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From A. R. Wallace   11 March [1867]

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Summary

ARW responds to CD’s list of queries about expression. Suggests acquiring informants through publishing the queries in newspapers. His doubts about their importance.

Has submitted caterpillar question to Entomological Society.

Author:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  11 Mar [1867]
Classmark:  DAR 106: B24, B45; DAR 82: A22
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5437

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. Di Gregorio, Mario A. 1984. T. H. Huxley’s …
  • … a series of papers between 1865 and 1871 examining variations in humans, and considering …

To A. R. Wallace   29 April [1867]

Summary

Comments on ARW’s view of colouring in relation to sexual selection and protection. It is not new to CD. Hopes to discuss subject fully in his "Essay on Man" [Descent]. As to the problem of brightly coloured females, CD is not satisfied that it is due to males taking over incubation. Admires "value and beauty" of ARW’s generalisations.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Date:  29 Apr [1867]
Classmark:  The British Library (Add 46434, f. 84)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5517

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. Origin 4th ed. : On the origin of species by …
  • … upon Man’ was published as Descent in 1871: CD had first intended to publish the material …

To A. R. Wallace   26 February [1867]

Summary

ARW’s explanation of protective value of conspicuous coloration is ingenious.

CD still holds to sexual selection with respect to beauty in male butterflies.

Sexual selection and the races of man.

Expression of emotions is another subject he plans to include in his essay [Descent].

Asks ARW to suggest an observer in Malay Archipelago to whom he might send queries [on expression].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Date:  26 Feb [1867]
Classmark:  The British Library (Add 46434, f. 76)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5420

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. Expression : The expression of the emotions in …

To A. R. Wallace   6 July [1867]

Summary

Acknowledgment of article on mimicry [Westminster Rev. 88 (1867): 1–43].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Date:  6 July [1867]
Classmark:  The British Library (Add 46434, f. 92)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5579

Matches: 1 hit

  • … and selection in relation to sex. By Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. …

To A. R. Wallace   5 May [1867]

Summary

Returns ARW’s notes. He will work up subject much better than CD.

Apologises for the note of illiberality in his letter regarding ARW’s work on the colouring and other sexual differences in mammals.

Discusses laws of inheritance based on sexual selection.

He questions the extent of applicability of principles of protection and sexual selection to lower animal forms, though Ernst Haeckel has shown how protection may account for transparency and absence of colour in lower oceanic animals.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Date:  5 May [1867]
Classmark:  The British Library (Add 46434 f. 89)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5528

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. Haeckel, Ernst. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der …

To Alfred Russel Wallace   23 February 1867

Summary

Asks why caterpillars are sometimes beautifully coloured. It poses a problem for view that sexual selection is the explanation of colours of male butterflies.

More on mimetic butterflies.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Date:  23 Feb 1867
Classmark:  Marchant ed. 1916, 1: 178
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5415

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. DNB : Dictionary of national biography. …

From A. R. Wallace   26 April [1867]

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Summary

Describes his view on colour [of plumage] of males and females – i.e., that absence of brilliant colour in either sex is due to need for protection in incubation, rather than to sexual selection.

Author:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  26 Apr [1867]
Classmark:  DAR 84.1: 32–5
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5515

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. Lyell, Charles. 1867–8. Principles of …

To A. R. Wallace   12 and 13 October [1867]

Summary

Response to ARW’s "Creation by law", especially the Angraecum sesquipedale and the predicted Madagascar moth.

ARW’s argument on beauty strikes CD as good.

Wishes ARW had made more clear the assumption of the reviewer [in North Br. Rev.] that each variation is a strongly marked one.

The Duke of Argyll’s argument on beauty is not candid.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Date:  12 and 13 Oct 1867
Classmark:  The British Library (Add 46434 f. 96)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5648

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. Expression : The expression of the emotions in …

From A. R. Wallace   24 February [1867]

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Summary

Protective role of colours in caterpillars and butterflies. Sexual differences in colours of butterflies.

Author:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  24 Feb [1867]
Classmark:  DAR 82: A19–21
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5416

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. Weir, John Jenner. 1869–70. On insects …

From A. R. Wallace   2 March [1867]

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Summary

Pleased that CD approves his idea about caterpillars.

Thinks CD is right about selection in butterflies, but still believes protective adaptation has kept down colours of females.

Cannot yet see action of natural selection in forming the races of man.

Author:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  2 Mar [1867]
Classmark:  DAR 85: A98
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5968

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. Fichman, Martin. 2004. An elusive Victorian: …

To A. R. Wallace   [24 June 1867]

Summary

CD now acknowledges that the sometimes very great sexual, i.e., ornamental, differences in fishes offer a difficulty to the view that females are not brightly coloured on account of the danger to propagation of the species.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Date:  [24 June 1867]
Classmark:  The British Library (Add 46434, f. 74)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5404

Matches: 1 hit

  • … and selection in relation to sex. By Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. …

From A. R. Wallace   1 May 1867

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Summary

Never imagined that the facts about sexual selection could be new to CD. Thought fact that brightly coloured females build concealed nests and almost all those in which sexes differ remarkably build exposed nests might be new to him. Some problems remain. Sends his notes for CD to use if he wants.

Author:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  1 May 1867
Classmark:  DAR 84.1: 36–7
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5522

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. Wallace, Alfred Russel. 1868. A theory …
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Darwin in letters, 1871: An emptying nest

Summary

The year 1871 was an extremely busy and productive one for Darwin, with the publication in February of his long-awaited book on human evolution, Descent of man. The other main preoccupation of the year was the preparation of his manuscript on expression.…

Matches: 30 hits

  • … The year 1871 was an extremely busy and productive one for Darwin, seeing the …
  • … promotes the sale’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 26 March 1871 ). The profits for Darwin were …
  • … first two printings, Darwin wrote to Murray on 20 March 1871 , ‘It is quite a grand trade to be a …
  • … in memory of the book’ ( letter to H. E. Darwin, 20 March 1871 ). Reaction …
  • … to read it ( letter from James Crichton-Browne, 19 February 1871 ). The African explorer and …
  • … pleasant or not’ (letter from W. W. Reade, 21 February 1871). The geologist William Boyd Dawkins …
  • … to buy them’ ( letter from W. B. Dawkins, 23 February 1871 ). Thomas Henry Huxley marvelled that …
  • … tide-marks!’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 20 February 1871 ). Asa Gray remarked, somewhat …
  • … and pointed ears”  (letter from Asa Gray, 14 April 1871) Like his previous book,  …
  • … arms and legs ( letter from C. L. Bernays, 25 February 1871 ). Samples of hair arrived from …
  • … his head ( letter from W. B. Tegetmeier, [before 25 April 1871] )). Hinrich Nitsche, ‘the lucky …
  • … orang-utan foetus ( letter from Hinrich Nitsche, 18 April 1871 ). Darwin thought he might use the …
  • … poor return’ ( letter to Hinrich Nitsche, 25 April [1871] ). Animal anecdotes appeared in …
  • … space each morning ( letter from Arthur Nicols, 7 March 1871 ; letter from B. J. Sulivan, 11 …
  • … of beauty ( letter from E. J. Pfeiffer, [before 26 April 1871] ). Roland Trimen, a long-time …
  • … in the past ( letter from Roland Trimen, 17 and 18 April 1871 ). Candid disagreement …
  • … were raised to a high pitch, as Innes wrote on 26 May 1871 about the darker races arising …
  • … as far as this goes’ ( letter to J. B. Innes, 29 May [1871] ). On religion and morality …
  • … Creator made it’ ( letter from George Morrish, 18 March 1871 ). Darwin received an anonymous …
  • … Descent  ( letter from a child of God, [after 24 February 1871] ). Yet some continued to …
  • … religious feeling’ ( letter from F. E. Abbot, 20 August 1871 ). The Anglican clergyman and …
  • … brethren’ ( letter from George Henslow, 5 December 1871 ). Ernst Haeckel boasted of his month …
  • … monkey !’ ( letter from Ernst Haeckel, 21 December 1871 ). Descent  was extensively …
  • … independent of all times and all circumstances’ (8 April 1871, p. 5). Darwin condemned the author of …
  • … & classics’ ( letter to John Murray, 13 April [1871] ). But a similar point was made by …
  • … the killing of some members of a hive a duty (Cobbe 1871, pp. 174, 188–9). Darwin was particularly …
  • … by culture, not biology ( letter from John Morley, 30 March 1871 ). Reaction at home …
  • … its master. ( Letter from Hensleigh Wedgwood, [3–9 March 1871] .) Some of Darwin’s …
  • … to me’ ( letter to Hensleigh Wedgwood, 9 March 1871 ). A widening rift By far the …
  • … 1871a), which appeared just prior to  Descent  in early 1871. ‘I daresay it will tell heavily …

Darwin’s queries on expression

Summary

When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect observations more widely and composed a list of queries on human expression. A number of handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller…

Matches: 14 hits

  • … Blair, R.H. 11 July 1871 Worcester College for the …
  • … Brooke, C.A.J. 30 April 1871 Sarawak, Borneo …
  • … Chaumont, F.S.B.F. de 11 March 1871 Woolston, …
  • … Crichton-Browne, James 3 April 1871 West Riding …
  • … Donders, F.C. 28 March 1871 Utrecht, Netherlands …
  • … Foster, Michael 4 June [1871] Trinity College, …
  • … Gray, Asa 14 April 1871 Cambridge, Massachusetts, …
  • … Gray, Asa 10 & 14 March [1871] Cambridge, …
  • … Mivart, G.J. 26 Jan 1871 North Bank, London, England …
  • … Reade, Winwood W. 1 Feb 1871 11 St Mary Abbot's …
  • … Rejlander, O.G. [1871] Victoria Street, London, …
  • … Smith, Andrew 1 Feb. 1871 11 Saint Mary Abbot's …
  • … Smith, Andrew 17 April 1871 16 Alexander Square, …
  • … Swinhoe, Robert 14 March 1871 33 Oakley Square, …

Frank Chance

Summary

The Darwin archive not only contains letters, manuscript material, photographs, books and articles but also all sorts of small, dry specimens, mostly enclosed with letters. Many of these enclosures have become separated from the letters or lost altogether,…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … first is undated but we know it was written before 25 April 1871 because Darwin alluded to a case …
  • … report by the pigeon-fancier W. B. Tegetmeier, 25 April [1871] . In his letter Chance is …
  • … (Letter from Frank Chance, [before 25 April 1871] ) Responding to this meticulous self …
  • … were very rare. When we were editing volume 19 (1871), Chance’s enclosure of beard and …
  • … : In your work on the ""Descent of Man"" (ed. 1871) ii. 298, 299, in …
  • … followed up on a similar case that CD had observed on 13 May 1871. William’s letter of 5 June 1871

4.17 'Figaro', unidentifiable 1871

Summary

< Back to Introduction Yet another portrayal of Darwin as a tree-dwelling ape was published in The Figaro in October 1871, and titled ‘A Darwinian hypothesis’. The image survives in a torn page in the Darwin archive, but it has so far proved…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … tree-dwelling ape was published in The Figaro in October 1871, and titled ‘A Darwinian …
  • … date of creation October 1871 
 computer-readable date 1871-10-01 to 1871-10-27 
 …

Darwin’s favourite photographer: From O. G. Rejlander, 30 April 1871

Summary

In the 1860s Darwin began collecting photographs of emotional expression. They seemed to capture fleeting movements of the face, and allowed him to observe with more detachment. But the technology was still new. Even under the best conditions, exposure…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … In the 1860s Darwin began collecting photographs of emotional expression. They seemed to capture …

Animals, ethics, and the progress of science

Summary

Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … sleep to-night’ ( letter to E. R. Lankester, 22 March [1871] ). In Descent , Darwin described …
  • … perseverance’ ( letter to Nature , [before 27 April 1871] ). When Galton could no longer look …
  • … ‘Siamesing’ ( letter from Francis Galton, 13 September 1871 ). Several years later, proof …

Henrietta Emma Darwin

Summary

Henrietta “Etty” Darwin (1843–1927) was the eldest of Charles Darwin’s daughters to reach adulthood. She married Richard Buckley Litchfield in 1871. She was a valued editor to her father as well as companion and correspondent to both of her parents.…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … reach adulthood. She married Richard Buckley Litchfield in 1871. She was a valued editor to her …
  • … by her father for his scientific writing, particularly his 1871 work,   The Descent of Man .  In …

Cross and self fertilisation

Summary

The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … of self-fertilisation’ ( To J. D. Hooker, 23 July [1871] ). Darwin also informed Müller of this …
  • … in his hothouse ( To Fritz Müller, 2 August [1871] ). By late 1871, Darwin was already …
  • … generations’ ( To Federico Delpino, 22 November 1871 ). Delpino replied that he looked forward to …
  • … and horticulture ( From Federico Delpino, 5 December 1871 ). When Darwin began writing in February …

Darwin and the Church

Summary

The story of Charles Darwin’s involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It shows another side of the man who is more often remembered for his personal struggles with faith, or for his role in large-scale controversies over the…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … [1850] and n. 6; and letter to J. B. Innes, 29 May [1871] ). Their true friendship does …
  • … request favourably—’ (letter from J. B. Innes, 26 May 1871 ). Indeed Innes had such a high …
  • … school and organ funds (letter to J. B. Innes, 13 January 1871 ). Down’s next clergyman …
  • … very dull sermons’ (letter to J. B. Innes, 18 January [1871] ). Mr Powell was happy to take up …
  • … qualifications’ (letter from J. B. Innes, 5 June 1871 ). Particularly in the early days of …

Moral Nature

Summary

In Descent of Man, Darwin argued that human morality had evolved from the social instincts of animals, especially the bonds of sympathy and love. Darwin gathered observations over many decades on animal behavior: the heroic sacrifices of social insects,…

Matches: 8 hits

  • … Letter 7048 : Darwin, W. E., to Darwin, C. R., [April? 1871] In Descent of man (1: 71 …
  • … Letter 7645 : Morley, John to Darwin, 30 March 1871 The politician and man of letters, …
  • … of Descent of Man in the Pall Mall Gazette (Morley 1871). Darwin admired the review, and …
  • … Letter 7685 : Darwin to Morley, John, 14 April [1871] "When I speak of intellectual …
  • … Letter 7691 , Morley, John, to Darwin, 17 April 1871 "I don't think Mr. Mill& …
  • … 7470 : Wedgwood, Hensleigh to Darwin, [before 3 March 1871] Darwin exchanged long letters …
  • … Letter 7537 : Darwin, C. R. to Wenslow, Hensleigh, 3 March [1871] Using the example of …
  • … 3. [ available at Darwinonline ] Cobbe, F. P. 1871. 'Darwinism in morals'. …

Strange things sent to Darwin in the post

Summary

Some of the stranger things Darwin received in the post can tell us a lot about how Darwin worked at home. In 1863, Darwin was very excited when the ornithologist Alfred Newton sent him a diseased, red-legged partridge foot with an enormous ball of clay…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … have germinated out of the dung ’.   In 1871, Darwin asked Ray Lankester to …
  • … enclosed with the letter from Hinrich Nitsche, 18 April 1871 (DAR 87: 46r) In Variation …

Darwin and vivisection

Summary

Darwin played an important role in the controversy over vivisection that broke out in late 1874. Public debate was sparked when the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals brought an unsuccessful prosecution against a French physiologist who…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … heart’ ( Correspondence vol. 19, letter to ?, 19 May [1871] ). As a magistrate in Down, he had …
  • … vol. 19, letter to E. R. Lankester, 22 March [1871] ). In the same year, Darwin had published …
  • … of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1871 that outlined principles for …

Experimenting with emotions

Summary

Darwin’s interest in emotions can be traced as far back as the Beagle voyage. He was fascinated by the sounds and gestures of the peoples of Tierra del Fuego. On his return, he started recording observations in a set of notebooks, later labelled '…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … on his behalf. The emotional specimen In 1871, Darwin contacted the German …
  • … round them’ ( letter to A. D. Kindermann, [27 March 1871] ). Darwin had begun collecting …
  • … relation” (letter from Michael Foster, 4 June [1871] ). Making experiments familiar …

Henrietta Darwin's diary

Summary

Darwin's daughter Henrietta kept a diary for a few momentous weeks in 1871. This was the year in which Descent of Man, the most controversial of her father's books after Origin itself, appeared, a book which she had helped him write. The small…

Matches: 8 hits

  • … wrote the following journal entries in March and July 1871 in a small lockable, leather-bound …
  • … by Henrietta herself. Darwin’s letters in 1870 and 1871 ( Correspondence , vols 18 and 19) …
  • … missions due to take place between 26 February and 5 March 1871 in four towns within the deanery of …
  • … from Charles and Emma Darwin to F. J. Wedgwood, [March 1871?], and letter from F. J. Wedgwood to H. …
  • … University Library. Henrietta Darwin | March 1871 1871 March— Sea Grove …
  • … away what they have no equivalent for. July 4th 1871. How hard it is to wait—the …
  • … I think I am a very happy woman. Sunday July 9 th . 1871 I want to think why I shd …
  • … mission leaders in the  Hampshire Advertiser , 21 January 1871, p. 7. 4 Probably John …

William Winwood Reade

Summary

On 19 May 1868, an African explorer and unsuccessful novelist, William Winwoode Reade (1838–1875) offered to help Darwin, and started a correspondence and, arguably, a collaboration, that would last until Reade's death. After a first 1861 tour of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … of it" – Winwood Reade to Charles Darwin, 31 January 1871 ) and sought Darwin’s advice on …

Women as a scientific audience

Summary

Target audience? | Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those exchanged with his editors and publisher, reveal a lot about his intended audience. Regardless of whether or not women were deliberately targeted as a…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … Letter 7624 - Bathoe, M . B. to Darwin, [25 March 1871] Mary Bathoe responds …
  • … Letter 7644 - Barnard, A. to Darwin, [30 March 1871] J. S. Henslow’s daughter, …
  • … 7651 - Wedgwood, F. J. to Darwin, H. E., [1 April 1871] Frances Wedgwood offers …
  • … 7411 - Pfeiffer, E. J. to Darwin, [before 26 April 1871] The poet Emily Pfeiffer …
  • … Letter 8055 - Hennell, S. S. to Darwin, [7 November 1871] Sarah Hennell writes to Darwin …

Francis Galton

Summary

Galton was a naturalist, statistician, and evolutionary theorist. He was a second cousin of Darwin’s, having descended from his grandfather, Erasmus. Born in Birmingham in 1822, Galton studied medicine at King’s College, London, and also read mathematics…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … his results tended to disprove Darwin’s theory (Galton 1871). This brought a quick rejoinder from …
  • … together to facilitate cross-circulation ( 13 September 1871 ). His views on inheritance continued …

Diagrams and drawings in letters

Summary

Over 850 illustrations from the printed volumes of The Correspondence of Charles Darwin have been added to the online transcripts of the letters. The contents include maps, diagrams, drawings, sketches and photographs, covering geological, botanical,…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … of sexual differences in viviparous fish,  [before 1 June 1871] Fritz Müller's …

Capturing Darwin’s voice: audio of selected letters

Summary

On a sunny Wednesday in June 2011 in a makeshift recording studio somewhere in Cambridge, we were very pleased to welcome Terry Molloy back to the Darwin Correspondence Project for a special recording session. Terry, known for his portrayal of Davros in Dr…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … politely worded rebuke to St G. J. Mivart ( 21 April [1871] ) for  the inadequacies, as Darwin saw …

Have you read the one about....

Summary

... the atheistical cats, or the old fogies in Cambridge? We've suggested a few - some funny, some serious - but all letters you can read here.

Matches: 1 hits

  • … ... the atheistical cats, or the old fogies in Cambridge? We've suggested a few - some funny, some …
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