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Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours

Summary

Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…

Matches: 26 hits

  • … , Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and …
  • … from a family that the Darwins had befriended. The year 1877 was more than usually full of honours. …
  • … he had written between 1861 and 1868 and presented to the Linnean Society of London. In the book, …
  • … of a very heavy shower’, William wrote on 24 August 1877 . ‘The leaves were not at all depressed; …
  • … gardeners ( letter from W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 25 August 1877 ). At Down House, Darwin and …
  • … a delicate twig’ ( letter to R. I. Lynch, 14 September 1877 ). Research on movement would continue …
  • … nitrogenous matter. His work on teasel was sent to the Royal Society of London by Darwin, who …
  • … perfectly heard & understood’. An abstract appeared in the society’s Proceedings , but the …
  • … of some Infusoria’ ( letter from F. J. Cohn, 5 August 1877 ). Francis’s paper eventually appeared …
  • … wrote to the editor, George Croom Robertson, on 27 April 1877 , ‘I hope that you will be so good …
  • … had written to the editor Ernst Ludwig Krause on 30 June 1877 , ‘I have been much interested by …
  • … the German debate (letters to W. E. Gladstone, 2 October 1877 and 25 October [1877] ). …
  • … and lively’ ( letter from W. E. Gladstone, 23 October 1877 ). Gifts of German and Dutch …
  • … Darwin and Ernst Haeckel). Writing to Darwin on 11 March 1877 , Krause declared the journal ‘an …
  • … Rade, a civil servant active in the Westphalian Provincial Society for Science and Art. In a letter …
  • … from the director and secretary of the Dutch Zoological Society , whose council had organised the …
  • … of his 70th year. Darwin was in fact 68 on 12 February 1877. Distinguished guests and …
  • … & smooth as butter’ ( letter to C. E. Norton, 16 March 1877 ). Hooker was asked repeatedly by …
  • … & me to dejeuner!!!’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 14 June 1877 ). Darwin was staying in …
  • … centuries to come’ ( letter from C. C. Graham, 30 January 1877 ). Graham then gave a lengthy …
  • … man and of societies’ ( letter from Marcellin de Bonnal, [1877] ). A similar complaint came from …
  • … by a duke!’ ( letter to J. M. Rodwell, 3 June 1877 ). Back home, he learned from his brother that …
  • … order of the day’ ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 27 January [1877] ).  Carlyle’s remarks were …
  • … . In a letter from an unknown correspondent on 13 June 1877 , he was criticised for having quoted …
  • … College, and avoided dinner at the Cambridge Philosophical Society. ‘I am not able to spend an …
  • … Henry Huxley delivered a rousing speech at the Philosophical Society dinner), and busy himself …

John Murray

Summary

Darwin's most famous book On the origin of species by means of natural selection (Origin) was published on 22 November 1859. The publisher was John Murray, who specialised in non-fiction, particularly politics, travel and science, and had published…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … for a joint paper by Darwin and Wallace to be read at the  Linnean Society of London  on 1 July …
  • … ‘Verifier’ an essay entitled Scepticism in Geology  (1877), an argument against Lyell’s view of a …
  • … intercrossing (Orchids) , which Darwin had prepared for the Linnean Society of London. Murray only …
  • … ), which had first appeared in the  Journal of the Linnean Society of London.  This edition of …
  • … more than a few hundred copies w d . be sold’ (11 April 1877  Letter 10926 ).   Murray …

Cross and self fertilisation

Summary

The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … of plants.’ ( From Friedrich Hildebrand, 18 January 1877 ). Hermann Müller enthused that Darwin’s …
  • … my book’ ( To  Gardeners’ Chronicle , 19 February [1877] ). In contrast, as Hooker told Darwin, …
  • … gloats over it' ( From J. D. Hooker, 27 January 1877 ). Darwin was especially pleased with …
  • … have quite eviscerated it’ ( To Asa Gray, 18 February [1877] ). By mid-March 1877, the edition was …
  • … index a little altered’ ( To R. F. Cooke, 11 December [1877] ). These changes were necessitated by …
  • … wheat that he had studied ( From A. W. Rimpau, 10 December 1877 ). By the end of February 1878, …

Forms of flowers

Summary

Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…

Matches: 10 hits

  • … of flowers on plants of the same species , published in 1877, investigated the structural …
  • … in Primula ’), which he read at a meeting of the Linnean Society of London on 21 November 1861. …
  • … and 21 December 1862. The paper was read at a meeting of the Linnean Society on 3 February 1863. …
  • … was eager to finish in order to have the paper read at the Linnean Society before the summer break. …
  • … the three forms of Lythrum salicaria ’, was sent to the Society on 10 June 1864 and read six days …
  • … and trimorphic plants’, was read at a meeting of the Linnean Society on 20 February, while the …
  • … published in the June 1868 issue of the  Journal of the Linnean Society of London  ( Botany ). …
  • … his papers on forms of flowers into a book. By January 1877, Darwin informed Hooker, ‘ …I am only …
  • … illegitimate offspring of heterostyled plants. By late March 1877 Darwin told Carus that he was …
  • … . He contacted his publisher John Murray in early April 1877, telling him, ‘ I wish the …

Movement in Plants

Summary

The power of movement in plants, published on 7 November 1880, was the final large botanical work that Darwin wrote. It was the only work in which the assistance of one of his children, Francis Darwin, is mentioned on the title page. The research for this…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … of climbing plants’, appeared in the  Journal of the Linnean Society  ( Botany ) in 1865, and …
  • …   ‘Very curious results’ In May 1877, Darwin asked one of his most trusted …
  • … of movement ( letter from R. I. Lynch, [before 28 July 1877] ). ‘ I do not believe I sh d . …
  • … Diagram of a klinostat. Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany . 1881. Vol. XVIII, p. 450. …
  • … those of Gray, who had written an article on the subject in 1877 (A. Gray 1877e). Gray had reported …

Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health

Summary

On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’.  Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…

Matches: 19 hits

  • … forms of  Lythrum salicaria ’) and sent it to the Linnean Society of London, thus completing the …
  • … were also marked by the award to Darwin of the Royal Society’s Copley Medal; he had been nominated …
  • … medal was considered the greatest accolade that the Royal Society could bestow. The announcement of …
  • … (‘Climbing plants’), which Darwin submitted to the Linnean Society in January 1865. Climbers …
  • … of dimorphic and trimorphic plants’), and later in his 1877 book, The different forms of flowers on …
  • … of  Origin . He communicated Crüger’s paper to the Linnean Society, in addition to a paper on  …
  • … in the second edition of  Orchids , published in 1877. These publications were partly inspired by …
  • … one of Scott’s papers on the orchid  Oncidium  to the Linnean Society in 1864 (Scott 1864b). …
  • … on the Primulaceae that was communicated by Darwin to the Linnean Society (Scott 1864a); other …
  • … George Bentham expressed in his presidential address to the Linnean Society; Darwin, however, …
  • … that were first presented at the Royal Geographical Society, and later elaborated in letters and …
  • … dispute with officers of the recently formed Anthropological Society of London, many of whose …
  • … between the polygenist views of the Anthropological Society, which for the most part consisted of …
  • … human races, and the monogenist views of the Ethnological Society, most of whose members believed …
  • … Copley medal controversy After the award of the Royal Society’s Copley Medal, Darwin may have …
  • … 7 November [1864] that half the significance of the Royal Society’s award related to the ‘question …
  • … Darwin had earlier revealed his awareness that a Royal Society medal could not be easily won when he …
  • … years. An 1863 letter from the president of the Royal Society, Edward Sabine, to the geologist John …
  • … Sabine’s anniversary address was delivered at the Royal Society on 30 November, when the award of …

Dipsacus and Drosera: Frank’s favourite carnivores

Summary

In Autumn of 1875, Francis Darwin was busy researching aggregation in the tentacles of Drosera rotundifolia (F. Darwin 1876). This phenomenon occurs when coloured particles within either protoplasm or the fluid in the cell vacuole (the cell sap) cluster…

Matches: 11 hits

  • … and proofreading Darwin’s second edition of  Orchids  (1877). By January of the following …
  • … Darwin senior submitted his son’s discovery to the Royal Society of London. Only fellows of the …
  • … the common teasel ( Dipsacus sylvestris )’ at the Royal Society on 1 March 1877 (F. Darwin 1877a). …
  • … An abstract of Francis’ paper was published in the Royal Society’s  Proceedings , but to his …
  • … and a plate of sixteen figures, was published in July 1877 in the  Quarterly Journal of …
  • … by the beginning of August. Still displeased by the Royal Society’s decision not to publish the full …
  • … the journal by the end of the month ( Nature , 23 August 1877, p. 339). Although, as Darwin …
  • … to his father’s beloved  Drosera rotundifolia  in June 1877, finding sundews that had been ‘fed’ …
  • … Grant.   References Darwin, C. 1877. The Contractile Filaments of the …
  • … teasel ( Dipsacus sylvestris ). (Abstract.) [Read 1 March 1877.]  Proceedings of the Royal …
  • … of  Drosera rotundifolia .  Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society ,  17 (98), 17–31. …

Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings

Summary

‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…

Matches: 16 hits

  • … Edwin Ray Lankester, who was up for election to the Linnean Society. The ‘malcontents’ of the …
  • … Mivart was a distinguished zoologist, a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and a secretary of …
  • … respecting codes of conduct and communication in scientific society. Huxley chose journalism, …
  • … was hampered by his position as president of the Royal Society from spurning Mivart in public. …
  • … the chance arose. On 28 January , he sent a note on Royal Society business to Edward Burnett …
  • … had been opened in the village, and a local temperance society had been established by a Down …
  • … were involved in the launch of Kosmos in April 1877. From Haeckel, Darwin received a copy of a …
  • … 15 July [1875] ). Such visitors from the upper ranks of society could be especially taxing. As Emma …
  • … paper in October and asked Darwin to submit it to the Royal Society on his behalf. Darwin …
  • … had to break the news to the author in 1876 that his Royal Society ambitions had been frustrated.   …
  • … who had been blackballed in a bid for election to the Linnean Society. He was the eldest son of …
  • … ). It was Thiselton-Dyer who nominated Lankester for the Linnean, and he was blackballed on 2 …
  • … in 1875, Lankester had been elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and had been appointed professor …
  • … Hooker, who attributed it to political squabbles within the society, especially among botanists who …
  • … Darwin spent the next weeks canvassing members of the society to support Lankester at the next …
  • … Buckley. Lyell had helped to introduce Darwin to scientific society in London, and offered much …

Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad

Summary

At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…

Matches: 8 hits

  • … devoted the first part of his presidential address at the Linnean Society of London to British and …
  • … November when Darwin heard that his nomination for the Royal Society’s Copley Medal had been …
  • … Emma Darwin, 11 November [1863] ). The council of the Royal Society voted instead for the geologist …
  • … to win the award was Edward Sabine, President of the Royal Society ( see letter from Edward Sabine …
  • … forms in species of  Linum ’) was read before the Linnean Society. In the paper, Darwin presented …
  • … eventually communicated Scott’s  Primula  work to the Linnean Society in a paper that was read in …
  • … Scotland; he warned Darwin that at the Edinburgh Botanical Society, where he read his orchid paper, …
  • … Disa  and  Herschelea  Darwin communicated to the Linnean Society ( see letter to Roland Trimen, …

Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest

Summary

The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of  Origin. Darwin got the fourth…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … Ernest Edwards, and visit the gardens of the Zoological Society at Regent’s Park. He also astonished …
  • … had grown over the past few years. Emma described the Royal Society event in a letter to George: …
  • … friends were indeed delighted at his return to scientific society; Hooker remarked, ‘I am longing to …
  • … paper on the subject, read several weeks later at the Linnean Society of London (Henslow 1866a). …