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Darwin’s reading notebooks
Summary
In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…
Matches: 25 hits
- … In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to …
- … used these notebooks extensively in dating and annotating Darwin’s letters; the full transcript …
- … *128). For clarity, the transcript does not record Darwin’s alterations. The spelling and …
- … book had been consulted. Those cases where it appears that Darwin made a genuine deletion have been …
- … a few instances, primarily in the ‘Books Read’ sections, Darwin recorded that a work had been …
- … of the books listed in the other two notebooks. Sometimes Darwin recorded that an abstract of the …
- … own. Soon after beginning his first reading notebook, Darwin began to separate the scientific …
- … the second reading notebook. Readers primarily interested in Darwin’s scientific reading, therefore, …
- … editors’ identification of the book or article to which Darwin refers. A full list of these works is …
- … in the Royal Society of London (Royal Society of London 1839) has been heavily marked, and quite a …
- … Pierquin, published in Paris (in 2 vols.), so long ago as 1839 4 [Pierquin de Gembloux 1839]. …
- … 1814–29] D r Royle on Himmalaya types [Royle 1839] (read) Smellie Philosophy of …
- … 12 by Owen in Encyclop. of Anat. & Physiology [R. Owen 1839] Dampier probably worth …
- … on subjects of science connected with Nat. Theol: [Brougham 1839] on instinct & animal …
- … 1808] Brit. & Foreign Medical Rev. N o 14. Ap 1839 [Anon. 1839b] Rev. on Walker on …
- … Smart 17 Beginning of a New School of metaphysic. [Smart 1839] about connection of language & …
- … 1833] (Boot) Leslie life of Constable [Leslie 1843]. (Emma) (read) M rs Fry’s Life …
- … Public Library. 3 ‘Books … Read’ is in Emma Darwin’s hand. 4 “”Traité …
- … 6 The text from page [1v.] to page [6] is in Emma Darwin’s hand and was copied from Notebook C, …
- … to old Aristotle.’ ( LL 3: 252). 10 Emma Darwin wrote ‘7 th ’ instead of “3 d “ …
- … 12 A mistranscription for ‘Entozoa’ by Emma Darwin. See Notebook C, p. 266 ( Notebooks ). …
- … wrote ‘Transact’ to replace ‘Journal’ written in Emma Darwin’s hand. 16 Emma Darwin …
- … (Liebig 1851). 50 Probably Elizabeth Wedgwood. 51 This note is a …
- … The text from page [1a] to half way down page [5a] is in Emma Darwin’s hand and is a copy of CD’s …
- … in ink by CD. 73 This entry was written by Emma Darwin. 74 “8 … …
Emma Darwin
Summary
Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife and first cousin, was born Emma Wedgwood, the eighth and youngest child of Josiah Wedgwood II and Bessy Allen. Her father was the eldest son of the famous pottery manufacturer, Josiah Wedgwood I. Her mother was one…
Matches: 9 hits
- … Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife and first cousin, was born Emma Wedgwood, the eighth and …
- … father's eldest sister, Susannah, had married Robert Waring Darwin of Shrewsbury, and had six …
- … found Maer at times more cheerful than his own home. It was Emma's father he turned to for …
- … by fields. Eight more children were born (Mary, Henrietta Emma, George Howard, Elizabeth, Francis, …
- … Charles Waring), and Anne died at the age of 10. Charles and Emma also cared for their grandson …
- … London to stay with relatives two or three times a year, and Emma also managed to organise holidays …
- … on the American Civil War). After Charles's death, Emma divided her time between Down …
- … Horace also lived in Cambridge. Despite the fact that Emma and Charles were rarely separated …
- … home. A great deal of her correspondence survives in the Darwin Archive–CUL, along with her …
Darwin in letters, 1837–1843: The London years to 'natural selection'
Summary
The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle voyage was one of extraordinary activity and productivity in which he became recognised as a naturalist of outstanding ability, as an author and editor, and as a professional…
Matches: 21 hits
- … The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle voyage was one …
- … a family Busy as he was with scientific activities, Darwin found time to re-establish family …
- … close contact. In November 1838, two years after his return, Darwin became engaged to his cousin, …
- … they show for one another’s sensibilities. Early in 1839 the couple set up house in London and at …
- … daughter, Anne Elizabeth, moved to Down House in Kent, where Darwin was to spend the rest of his …
- … his greatest theoretical achievement, the most important of Darwin’s activities during the years …
- … identifications of his bird and fossil mammal specimens, Darwin arrived at the daring and momentous …
- … in species. With this new theoretical point of departure Darwin continued to make notes and explore …
- … present in the version of 1859. Young author Darwin’s investigation of the species …
- … the Beagle had returned to England, news of some of Darwin’s findings had been spread by the …
- … great excitement. The fuller account of the voyage and Darwin’s discoveries was therefore eagerly …
- … suitable categories for individual experts to work upon, Darwin applied himself to the revision of …
- … and set in type by November 1837, though not published until 1839, when it appeared as the third …
- … visited by H.M.S. Beagle . Also in November 1837, Darwin read the fourth of a series of papers to …
- … to the Society of 9 March 1838), had been developed by Darwin from a suggestion made by his uncle, …
- … of species” ( Letter to J. S. Henslow, [November 1839] ). note book, after note …
- … (Simpson 1961, p. 53). Marriage Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in January 1839. His …
- … ( Correspondence vol. 2, Appendix III). The letters that Emma and Darwin subsequently exchanged …
- … correspondence is that Darwin had evidently communicated to Emma that he had doubts about religion, …
- … as she was, from marrying him. Just after their marriage, Emma states that she has the impression …
- … were no doubts as to how one ought to act’ ( Letter from Emma Darwin, [ c. February 1839] ). …
1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait
Summary
< Back to Introduction Few likenesses of Darwin in his youth survive, although more may once have existed. In a letter of 1873 an old Shrewsbury friend, Arthur Mostyn Owen, offered to send Darwin a watercolour sketch of him, painted many years…
Matches: 19 hits
- … < Back to Introduction Few likenesses of Darwin in his youth survive, although more …
- … old Shrewsbury friend, Arthur Mostyn Owen, offered to send Darwin a watercolour sketch of him, …
- … is unknown. Thus the surviving portraits of Darwin as a young man – other than cartoon …
- … now at Down House, celebrated his marriage in January 1839 to his cousin Emma Wedgwood; the one of …
- … work can be gauged from a letter which Hooker wrote to Darwin some years later, complaining, with …
- … But despite this tendency to prettify, Richmond registered Darwin’s receding hairline, and the …
- … his evolutionary theories. As early as February 1839, Elizabeth Wedgwood had written to her …
- … Italy – or would a portrait by Holmes be preferable?’ Emma in response promised, ‘I will go and get …
- … Richmond did not return from Italy until August or September 1839. Josiah Wedgwood himself wrote to …
- … portraits dating from 1840 which is now at Down House had a Darwin family provenance. After Susan …
- … arranging ‘to send you Richmond’s pictures of self and Emma’: ‘self’ presumably means Charles, and …
- … and from this he established the dates of various Darwin family commissions. In 1840 there were …
- … twelve guineas for a portrait of some kind in December 1839, and a further payment of twelve guineas …
- … was being assembled, so that both the Darwin and the Wedgwood families would have one. It is …
- … lent Richmond’s watercolour drawings of Charles and Emma, with a note that the one of Charles had an …
- … – the only one she knew about – to 1840. However, in Emma Darwin: A Century of Family Letters …
- … Down House MSS, Darwin’s account books, entry for Dec. 1839. Joseph Hooker, letter to Darwin, 17 …
- … Murray, 1887), vol. 3, p. 371. Henrietta Litchfield (ed.), Emma Darwin: A Century of Family …
- … University Press, 1933), frontispiece. Barbara and Hensleigh Wedgwood, The Wedgwood Circle 1730 …
Natural Science and Femininity
Summary
Discussion Questions|Letters A conflation of masculine intellect and feminine thoughts, habits and feelings, male naturalists like Darwin inhabited an uncertain gendered identity. Working from the private domestic comfort of their homes and exercising…
Matches: 10 hits
- … thoughts, habits and feelings, male naturalists like Darwin inhabited an uncertain gendered identity …
- … feminine powers of feeling and aesthetic appreciation, Darwin and his male colleagues struggled to …
- … Letters Letter 109 - Wedgwood, J. to Darwin, R. W., [31 August 1831] Darwin …
- … professional work on his return. Letter 158 - Darwin to Darwin, R. W., [8 & 26 …
- … and taking in the aesthetic beauty of the world around him. Darwin describes the “striking” colour …
- … made up of meals, family time and walks into town with Emma. Letter 555 - Darwin to …
- … an Infant ’. Letter 2781 - Doubleday, H. to Darwin, [3 May 1860] Doubleday …
- … borders of his garden. Letter 2864 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., [12 July 1860] …
- … saw anything so beautiful”. Letter 4230 - Darwin to Gardeners’ Chronicle, [2 July 1863] …
- … in his home. Letter 6453 - Langton, E. to Wedgwood, S. E., [9 November 1868] …
Science: A Man’s World?
Summary
Discussion Questions|Letters Darwin's correspondence show that many nineteenth-century women participated in the world of science, be it as experimenters, observers, editors, critics, producers, or consumers. Despite this, much of the…
Matches: 13 hits
- … Discussion Questions | Letters Darwin's correspondence show that many nineteenth …
- … Letters Darwin’s Notes On Marriage [April - July 1838] In these notes, …
- … of family, home and sociability. Letter 489 - Darwin to Wedgwood, E., [20 January 1839] …
- … theories, & accumulating facts in silence & solitude”. Darwin also comments that he has …
- … Letter 3715 - Claparède, J. L. R. A. E. to Darwin, [6 September 1862] Claparède …
- … are not those of her sex”. Letter 4038 - Darwin to Lyell, C., [12-13 March 1863] …
- … critic”. Letter 4377 - Haeckel, E. P. A. to Darwin, [2 January 1864] Haeckel …
- … works”. Letter 4441 - Becker, L. E. to Darwin, [30 March 1864] Lydia Becker …
- … to study nature. Letter 4940 - Cresy, E. to Darwin, E., [20 November 1865] …
- … of physiology at Bedford College for girls. Appealing to Emma’s “feminine sympathies”, Cresy is keen …
- … masculine nor pedantic”. Letter 6976 - Darwin to Blackwell, A. B., [8 November 1869] …
- … , (1829). Letter 7329 - Murray, J. to Darwin, [28 September 1870] Written …
- … them ears”. Letter 8055 - Hennell, S. S. to Darwin, [7 November 1871] Sarah …
Darwin’s observations on his children
Summary
Charles Darwin’s observations on the development of his children, began the research that culminated in his book The Expression of the emotions in man and animals, published in 1872, and his article ‘A biographical sketch of an infant’, published in Mind…
Matches: 27 hits
- … Charles Darwin’s observations on the development of his children,[1] began the …
- … is available below . As with much of his other work, Darwin gathered additional information on the …
- … races, lunatics, the blind, and animals. And as early as 1839 Darwin had begun to collect …
- … the expression of emotions. As the following transcript of Darwin’s notes reveals, he closely …
- … William Erasmus, the stages of his development suggesting to Darwin those expressions which are …
- … The tone of the manuscript reflects an aspect of Darwin’s character clearly perceived by Emma during …
- … “What does that prove”.’[6] For in these notes, Darwin’s deep scientific curiosity transcends his …
- … that on occasion he refers to William as ‘it’. Darwin possessed the ability to dissociate …
- … development from the day of his birth, 27 December 1839, until September 1844. Parallels in the …
- … period but in far less detail. By September 1844, Henrietta Emma was one year old, and there are a …
- … 1850; and Horace, born 18 May 1851. It appears to have been Emma who resumed the observations on the …
- … the notebook and, with the exception of two brief entries by Emma, made all the notes until July …
- … 1 [9] W. Erasmus. Darwin born. Dec. 27 th . 1839.—[10] During first week. yawned, streatched …
- … certainly during first fortnight at sudden sounds. & at Emma’s moving 3 [11] When …
- … & inwards as in sleep.[14] Six weeks old & 3 days, Emma saw him smile—not only with …
- … his eyes becoming fixed & the movements of his arms ceasing. Emma argues that his smiles were …
- … made in the little noises he was uttering that he recognized Emma by sight when she came close to …
- … been caused by the novelty of the situation producing fear. Emma thinks that when he was vaccinated …
- … whole expression appearing pleased.— Recognizes Emma Anne & myself perfectly— does not find …
- … was called.— 29 th . Cried at the sight of Allen Wedgwood[32] Is able to catch hold of a …
- … Lady” were repeated.— 26 th . Cried, when Emma left off playing the pianoforte.— Did this …
- … Anny says Papa pretty clearly—[40] A few days ago Emma gave her doll, but she sensibly shuddered, …
- … to play with in farther part of room, she immediately led Emma by the hand towards the tea-chest. I …
- … on quite suddenly.—[43] On the 13 th . of March Emma positively ascertained that what the …
- … things & when choleric he will hurl books or sticks at Emma. About a month since; he was running …
- … “oh kind Doddy” “kind Doddy”— April 2 d . Emma had left her handkerchief on the other side …
- … [6] Correspondence vol. 2, letter from Emma Wedgwood, [23 January 1839] . [7] …
Religion
Summary
Design|Personal Belief|Beauty|The Church Perhaps the most notorious realm of controversy over evolution in Darwin's day was religion. The same can be said of the evolution controversy today; however the nature of the disputes and the manner in…
Matches: 10 hits
- … the most notorious realm of controversy over evolution in Darwin's day was religion. The same …
- … nineteenth century were different in important ways. Many of Darwin's leading supporters were …
- … their religious beliefs with evolutionary theory. Darwin's own writing, both in print and …
- … much as possible. A number of correspondents tried to draw Darwin out on his own religious views, …
- … political contexts. Design Darwin was not the first to challenge …
- … on the controversial topic of design. The first is between Darwin and Harvard botanist Asa Gray, …
- … second is a single letter from naturalist A. R. Wallace to Darwin on design and natural selection. …
- … of each fragment at the base of my precipice”. Darwin and Wallace Letter 5140 …
- … members of his own family. Letter 441 — Wedgwood, Emma to Darwin, C. R., [21–22 Nov …
- … conscientious doubts”. Letter 471 — Darwin, Emma to Darwin, C. R., [c. Feb 1839] …
Syms Covington
Summary
When Charles Darwin embarked on the Beagle voyage in 1831, Syms Covington was ‘fiddler & boy to Poop-cabin’. Covington kept an illustrated journal of his observations and experiences on the voyage, noting wildlife, landscapes, buildings and people and,…
Matches: 6 hits
- … When Charles Darwin embarked on the Beagle voyage in 1831, Syms Covington was ‘ …
- … After teaching Covington to shoot and skin birds, Darwin employed him as his servant in 1833. …
- … England. On the Beagle ’s return to England in 1836, Darwin kept Covington in his employ, paying …
- … Agricultural Company run by Phillip Parker King (whom Darwin had met in Australia in 1836 ). …
- … 280 miles south of Sydney, where he then lived. In 1852 Darwin had asked about the gold rush and …
- … accommodation, a post office, and possibly a general store. Darwin’s last letter to Covington …
Darwin and Fatherhood
Summary
Charles Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and over the next seventeen years the couple had ten children. It is often assumed that Darwin was an exceptional Victorian father. But how extraordinary was he? The Correspondence Project allows an unusually…
Matches: 14 hits
- … Charles Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and over the next seventeen years the couple had ten …
- … an unusually large number of letters sent by members of the Darwin family to be studied. However, in …
- … required them to work long hours away from their family. Darwin was unusual in being able to pursue …
- … this part of Kent as ‘extraordinarily rural & quiet’ (Darwin to his sister Catherine, [24 July …
- … left their children in the care of servants in the country. Darwin frequently expressed regrets that …
- … meetings and social events in the capital. As a result, Darwin rarely spent a day without the …
- … they employed eight servants including two nursery maids. Emma actively supervised and assisted with …
- … ‘visits’ to see their father when he was working (Darwin to his wife Emma, [7-8 February 1845] ). …
- … children’s development in diaries and letters. However, Darwin was unusual for the systematic …
- … was far more typical of mid-nineteenth-century fathers was Darwin’s intense involvement in his …
- … to incessant anxiety & movement on account of Etty.’ (Darwin to W. D. Fox, 18 October [1860] …
- … (Darwin to W. D. Fox, 10 October [1850] ) as he and Emma tried to choose suitable schools and …
- … children in letters to friends, and the choices that he and Emma made were deliberately conventional …
- … the age of twenty-six. This meant that in old age Darwin and Emma continued to share Down House with …
Darwin on marriage
Summary
On 11 November 1838 Darwin wrote in his journal ‘The day of days!’. He had proposed to his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, and been accepted; they were married on 29 January 1839. Darwin appears to have written these two notes weighing up the pros and cons of…
Matches: 3 hits
- … On 11 November 1838 Darwin wrote in his journal ‘The day of days!’. He had proposed to his cousin, …
- … his engagement. The original manuscripts are in the Darwin Archive in Cambridge University Library. …
- … Lyell, [12 November 1838], informing Lyell that his cousin Emma Wedgwood had accepted him (on 11 …
About Darwin
Summary
To many of us, Darwin’s name is synonymous with his theory of evolution by natural selection. But even before the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859, he was publicly known through his popular book about the voyage of the Beagle, and he was…
Matches: 17 hits
- … To many of us, Darwin’s name is synonymous with his theory of evolution by natural …
- … of his career, Origin was the point of departure for Darwin’s important works on variation, …
- … of religion. Born on 12 February 1809, Charles Darwin was the son of two noteworthy families. …
- … renowned physician, poet, and natural philosopher Erasmus Darwin. Charles grew up in Shrewsbury …
- … an older brother, Erasmus Alvey Darwin, and a younger sister, Catherine. Their mother died in 1817, …
- … up to be a devoted family man. He married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and they had ten …
- … by serving as research subjects themselves). The depth of Darwin’s affection for his children is …
- … the Cambridge professor of botany, John Stevens Henslow, Darwin was offered the chance to travel …
- … to this five-year journey, which began when he was just 22, Darwin wrote, 039;The voyage of the …
- … my whole career.039; While circumnavigating the globe, Darwin remained in constant contact with …
- … life at sea. By the time he returned to England in 1836, Darwin had unearthed enormous mammalian …
- … and plants that fuelled much of his later work. Darwin’s achievements during the voyage …
- … heroes, the geologist Charles Lyell. The six years Darwin lived in London were among the most …
- … developed a theory of evolution. In 1842, Charles and Emma moved just south of London to the …
- … urged him to publish his views on evolution in 1858, when Darwin learned by letter that Alfred …
- … specimens in the Malay Archipelago. At home in Downe, Darwin spent the last two decades of his life …
- … of the most renowned names in Victorian Britain. Darwin died in April 1882; he was buried in …
About Darwin
Summary
To many of us, Darwin’s name is synonymous with his theory of evolution by natural selection. But even before the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859, he was publicly known through his popular book about the voyage of the Beagle, and he was…
Matches: 17 hits
- … To many of us, Darwin’s name is synonymous with his theory of evolution by natural …
- … of his career, the Origin was the point of departure for Darwin’s important works on variation, …
- … of religion. Born on 12 February 1809, Charles Darwin was the son of two noteworthy families. …
- … renowned physician, poet, and natural philosopher Erasmus Darwin. Charles grew up in Shrewsbury …
- … an older brother, Erasmus Alvey Darwin, and a younger sister, Catherine. Their mother died in 1817, …
- … up to be a devoted family man. He married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and they had ten …
- … by serving as research subjects themselves). The depth of Darwin’s affection for his children is …
- … the Cambridge professor of botany, John Stevens Henslow, Darwin was offered the chance to travel …
- … to this five-year journey, which began when he was just 22, Darwin wrote, “The voyage of the Beagle …
- … my whole career.” While circumnavigating the globe, Darwin remained in constant contact with …
- … life at sea. By the time he returned to England in 1836, Darwin had unearthed enormous mammalian …
- … and plants that fuelled much of his later work. Darwin’s achievements during the voyage …
- … heroes, the geologist Charles Lyell. The six years Darwin lived in London were among the most …
- … developed a theory of evolution. In 1842, Charles and Emma moved just south of London to the …
- … urged him to publish his views on evolution in 1858, when Darwin learned by letter that Alfred …
- … specimens in the Malay Archipelago. At home in Downe, Darwin spent the last two decades of his life …
- … him one of the most renowned names in Victorian Britain. Darwin died in April 1882; he was buried …
Darwin and the Church
Summary
The story of Charles Darwin’s involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It shows another side of the man who is more often remembered for his personal struggles with faith, or for his role in large-scale controversies over the…
Matches: 19 hits
- … The story of Charles Darwin’s involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It …
- … unique window into this complicated relationship throughout Darwin’s life, as it reveals his …
- … belief (and doubt) than many non-conformist denominations. Darwin’s parents attended a Unitarian …
- … the necessary studies to be a clergyman. During Darwin’s lifetime, the vast majority of the …
- … income was essential to enjoy a gentlemanly lifestyle. For Darwin, who could rely on the financial …
- … compatible with the pursuit of scientific interests. Indeed, Darwin’s Cambridge mentor, John Stevens …
- … (Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine (1887): 321). Darwin started on his journey around the world …
- … it even through a grove of Palms.—’ (letter to Caroline Darwin, 25–6 April [1832] ). Darwin’s …
- … Museum or some other learned place’ (letter from E. A. Darwin, 18 August [1832] ). Writing to Fox …
- … about—’ (letter to W. D. Fox, [9–12 August] 1835 ). Darwin’s doubts about orthodox belief, and …
- … the late 1830s, and in correspondence with his fiancée, Emma Wedgwood, in 1838 and 1839, as can be …
- … within six years of his return from the Beagle voyage, Darwin moved to Down House, in the …
- … of England. The whole family took the sacrament, although Emma used to make the children turn around …
- … where their children Mary and Charles were buried; later Darwin’s brother Erasmus, Emma’s sister …
- … church involvement can be attributed to the influence of Emma, whose religious scruples are …
- … Ffinden strongly disapproved of the Darwins. In his eyes, Emma’s Unitarian leanings and Darwin’s …
- … schools in this period, the Down school was Anglican. Emma wished it to be used as a reading room …
- … even altered the habits of the household in order to allow Emma and the children to attend his …
- … increase his desire to actually attend Sunday services with Emma and the children. Darwin’s life in …
Charles Darwin’s letters: a selection 1825-1859
Summary
The letters in this volume span the years from 1825, when Darwin was a student at the University of Edinburgh, to the end of 1859, when the Origin of Species was published. The early letters portray Darwin as a lively sixteen-year-old medical student. Two…
Matches: 18 hits
- … The letters in this volume span the years from 1825, when Darwin was a student at the University of …
- … Origin of Species was published. The early letters portray Darwin as a lively sixteen-year-old …
- … history, for which no degree was then offered. Soon after Darwin took his BA degree, Henslow …
- … to South America and the Pacific. The letters that Darwin sent to his family and to Henslow …
- … the time the Beagle arrived back in England in 1836, Darwin was already a well-known naturalist …
- … fish, birds, and reptiles collected during the voyage. Darwin supplied geological and geographical …
- … despite several periods of an illness that was to plague Darwin for most of his life. None of his …
- … To this day it remains a subject of great interest to Darwin scholars and medical historians. …
- … study of the entire order. By this time, 1854, Darwin had become a family man. In January …
- … age of ten in 1851. The letters are an intimate chronicle of Darwin and of an affectionate family. A …
- … the children, as they grew up, became active participants in Darwin’s scientific work. Even at an …
- … of male humble-bees. As noted above, almost all of Darwin’s published work up to this time …
- … On the last leg of the homeward journey, as Darwin organised his notes on the Galápagos birds, it …
- … named ‘natural selection’. The letters show that Darwin was not as secretive about his …
- … Gardens at Kew. In his letter of 11 January 1844 , Darwin revealed to Hooker that he thought he …
- … friendship developed, and Hooker became deeply involved in Darwin’s work as counsellor, critic, and, …
- … that Wallace might be on the track of something close to Darwin’s theory, and he urged his friend to …
- … selection. Lyell and Hooker, to salvage the twenty years of Darwin’s work, proposed that Wallace’s …