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Suggested reading

Summary

  Contemporary writing Anon., The English matron: A practical manual for young wives, (London, 1846). Anon., The English gentlewoman: A practical manual for young ladies on their entrance to society, (Third edition, London, 1846). Becker, L. E.…

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  • … ’,  Harper’s New Monthly Magazine  55:327 (August, 1877), pp. 365 - 368. Waddy, F.,  …

Darwin in letters, 1878: Movement and sleep

Summary

In 1878, Darwin devoted most of his attention to the movements of plants. He investigated the growth pattern of roots and shoots, studying the function of specific organs in this process. Working closely with his son Francis, Darwin devised a series of…

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  • … He had begun a systematic study of plant movement in 1877, concentrating on the motion of leaves in …
  • … the German Association of Naturalists in September 1877, Darwin’s outspoken supporter Ernst Haeckel …

Darwin's works in letters

Summary

For the 163rd anniversary of the publication of Origin, we've added a new page to our Works in letters section on Cross and self fertilisation. These complement our existing pages on the 'big book' before Origin, Origin itself, the…

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  • … self fertilisation (1876) Forms of flowers (1877) The Life of Erasmus …

1.21 window at Christ's College Cambridge

Summary

< Back to Introduction Among the many posthumous commemorations of Darwin is a portrayal of him in stained glass. It is in the oriel window of the Hall at his alma mater, Christ’s College Cambridge – in a bay looking onto the First Court of the…

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  • … honorary degree conferred on him by Cambridge University in 1877. He is paired here with William …

Darwin's 1876 letters online

Summary

Birth, tragic death . . . and cardigan jackets. To mark the 211th anniversary of Darwin's birth, we have released online the transcripts and footnotes of over 460 letters written to and from him in 1876 and a supplement of 180 letters written before…

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  • … Co. A second edition of Orchids was published in January 1877; Darwin had been working on it …

All Darwin's letters from 1873 go online for the anniversary of Origin

Summary

To celebrate the 158th anniversary of the publication of Origin of species on 24 November, the full transcripts and footnotes of over 500 letters from and to Charles Darwin in 1873 are now available online. Read about Darwin's life in 1873 through his…

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  • … and self fertilisation (1876), and Forms of flowers (1877). When he jokingly mentioned his …

From morphology to movement: observation and experiment

Summary

Darwin was a thoughtful observer of the natural world from an early age. Whether on a grand scale, as exemplified by his observations on geology, or a microscopic one, as shown by his early work on the eggs and larvae of tiny bryozoans, Darwin was…

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  • … observers in France and Germany to the second edition of 1877 (see Works in Letters: Orchids ).  …

John Murray

Summary

Darwin's most famous book On the origin of species by means of natural selection (Origin) was published on 22 November 1859. The publisher was John Murray, who specialised in non-fiction, particularly politics, travel and science, and had published…

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  • … ‘Verifier’ an essay entitled Scepticism in Geology  (1877), an argument against Lyell’s view of a …
  • … more than a few hundred copies w d . be sold’ (11 April 1877  Letter 10926 ).   Murray …

Francis Darwin

Summary

Known to his family as ‘Frank’, Charles Darwin’s seventh child himself became a distinguished scientist. He was an undergraduate at Trinity College, Cambridge, initially studying mathematics, but then transferring to natural sciences.  Francis completed…

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  • … course, that his father had not been knighted, although in 1877 Charles Darwin was awarded an …

Darwin on human evolution

Summary

'I hear that Ladies think it delightful reading, but that it does not do to talk about it, which no doubt promotes the sale.' For the first time online you can now read the full texts of nearly 800 letters Darwin wrote and received during 1871,…

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  • … to assess their sensitivity; this work was published in 1877.   It is …

Strange things sent to Darwin in the post

Summary

Some of the stranger things Darwin received in the post can tell us a lot about how Darwin worked at home. In 1863, Darwin was very excited when the ornithologist Alfred Newton sent him a diseased, red-legged partridge foot with an enormous ball of clay…

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  • … of extra toes and fingers in humans and other animals. In 1877, the journalist Otto Zacharias sent …

Species and varieties

Summary

On the origin of species by means of natural selection …so begins the title of Darwin’s most famous book, and the reader would rightly assume that such a thing as ‘species’ must therefore exist and be subject to description. But the title continues, …or…

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  • … different forms of flowers on plants of the same species (1877) What Darwin discovered was that …

Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health

Summary

On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’.  Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…

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  • … of dimorphic and trimorphic plants’), and later in his 1877 book, The different forms of flowers on …
  • … in the second edition of  Orchids , published in 1877. These publications were partly inspired by …

Arthur Mellersh

Summary

Arthur Mellersh was a midshipman (promoted to mate during the voyage) serving on the Beagle at the time when Darwin was travelling around the world. One account suggests an inauspicious start to their friendship; apparently Mellersh introduced himself…

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  • … have had a cordial relationship with Osbert . In 1877 Mellersh acted as go-between …

John Lort Stokes

Summary

John Lort Stokes, naval officer, was Charles Darwin’s cabinmate on the Beagle voyage – not always an enviable position.  After Darwin’s death, Stokes penned a description of their evenings spent working at the large table at the centre, Stokes at his…

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  • … when he was appointed rear-admiral, and finally admiral in 1877.   …

Bartholomew James Sulivan

Summary

On Christmas Day 1866, Bartholomew Sulivan sat down to write a typically long and chatty letter to his old friend, Charles Darwin, commiserating on shared ill-health, glorying in the achievements of their children, offering to collect plant specimens, and…

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  • … in 1864. He was knighted in 1869 and promoted admiral in 1877. …

Plant or animal? (Or: Don’t try this at home!)

Summary

Darwin is famous for showing that humans are just another animal, but, in his later years in particular, his real passion was something even more ambitious: to show that there are no hard-and-fast boundaries between animals and plants.   In 1875 Darwin…

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  • … ‘Insectivorous plants’, Scribner’s Monthly, April 1877, 804–15. …

Hermann Müller

Summary

Hermann (Heinrich Ludwig Hermann) Müller, was born in Mühlberg near Erfurt in 1829. He was the younger brother of Fritz Müller (1822–97). Following the completion of his secondary education at Erfurt in 1848, he studied natural sciences at Halle and Berlin…

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  • … the teaching of ‘scientific hypotheses’ that began in 1877. This challenge came from within the …

The origin of language

Summary

Darwin started thinking about the origin of language in the late 1830s. The subject formed part of his wide-ranging speculations about the transmutation of species. In his private notebooks, he reflected on the communicative powers of animals, their…

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  • … . 2 vols. London: John Murray, 1871. Darwin, Charles, 1877. A biographical sketch of an infant …

Science: A Man’s World?

Summary

Discussion Questions|Letters Darwin's correspondence show that many nineteenth-century women participated in the world of science, be it as experimenters, observers, editors, critics, producers, or consumers. Despite this, much of the…

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  • … Letter 10746 – Darwin to Dicey, E. M., [1877] Darwin gives his opinion on the education …
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