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Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 18 hits
- … on the California poppy ( Eschscholzia californica ). Fritz Müller, writing from Brazil in …
- … cultivation in divergent climatic conditions’ ( From Fritz Müller, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin’s …
- … several uncovered plants to produce capsules’ ( To Fritz Müller, 30 January [1868] ). Müller, in …
- … of self-fertility over subsequent generations. In June 1869, Müller remarked, on receiving a new …
- … circumstances fertility sometimes depends’ ( From Fritz Müller, 15 June 1869 ). By May 1870, …
- … that of the offspring of English fertile plants’ ( To Fritz Müller, 12 May 1870 ). From a …
- … relationship had lessened the fertility of the offspring (F. Müller 1868b, p. 629). Darwin urged …
- … the essence of sexual reproduction’, he told Müller ( To Fritz Müller, 28 November 1868 ). In …
- … from seeds from the same pod were mutually sterile ( From Fritz Müller, 14 March 1869 ). ‘The case …
- … that he had sown seeds of this plant sent by Müller ( To Fritz Müller, 18 July [1869] ). Darwin …
- … setting to moderate self-fertility in his hothouse ( To Fritz Müller, 2 August [1871] ). By …
- … optimistic regarding the publication of his results, telling Fritz Müller that he hoped to publish …
- … of plants.’ ( From Friedrich Hildebrand, 18 January 1877 ). Hermann Müller enthused that Darwin’s …
- … my book’ ( To Gardeners’ Chronicle , 19 February [1877] ). In contrast, as Hooker told Darwin, …
- … gloats over it' ( From J. D. Hooker, 27 January 1877 ). Darwin was especially pleased with …
- … have quite eviscerated it’ ( To Asa Gray, 18 February [1877] ). By mid-March 1877, the edition was …
- … index a little altered’ ( To R. F. Cooke, 11 December [1877] ). These changes were necessitated by …
- … wheat that he had studied ( From A. W. Rimpau, 10 December 1877 ). By the end of February 1878, …
Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours
Summary
Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…
Matches: 26 hits
- … , Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and …
- … from a family that the Darwins had befriended. The year 1877 was more than usually full of honours. …
- … correspondents such as Daniel Oliver, Friedrich Hildebrand, Fritz Müller, and John Scott who had …
- … plants. He resumed experiments in the spring, writing to Fritz Müller on 14 May , ‘I have made …
- … of a very heavy shower’, William wrote on 24 August 1877 . ‘The leaves were not at all depressed; …
- … gardeners ( letter from W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 25 August 1877 ). At Down House, Darwin and …
- … a delicate twig’ ( letter to R. I. Lynch, 14 September 1877 ). Research on movement would continue …
- … of some Infusoria’ ( letter from F. J. Cohn, 5 August 1877 ). Francis’s paper eventually appeared …
- … wrote to the editor, George Croom Robertson, on 27 April 1877 , ‘I hope that you will be so good …
- … had written to the editor Ernst Ludwig Krause on 30 June 1877 , ‘I have been much interested by …
- … the German debate (letters to W. E. Gladstone, 2 October 1877 and 25 October [1877] ). …
- … and lively’ ( letter from W. E. Gladstone, 23 October 1877 ). Gifts of German and Dutch …
- … Darwin and Ernst Haeckel). Writing to Darwin on 11 March 1877 , Krause declared the journal ‘an …
- … the director, Adriaan Anthoni van Bemmelen, on 12 February 1877 : ‘I suppose that every worker at …
- … of his 70th year. Darwin was in fact 68 on 12 February 1877. Distinguished guests and …
- … & smooth as butter’ ( letter to C. E. Norton, 16 March 1877 ). Hooker was asked repeatedly by …
- … & me to dejeuner!!!’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 14 June 1877 ). Darwin was staying in …
- … centuries to come’ ( letter from C. C. Graham, 30 January 1877 ). Graham then gave a lengthy …
- … man and of societies’ ( letter from Marcellin de Bonnal, [1877] ). A similar complaint came from …
- … by a duke!’ ( letter to J. M. Rodwell, 3 June 1877 ). Back home, he learned from his brother that …
- … order of the day’ ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 27 January [1877] ). Carlyle’s remarks were …
- … . In a letter from an unknown correspondent on 13 June 1877 , he was criticised for having quoted …
- … monstrosity ( letter from C. T. E. Siebold, 10 October 1877 ). An American banker, William Burrows …
- … back our civilization’ ( letter from W. B. Bowles, 17 May 1877 ). Bowles proposed that such …
- … of humanity beneath’ ( letter from W. B. Bowles, 18 May 1877 ). More transitional human …
- … inflexible tails ( letter from Arthur Mellersh, 1 January 1877 ). The American physician Jesse …
Photograph album of German and Austrian scientists
Summary
The album was sent to Darwin to mark his birthday on 12 February 1877 by the civil servant Emil Rade, and contained 165 portraits of German and Austrian scientists. The work was lavishly produced and bound in blue velvet with metal embossing. Its ornate…
Matches: 9 hits
- … album was sent to Darwin to mark his birthday on 12 February 1877 by the civil servant Emil Rade …
- … have ever received ( Letter to Ernst Haeckel, 16 February 1877 ) …
- … the start of his 70th year, but Darwin was only 68 in 1877. Despite this oversight, the album …
- … world.— ( Letter from Leonard Blomefield, 12 March 1877 ) Familiar faces Ernst …
- … with the final album. He wrote to Darwin on 9 February 1877 : ‘what will perhaps astonish you is …
- … , Ludwig Jeitteles , Oskar Schmidt , and Fritz Schultze had all sent Darwin their works. …
- … the picture of the German schoolteacher and botanist Hermann Müller in the album. He had encouraged …
- … worth to give you ( Letter from J. V. Carus, 22 March 1877 ) The professor of …
- … scientific work. ( Letter from C. G. Semper, 26 April 1877 ) Carl Kraus, an …
Hermann Müller
Summary
Hermann (Heinrich Ludwig Hermann) Müller, was born in Mühlberg near Erfurt in 1829. He was the younger brother of Fritz Müller (1822–97). Following the completion of his secondary education at Erfurt in 1848, he studied natural sciences at Halle and Berlin…
Matches: 14 hits
- … Hermann (Heinrich Ludwig Hermann) Müller, was born in Mühlberg near Erfurt in 1829. He was the …
- … beetle; it was the subject of his first scientific paper (Müller 1856). In the autumn of 1855 …
- … from her first marriage; the couple had three more children. Müller had become a full teacher by …
- … in the whole province. As a scientific researcher, Müller did not need to look further than …
- … his brother became a supporter of Darwin’s theory. Just as Fritz had chosen to focus on Crustacea in …
- … In early spring 1867, Darwin initiated a correspondence with Müller, but that letter has not been …
- … replied encouragingly and in the summer of 1867, Müller began working on fertilisation of orchids …
- … unwanted visitors from gaining access. In October 1867, Müller sent Darwin a letter describing …
- … research along these lines led to the publication in 1873 of Müller’s seminal work on co-adaptation, …
- … Darwin could not wait to finish the book before sending Müller his reaction, noting that he had …
- … was the introduction he wrote to the English edition of Müller’s book, published in 1883. …
- … (known as ultramontanists by their opponents). Throughout, Müller received the support of the …
- … the teaching of ‘scientific hypotheses’ that began in 1877. This challenge came from within the …
- … resulted in a limiting of the kind of teaching that Müller advocated. Müller fought against this …
Language: key letters
Summary
How and why language evolved bears on larger questions about the evolution of the human species, and the relationship between man and animals. Darwin presented his views on the development of human speech from animal sounds in The Descent of Man (1871),…
Matches: 1 hits
- … Letter 11074: Sayce, A. H. to Darwin, C. R., 27 July 1877 Darwin’s study of human nature …
Photograph album of Dutch admirers
Summary
Darwin received the photograph album for his birthday on 12 February 1877 from his scientific admirers in the Netherlands. He wrote to the Dutch zoologist Pieter Harting, An account of your countrymen’s generous sympathy in having sent me on my…
Matches: 6 hits
- … the photograph album for his birthday on 12 February 1877 from his scientific admirers in the …
- … lasting pleasure. ( Letter to Pieter Harting, 19 March 1877 ) Harting had also written …
- … it states his ‘69th Birthday’, when in fact he was 68 in 1877. It was arranged in alphabetical order …
- … from A. A. van Bemmelen and H. J. Veth, 6 February 1877 ) Dutch correspondents …
- … with the woodcuts he needed for an English translation of Fritz Müller’s work before he became …
- … ( Letter from C. W. Thomson, 30 June 1877 ) Much earlier, in 1861, Tiberius Cornelis …
Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest
Summary
The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of Origin. Darwin got the fourth…
Matches: 6 hits
- … theory of phytophagic varieties and species of insects, Fritz Müller’s research on crustacean …
- … on human races. Darwin replied with a modified list, adding Fritz Müller’s Für Darwin , and a …
- … , letter to J. D. Hooker, 24 December [1866] ). Fritz Müller Fritz Müller, the …
- … same subjects that have lately interested me’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 25 September [1866] ). Not …
- … competitor in the struggle for existence ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 December 1866 ). By the …
- … you for that I hardly know how to begin’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, [before 10 December 1866] ). …
Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Matches: 8 hits
- … of flowers on plants of the same species , published in 1877, investigated the structural …
- … . He encouraged Huxley to read it, noting, ‘ Asa Gray & Fritz Müller (the latter especially) …
- … exhibited different forms . With typical enthusiasm, Müller had reported finding several new …
- … proves the absolute distinctness of the parents ’. Fritz Müller was enthusiastic, commenting, ‘ …
- … in species of Linum’ (p. 82) and clarified the meaning to Fritz Müller in a letter in September 1866 …
- … his papers on forms of flowers into a book. By January 1877, Darwin informed Hooker, ‘ …I am only …
- … illegitimate offspring of heterostyled plants. By late March 1877 Darwin told Carus that he was …
- … . He contacted his publisher John Murray in early April 1877, telling him, ‘ I wish the …
Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots
Summary
Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…
Matches: 9 hits
- … Virchow’s attempt to discredit evolutionary theory in 1877, assured him that his views were now …
- … 9 February 1879 ). The botanist and schoolteacher Hermann Müller wrote on 12 February to wish …
- … day , in which he expressed his distress at hearing that Müller had been treated shamefully by the …
- … party in the German house of representatives had accused Müller of corrupting his students by …
- … ‘In the beginning was carbon’ ( letter from Hermann Müller, 14 February 1879 ). Carus …
- … editor of the journal Kosmos , which had been founded in 1877 by Krause and others as a journal …
- … and particularly the theory of natural selection in 1877) had previously told Krause, ‘He is a very …
- … of laws he had received from Cambridge University in 1877. Emma Darwin recorded that Darwin found …
- … thought or working for the public good. Darwin promoted Fritz Müller’s discoveries in Brazil by …
Diagrams and drawings in letters
Summary
Over 850 illustrations from the printed volumes of The Correspondence of Charles Darwin have been added to the online transcripts of the letters. The contents include maps, diagrams, drawings, sketches and photographs, covering geological, botanical,…
Movement in Plants
Summary
The power of movement in plants, published on 7 November 1880, was the final large botanical work that Darwin wrote. It was the only work in which the assistance of one of his children, Francis Darwin, is mentioned on the title page. The research for this…
Matches: 4 hits
- … ‘Very curious results’ In May 1877, Darwin asked one of his most trusted …
- … of movement ( letter from R. I. Lynch, [before 28 July 1877] ). ‘ I do not believe I sh d . …
- … into March 1879, and Darwin seemed weary when he told Fritz Müller, ‘ I have little or nothing to …
- … those of Gray, who had written an article on the subject in 1877 (A. Gray 1877e). Gray had reported …
John Murray
Summary
Darwin's most famous book On the origin of species by means of natural selection (Origin) was published on 22 November 1859. The publisher was John Murray, who specialised in non-fiction, particularly politics, travel and science, and had published…
Matches: 3 hits
Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings
Summary
‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…
Matches: 10 hits
- … the Oxford professor of oriental languages, Friedrich Max Müller. George’s article also rehearsed …
- … which had become a debating point between Whitney and Max Müller. In Descent 2d ed., pp. 86–8, …
- … through unconscious processes, and had criticised Max Müller’s insistence that language was an …
- … Darwin 1874c, p. 894). On previous occasions, Max Müller and Darwin had aired their …
- … vol. 21), and George’s review prompted Max Müller to write to Darwin affirming that his convictions …
- … I find it in language & what is implied by language.’ Max Müller also published an article in …
- … offer on astronomy, or the Duke of Wellington on art (Max Müller 1875, pp. 305–7). The debate …
- … included long-term correspondents such as Ernst Haeckel, Fritz and Hermann Müller, and Anton Dohrn. …
- … were involved in the launch of Kosmos in April 1877. From Haeckel, Darwin received a copy of a …
- … many German philosophers to “Darwinism”!’ The author, Fritz Schultze, contacted Darwin himself on …
Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health
Summary
On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…
Matches: 3 hits
- … of dimorphic and trimorphic plants’), and later in his 1877 book, The different forms of flowers on …
- … in the second edition of Orchids , published in 1877. These publications were partly inspired by …
- … Buchner ( letter from Hermann Kindt, 5 September 1864 ). Fritz Müeller sent his book, Für Darwin …
