching children "in the beginning was Carbon".

Will ask about Ernst Krause.

Author:	Francis Darwin
Addressee:	Charles Robert Darwin
Date:	[after 2 June 1879]
Classmark:	DAR 209.5: 230–2
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-12075

Matches: 12 hits

… always like normal branches of a young fir tree. F D) 1.4 He … Pouts’ horse 4.1] crossed …
… piece of wood but he thinks a little fir tree growing on a branch out of such a lump can …
… alone is not enough. He says there are lots of affected trees near Strassbourg & he could …
… easily send us a young tree with a hexenbesen on it in the autumn. Have you noticed the …
… small shoots that can result from various tree parasites, such as fungi, mistletoe, …
… the progression of disease in infected trees. See Bary 1867 , p. 260; Bary referred to his …
… of the swellings are the little upright trees or Hexenbesen. He speaks also of hexenbesen …
… may come from hexenbesen. The hexenbesen are found all over the tree, most rarely at the …
… summit of a young tree. The hexenbesen-shoots may either grow from the very first …
… are like the primary branches of a young fir tree & grow out on all sides Hexenbesen— The …
… light green” Imitating a a little fir tree if it grows regularly or looking like a …
… Scots pine) is Pinus sylvestris ; spruce trees are in the genus Picea . Fredrik Elfving …

To [Mary Holland] [April 1860]

Summary

Asks for information about birds eating berries of a mountain-ash.

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Mary Holland
Date:	[Apr 1860]
Classmark:	American Philosophical Society (Mss.B.D25.)
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-2395

Matches: 7 hits

… Are the berries ripe earlier than in other trees. — And any other particulars Perhaps you …
… this Autumn. Namely dates of how much sooner this tree is completely or almost completely …
… stripped of berries before the other trees in same garden. — What birds are the …
… Is there any difference in appearance of tree or berries? Do the berries taste differently …
… of one particular Mountain-ash, before that of any other tree; & was assured that this …
… happened every year: this tree being cleared of its fruit, …
… which no doubt was better; this tree is largely sowed by Birds: & so w d be favoured by …

To Philip Lutley Sclater 30 August [1870]

Summary

Encloses, for publication, note about Pampas woodpecker, opposing W. H. Hudson [see 7354].

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Philip Lutley Sclater
Date:	30 Aug [1870]
Classmark:	American Philosophical Society (Mss.B.D25.383)
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-7311

Matches: 11 hits

… as a ‘woodpecker which never climbs a tree’ ( Origin , p. 184; see Hudson 1870 , p. 112, …
… the open and undulating plains, at the distance of many miles from a tree. I was confirmed …
… my belief, that these birds do not frequent trees, by the beaks of some which I shot being …
… alighting on posts or branches of trees (where such grew) horizontally and crosswise, in …
… it never visits woods, or climbs up trees, or searches for insects under the bark. He …
… stony hills, where only a few bushes or trees grow, and may be continually seen feeding on …
… are some woods, the Colaptes campestris climbs trees and bores into the bark like other …
… it is sometimes found several miles distant from any trees. This, however, is rare, and it …
… is on such occasions always apparently on its way to some tree in the distance. …
… It here builds its nest in holes in trees. ’ ’I have not the least doubt that Mr. …
… in stating that this species never climbs trees. But is it not possible that this bird may …

To Thomas Rivers 17 August [1863]

Summary

The almond-tree TR gave him produced no fruit, but the Chinese double peach has three. Asks for ripe almond fruits and any odd peaches, to compare the stones.

Asks about modification in fruit or foliage in any fruit-trees from being grafted,

and about seedlings of pears and wheat said to have been found in hedges and woods.

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Thomas Rivers
Date:	17 Aug [1863]
Classmark:	DAR 185: 85
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-4270

Matches: 7 hits

… The almond-tree TR gave him produced no fruit, but the Chinese double peach has three. …
… in fruit or foliage in any fruit-trees from being grafted, and about seedlings of pears …
… 1: 394). Examples of new varieties of fruit-trees and wheat occurring in woodland and …
… Kent. S.E. Aug 17 th My dear Sir The almond tree which you gave me has produced no fruit; …
… fruit. Now, if you have any bearing Almond trees, would you have kindness, when fruit ripe …
… me to quote on inheritance of weeping trees; you said, if you had time, you could prove …
… modification in fruit or foliage any fruit-tree from being grafted. Andrew Knight & others …

From S. V. Wood Jr to Charles Lyell 19 September 1873

Summary

Thanks for proofs of the Supplement to Crag Mollusca. Sends crab apples.

Author:	Searles Valentine Wood
Addressee:	Charles Robert Darwin
Date:	19 Sept 1873
Classmark:	The University of Edinburgh Centre for Research Collections (Gen.117/6327-9)
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-9059G

Matches: 13 hits

… My father has with myself watched these trees from the pips & will confirm all I have …
… I told you also, I think, that of three trees which were left ungrafted by me out of a …
… the few feeble blossoms which these three trees put forth did not set; & consequently, …
… in the same clump in which these apple trees were planted was a grafted peartree (of the …
… which caused this large crop on the grafted trees caused the few feeble blossoms which my …
… put forth to set & the result is that the tree which bore two apples some years ago has …
… somewhat in size if they had been left on the trees for 3 or 4 weeks longer. — These …
… of the two apples which each of these two trees have borne. The three Hawthorndens in the …
… a very free bearer, & the two apples from the seedling tree of the Stone pippin kind, & …
… the 14 from the seedling tree of the Hawthornden, represent about the proportional …
… fecundity of the parent apples each parent tree of the same …
… size as these seedling trees would this year bear, about a hundredfold (certainly fifty …
… Garden apple is as good a species as any wild tree (indeed I go further & say that each …

To Gardeners’ Chronicle [before 29 December 1855]

Summary

CD requests accurate information on the extent to which the different varieties of fruit-trees produce seedlings like their parents. Do some varieties of pears and apples tend to produce truer offspring than other varieties?

Author:	Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:	Gardeners’ Chronicle
Date:	[before 29 Dec 1855]
Classmark:	Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, no. 52, 29 December 1855, p. 854
Letter no:	DCP-LETT-1803

Matches: 7 hits

… Rivers , nurseryman, specialised in fruit-trees and roses. He was a regular contributor to …
… to which the different varieties of fruit-trees produce seedlings like their parents. Do …
… CD had read Alexis Jordan’s article on fruit-trees ( Jordan 1852 ) in September 1855 ( …
… how far the different varieties of our fruit trees produce seedlings like their parents, I …
… he raised from the same variety of fruit tree resembled each other in foliage and general …
… accidental cross from some neighbouring tree. Is it known whether some varieties of Pears …
… of every other variety of the same fruit tree. Hence, also, as he asserts, the seedlings …

Cooke, Benjamin. 1745. Extract of a letter from Mr Benj. Cooke, FRS, to Mr Peter Collinson, FRS, concerning the effect which the farina of the blossoms of different sorts of apple-trees had on the fruit of a neighbouring tree. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 43 (1744–5): 525–6.

Matches: 2 hits

… the effect which the farina of the blossoms of different sorts of apple-trees had on the …
… fruit of a neighbouring tree. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 43 (1744–5): …

Mitchell, Alan. 1996. Alan Mitchell’s trees of Britain. London: HarperCollins.

Matches: 1 hit

… Mitchell, Alan. 1996. Alan Mitchell’s trees of Britain. London: HarperCollins. SC …

Springer, John S. 1851. Forest life and forest trees. New York.

Matches: 1 hit

… Springer, John S. 1851. Forest life and forest trees. New York. 5 …

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Religion in Commentary

1 Items

Darwin and religion in America

Summary

Thomas Dixon, 'America’s Difficulty with Darwin', History Today (2009), reproduced by permission. Darwin has not been forgotten. But he has, in some respects, been misremembered. That has certainly been true when it comes to the relationship…

Matches: 1 hits

… of Solomon, which he applied to Darwin: ‘He spake of trees, from the cedar-tree that is in Lebanon …

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