To J. D. Hooker 19 July [1856]
Summary
Multiple creations.
Necessity for crossing in plants and animals: JDH to take up the subject; explains separate sexes in trees.
Continental extensions.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 19 July [1856] |
Classmark: | DAR 114: 171 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-1932 |
Matches: 7 hits
- … Multiple creations. Necessity for crossing in plants and animals: JDH to take up the …
- … that you will take up possibility of crossing; no Botanist has done so which I have long …
- … clear that they must be liable to crossing. Sweet Peas—Bee-orchis, & perhaps Hollyocks …
- … you oftener. If you were to take up crossing, I w d . look over my notes, which perhaps w …
- … cases. To return again to subject of crossing; I have been inclined to speculate so far, …
- … of all organic beings occasionally crossing’ ( Natural selection , pp. 35–91). …
- … CD’s notes for his chapter on crossing (see n. 5, above) and on dichogamy are in DAR 49 …
To J. D. Hooker 1 December [1856]
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 1 Dec [1856] |
Classmark: | DAR 114: 185 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-2008 |
Matches: 7 hits
- … Dated by the reference to the crossing of trees, also discussed in the letters to George …
- … 1856] . CD addressed the question of the crossing of trees in Natural selection , pp. 61– …
- … I am become a good deal interested in crossing speculations, though I can come to no …
- … difficulty to the probability of crossing, I want to know whether the following would cost …
- … the separation of sexes (which w d . favour crossing). — Loudon calls the Viburnum, Box, …
- … tree would have so many flowers that any crossing that took place would be with a flower …
- … flowers were all of one sex on a tree, crossing could only take place between flowers of …
To J. D. Hooker [early December 1856]
Summary
Sends JDH part of MS for chapter 3 of Natural selection ["Possibility of all organic beings crossing"] to be corrected and returned.
JDH’s report of Podostemon flowering cleistogamously under water in Bengal.
[Copious revision by JDH.]
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | [early Dec 1856] |
Classmark: | DAR 205.5: 213 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-1974 |
Matches: 5 hits
- … Possibility of all organic beings crossing"] to be corrected and returned. JDH’s report of …
- … suggested by CD’s interest in the possible crossing of plants that flower under water. See …
- … Watson, 26 November 1856. CD referred to the crossing of these aquatic plants in Natural …
- … recorded having completed the chapter on crossing on 16 December 1856 (‘Journal’; Appendix …
- … by CD to form part of his chapter on crossing (see Natural selection , p. 63). The text …
To J. D. Hooker [after 26] November [1862]
Summary
Discusses differences between Asa Gray’s view and his own on crossing. A common effect is the obliteration of incipient varieties. There is heavy evidence against new characters arising from crossing wild forms, "only intermediate races are then produced". Innate vital forces are somehow led to act differently as a result of direct effect of physical conditions. Astonished by JDH’s statement that every difference might have occurred without selection. CD agrees, but JDH’s manner of putting it astonished him. CD says, "think of each of a thousand seeds bringing forth its plant, and then each a thousand … I cannot even grapple with idea". Responds to JDH’s and Lyell’s feeling that he made too much of a deus ex machina out of natural selection. [Letter actually dated 20 Nov but is certainly after 3831.] [wrong field?]
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | [after 26] Nov [1862] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 172 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-3834 |
Matches: 8 hits
- … between Asa Gray’s view and his own on crossing. A common effect is the obliteration of …
- … evidence against new characters arising from crossing wild forms, "only intermediate races …
- … what I think A. Gray believes about crossing & what I believe. — If 1000 pigeons were …
- … This I believe is common effect of crossing, viz the obliteration of incipient varieties. …
- … varieties have been produced; their crossing will produce a third or more intermediate …
- … with strong tendency to vary, the act of crossing tends to give rise to new characters; & …
- … evidence against new characters arising from crossing wild forms; only intermediate races …
- … sports”): these eliminate all effect of crossing. — Pray remember how much I value your …
To J. D. Hooker [5 April 1866]
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | [5 Apr 1866] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 286 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-5054 |
To J. D. Hooker 6 September [1861]
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 6 Sept [1861] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 112 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-3248 |
To J. D. Hooker 13 September [1864]
Summary
Pleased that Bentham is cautious about Naudin’s view of reversion. CD can show experimentally that crossing of races and species tends to bring back ancient characters.
Suggests Gärtner’s Bastarderzeugung [1849] be translated
and that Oliver review Scott’s Primula paper [J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Bot.) 8 (1865): 78–126] for a future issue of Natural History Review.
Is working on Variation.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 13 Sept [1864] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 249a–b |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-4612 |
Matches: 6 hits
- … of reversion. CD can show experimentally that crossing of races and species tends to bring …
- … I can show experimentally) namely that crossing races as well as species tends to bring …
- … long- & short-styled form of one species in crossing with a distinct species. — And many …
- … reversion to ancestral characteristics by crossing in Origin , pp. 159–67, and presented …
- … Variation 2: 28–61 in a discussion of his crossing experiments with different varieties of …
- … domestic chickens. CD gave the results of crossing a Spanish cock and a silk hen; the …
To J. D. Hooker [22 July – 19 August 1845]
Summary
Thanks for facts on solitary islands having several species of peculiar genera; "it knocks on the head some analogies of mine".
Has long been trying to discover in how many flowers crossing is probable, but finds it difficult to show "even a vague probability of this".
Will JDH proof-read Galapagos chapter of Journal of researches?
Gives information on his Galapagos collection; explains why it differs from others.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | [22 July – 19 Aug 1845] |
Classmark: | DAR 114: 37 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-892 |
Matches: 5 hits
- … 1799 . CD is distinguishing between crossing varieties (mongrels) and species (mules). …
- … trying to discover in how many flowers crossing is probable, but finds it difficult to …
- … structure is inimitably adapted to favour crossing, I have never yet met with but one …
- … hybridising to any extent, I did not mean at all to exclude crossing. It has long been a …
- … of mine to see in how many flowers such crossing is probable: it was, I believe Knights …
To J. D. Hooker 10 December [1856]
Summary
CD is convinced of relation between separation of sexes and tree-habit.
Recent hard blows against crossing theory.
CD long tormented by land molluscs on oceanic islands; found transport possible experimentally.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 10 Dec [1856] |
Classmark: | DAR 114: 186 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-2018 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … tree-habit. Recent hard blows against crossing theory. CD long tormented by land molluscs …
- … have had lately some hard blows against my crossing theory, & hardly know what to think. I …
- … of fertility & sterility & on natural crossing has actually run out to 100 pages M.S. , & …
- … of all organic beings occasionally crossing, & on the remarkable susceptibility of the …
To J. D. Hooker 12 [December 1862]
Summary
Maintains his view on crossing. Thinks practical breeders would agree with him; doubts that variability and domestication are at all necessarily correlative.
Identical plants in different conditions a heavy argument against "direct action" [of physical conditions].
His 1000-pigeon case is altered if long-beaked are in least degree sterile with short-beaked.
His work on dimorphism inclines him to believe that sterility is at first a selected quality to keep incipient species distinct.
Case of easy modification of Lythrum pollen to favour or prevent crossing.
Monsters.
Has just finished chapter on variations of cultivated plants.
Edinburgh doctors have sent him Diploma of Medical Society.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 12 [Dec 1862] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 176 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-3855 |
Matches: 5 hits
- … Maintains his view on crossing. Thinks practical breeders would agree with him; doubts …
- … of Lythrum pollen to favour or prevent crossing. Monsters. Has just finished chapter on …
- … of little variations of the individual. On crossing I cannot change; the more I think, the …
- … you will see how pollen can be modified merely to favour crossing; with equal readiness it …
- … could be modified to prevent crossing. — It is this which makes me so much interested with …
To J. D. Hooker 20 November [1866]
Summary
Requests roots of two species of Mirabilis for "a curious experiment in crossing".
Has subscribed £10 to Jamaica committee to prosecute Governor Eyre.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 20 Nov [1866] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 305 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-5281 |
To J. D. Hooker 3 August [1863]
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 3 Aug [1863] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 201 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-4261 |
To J. D. Hooker 15 November [1856]
Summary
CD finds JDH’s objections to a mundane cold period significant, and he endeavours to show how they do not rule out mutability.
He is writing on crossing.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 15 Nov [1856] |
Classmark: | DAR 114: 182 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-1989 |
To J. D. Hooker 12 [October 1858]
Summary
Abstract will run into a small volume.
Urges JDH not to reject natural selection until he has read abstract.
[Enclosed are CD’s comments on a ?JDH manuscript that perhaps belong elsewhere.]
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 12 [Oct 1858] |
Classmark: | DAR 114: 249 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-2339 |
To J. D. Hooker [13 June 1870?]
Summary
Orders seeds, ripened in Algiers; imported seed would be of no use. [Forwarded to Algiers by JDH, see 7272.]
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | [13 June 1870?] |
Classmark: | American Philosophical Society (Mss.B.D25.) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7210 |
To J. D. Hooker 9 February [1862]
Summary
Thanks JDH for box of melastomes
and a very valuable reference from Daniel Oliver.
Is crossing Monochaetum which he thinks is dimorphic.
Is "sometimes half tempted to give up species & stick to experiments".
Pollen of Bletia hyacinthina is quite unlike other Bletia species but exactly the same as Epipactis.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 9 Feb [1862] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 143 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-3440 |
To J. D. Hooker [21 December 1862]
Summary
Thanks for Begonia and Oxalis.
Keeps obstinate about crossing and could argue till doomsday, but will not bother JDH.
Sees that JDH has finished Welwitschia.
Thinks Huxley’s Working Men’s Lectures excellent.
Has finished Linum paper [Collected papers 2: 93–105],
and abstract of Bates’s paper for Natural History Review,
and has begun to arrange concluding chapters [for Variation]. Is paralysed on how to begin.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | [21 Dec 1862] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 174 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-3871 |
To J. D. Hooker 17 February 1873
Summary
Is drawing up the account of his crossing experiments. Requests JDH to add the families after nine genera, the names of which he encloses. Whenever there is no objection he would like to arrange the families in some sort of natural order.
Recommends Spalding’s article on instinct in Macmillan’s Magazine [27 (1873): 265–81].
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 17 Feb 1873 |
Classmark: | DAR 94: 257–8 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-8769 |
To J. D. Hooker 3 November [1862]
Summary
Requests reference to Jules Planchon’s monograph on Linum [Lond. J. Bot. 6 (1847): 588–603; 7 (1848): 165–86, 473–501, 507–28].
Sends list of seeds, including Oxalis, Boraginaceae especially Alkanna.
Asa Gray says JDH wrote reviews of Orchids in Gardeners’ Chronicle.
His experiments amuse him after dull day’s work on vegetables and fruit-trees.
Leschenaultia formosa has exterior stigma, thus eminently requiring insect aid, and thus ensuring crossing almost inevitably.
Asks whether Samuel Haughton at Dublin who made important medical discovery could be the same who reviewed Origin so hostilely [in Nat. Hist. Rev. 7 (1860): 23–32]; if so, he can sneer at and abuse CD to his heart’s content.
Asa Gray as rabid as ever [on Civil War].
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 3 Nov [1862] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 171 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-3793 |
To J. D. Hooker 1 November [1866]
Summary
Requests water-lily pods to count, weigh, and to germinate some of the seeds of the crossed and uncrossed pods.
Hopes Haeckel did not bore him.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 1 Nov [1866] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 304 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-5262 |
letter | (71) |
Darwin, C. R. | (71) |
Darwin, Emma | (1) |
Wedgwood, Emma | (1) |
Darwin, C. R. | (71) |
Hooker, J. D. | (71) |
Darwin, Emma | (1) |
Wedgwood, Emma | (1) |
Darwin's 1876 letters online
Summary
Birth, tragic death . . . and cardigan jackets. To mark the 211th anniversary of Darwin's birth, we have released online the transcripts and footnotes of over 460 letters written to and from him in 1876 and a supplement of 180 letters written before…
Matches: 1 hits
- … I am now getting ready a book on the advantages of crossing, which will be a sort of complement to …
Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health
Summary
On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…
Matches: 6 hits
- … him to carry out tasks like counting seeds of Lythrum , crossing cowslips with polyanthuses, and …
- … a full conviction of the change of species is.’ Crossing experiments In addition to …
- … Continuing from these earlier studies, in 1864 he conducted crossing experiments between different …
- … other papers of Scott’s followed, reporting the results of crossing experiments on different species …
- … years, Darwin consulted Charles William Crocker about his crossing experiments with hollyhocks, and …
- … and Friedrich Hildebrand in Germany compared results of crossing experiments with a Pulmonaria …
Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 9 hits
- … to James Moggridge to ask him to observe whether spontaneous crossing of different varieties of this …
- … I got fresh plants, & consequently took up the effect of crossing & self-fertilising plants …
- … in Florence kept varieties of sweet peas separated to avoid crossing ( From Federico Delpino, 18 …
- … native Mediterranean setting. Although he continued his crossing experiments through the early …
- … what great vigour is given to seedling plants by the crossing of their parents’ ( To Fritz Müller, …
- … & have strength to complete it) will be on the advantages of Crossing Plants, & this will …
- … Meehan had been a vocal opponent of Darwin’s views on crossing, and his paper, ‘Are insects any …
- … press observations continued for 10 years on the effects of crossing plants, & I think that …
- … inferred from observations on self fertilising plants that crossing was of little importance …
Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Matches: 5 hits
- … whether hybrid sterility was the inevitable result of crossing species. Thomas Huxley had stated …
- … stigmas ’. Darwin had hoped to publish the results of the crossing experiments immediately, but by …
- … 1863, when Lythrum was flowering, Darwin resumed his crossing experiments. He also wrote to …
- … of the various crosses. For this, he turned to his earlier crossing experiments, which included some …
- … adding this work to his book on ‘the good effects of crossing’ ( Cross and self fertilisation ), …
Orchids
Summary
Why Orchids? Darwin wrote in his Autobiography, ‘During the summer of 1839, and, I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come to the conclusion in my…
Matches: 1 hits
- … conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that crossing played an important part in …
1877 letters now online
Summary
Flowers, bloom, a son married . . . and a suspended monkey in Cambridge at Darwin's honorary LLD ceremony. The transcripts and footnotes of over 600 letters written to and from Darwin in 1877 are now online. Read more about Darwin's life in 1877…
Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours
Summary
Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…
Matches: 3 hits
- … was only one of many adaptations that had evolved to promote crossing between individuals of the …
- … males and females of unisexual animals. Through extensive crossing experiments, and painstaking …
- … a number of other structures and behaviours that facilitated crossing, especially with the aid of …
Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life
Summary
1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…
Matches: 4 hits
- … the text. Orchids , which concentrated on the ‘means of crossing’, was seen by Darwin as the …
- … , which provided evidence for the ‘advantages of crossing’ (letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876). …
- … before a disease-free variety of potato had been produced by crossing the most pest-free varieties …
- … self-fertilisation To demonstrate the advantages of crossing, Darwin presented the results …
Floral Dimorphism
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Floral studies In 1877 Darwin published a book that included a series of smaller studies on botanical subjects. Titled The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, it consisted primarily of…
Matches: 1 hits
- … out of the meaning of heterostyled flowers. The results of crossing such flowers in an illegitimate …
Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II
Summary
The most forceful and persistent critic of the term ‘natural selection’ was the co-discoverer of the process itself, Alfred Russel Wallace. Wallace seized on Herbert Spencer’s term ‘survival of the fittest’, explicitly introduced as an alternative way of…
Matches: 1 hits
- … his own copy of the first edition of Origin neatly crossing through every occurrence of ‘natural …
Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species
Summary
Many of the dates of letters in 1856 and 1857 were based on or confirmed by reference to Darwin’s manuscript on species (DAR 8--15.1, inclusive; transcribed and published as Natural selection). This manuscript, begun in May 1856, was nearly completed by…
Matches: 1 hits
- … On the possibility of all organic beings occasionally crossing, & on the remarkable …
New material added to the American edition of Origin
Summary
A ‘revised and augmented’ American edition of Origin came on the market in July 1860, and was the only authorised edition available in the US until 1873. It incorporated many of the changes Darwin made to the second English edition, but still contained…
Matches: 1 hits
- … to the action of external conditions, something to the crossing of already existing forms, and much …
Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute
Summary
Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…
Matches: 3 hits
- … or the Principles of Variation, Inheritance, Reversion, Crossing, Interbreeding, and Selection under …
- … on dimorphism and trimorphism and reported on a series of crossing experiments with orchids. Darwin …
- … [1867] ). Darwin was also interested in experiments crossing different species of orchids …
Darwin and Down
Summary
Charles and Emma Darwin, with their first two children, settled at Down House in the village of Down (later ‘Downe’) in Kent, as a young family in 1842. The house came with eighteen acres of land, and a fifteen acre meadow. The village combined the…
Matches: 1 hits
- … to study fertilisation (in particular the effects of crossing and of self-fertilisation); …
Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad
Summary
At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…
Matches: 5 hits
- … Correspondence vol. 10, Appendix VI). In addition to crossing varieties of Primula in 1863, he …
- … the two men discussed a multitude of botanical subjects, the crossing experiments that Scott had …
- … and he continued to observe individuals of the same species crossing with one another in a variety …
- … particularly when he was working on the chapter he called ‘Crossing & Sterility’ (see …
- … discussions, completing three sections, on inheritance, crossing and sterility, and selection, by …
Darwin on childhood
Summary
On his engagement to his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, in 1838, Darwin wrote down his recollections of his early childhood. Life. Written August–– 1838 My earliest recollection, the date of which I can approximately tell, and which must have been before…
Matches: 1 hits
- … effect, on my memory.–– I remember, when going there crossing in the carriage a broad ford, & …
Darwin in letters, 1862: A multiplicity of experiments
Summary
1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the extent and breadth of the botanical experiments…
Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions
Summary
Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, with full debunking below...
Matches: 1 hits
- … Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, …
Origin is 160; Darwin's 1875 letters now online
Summary
To mark the 160th anniversary of the publication of Origin of species, the full transcripts and footnotes of nearly 650 letters to and from Charles Darwin in 1875 are published online for the first time. You can read about Darwin's life in 1875…
Matches: 1 hits
- … fertilisation , summing up many years of experiments on crossing plants. I wd gladly …
Darwin’s earthquakes
Summary
Darwin experienced his first earthquake in 1834, but it was a few months later that he was really confronted with their power. Travelling north along the coast of Chile, Darwin and Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, were confronted with a series of…
Matches: 1 hits
- … he collected. Travelling on from South America and crossing back half way round the world, …