To Henry Johnson 23 December 1871
Summary
Is unable to accept invitation to Shrewsbury. Is grateful for offer of assistance at Wroxeter.
The weight of dry earth cast up by worms is 161/10 tons per acre annually.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Henry Johnson |
Date: | 23 Dec 1871 |
Classmark: | Private collection |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-8118A |
To V. O. Kovalevsky 3 May 1871
Summary
Asks VOK to translate a passage from Franz Körte, Die Streich-, Zug- oder Wander-Heuschrecke [1828], p. 33.
Deplores the "fearful piece of tyranny" that is obstructing publication of Descent in Russia.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky (Владимир Онуфриевич Ковалевский) |
Date: | 3 May 1871 |
Classmark: | Institut Mittag-Leffler |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7735 |
To Francis Darwin 6 June [1871]
Summary
Thanks for FD’s help. CD cannot conceive what Mivart means by "the identity between eyes of Cephalopods and Vertebrata".
Has invited Michael Foster to Down.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Francis Darwin |
Date: | 6 June [1871] |
Classmark: | DAR 271.3: 4 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7806 |
To E. S. Morse 3 December 1871
Summary
Obliged for ESM’s article ["On adaptive coloration of the Mollusca", Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 14 (1870–1): 141–5]. Glad to have error corrected about protective colouring of shells.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Edward Sylvester Morse |
Date: | 3 Dec 1871 |
Classmark: | Peabody Essex Museum: Phillips Library (E. S. Morse Papers, E 2, Box 3, Folder 11) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-8092 |
To Raphael Meldola 9 June [1871]
Summary
Mentions the difficulties in explaining the separation of sexes and Carl Nägeli’s view that the sexes of plants were primordially distinct.
Has been experimenting for five or six years to demonstrate that the benefits of crossing are the same as those derived from a slight change of conditions.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Raphael Meldola |
Date: | 9 June [1871] |
Classmark: | Oxford University Museum of Natural History (Hope Entomological Collections 1350: Hope/Westwood Archive, Darwin folder) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7813 |
To Frederick Currey 11 March 1871
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Frederick Currey |
Date: | 11 Mar 1871 |
Classmark: | Linnean Society of London (Report on J. P. Weale Society paper SP1250) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7568 |
To James Crichton-Browne 20 February [1871]
Summary
JC-B’s MS most useful.
P. Gratiolet’s observations on contraction and dilation of pupils of eye of a person in extreme terror. Has JC-B ever observed this? Expression has been his hobby-horse for 30 years.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | James Crichton-Browne |
Date: | 20 Feb [1871] |
Classmark: | DAR 143: 334 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7499 |
To F. T. Köppen 28 April [1871]
Summary
Thanks for FTK’s locust paper ["Die geographische Verbreitung der Wanderheuschrecke", Petermann’s Geogr. Mittheil. (1871)].
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Friedrich Theodor Köppen (Fedor Petrovich Keppen) |
Date: | 28 Apr [1871] |
Classmark: | Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg branch: SPBB ARAS (Fond 92. Register 1. Folder 112. P. 1, 1 r) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7723 |
To Francis Darwin 21 May [1871]
Summary
CD will pay for the American trip if it takes place.
Asks whether FD can help him understand the eyes of cephalopods; is the structure the same as in the Vertebrata and are the parts developed from homologous layers of skin?
Has been pleased by a recent review.
Postscript: Is thinking of a cheap edition of the Origin [1872] in which he hopes to answer St George Mivart’s criticisms.
Asks FD whether he can get some references to good papers on cephalapod eyes.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Francis Darwin |
Date: | 21 May [1871] |
Classmark: | DAR 211: 7–8 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7765 |
To Hermanus Hartogh Heijs van Zouteveen 5 March [1871]
Summary
Thanks for letter [7533] and the interesting notes. Even more interesting is HHHvZ’s case of the De Haas family.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Hermanus Hartogh Heijs van Zouteveen |
Date: | 5 Mar [1871] |
Classmark: | Gray Herbarium of Harvard University (Walter Deane Autograph Collection) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7548 |
To F. C. Donders 18 March 1871
Summary
Comments on FCD’s 1848 work [see 7582] in which he came near to anticipating CD.
Comments on FCD’s paper [on action of the eyelids, see 7203]. Asks about contraction or dilation of the iris due to emotional states, illness, or prostration.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Frans Cornelis (Franciscus Cornelius) Donders |
Date: | 18 Mar 1871 |
Classmark: | American Philosophical Society (Mss.B.D25.) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7595 |
To H. M. Westropp 7 November [1871]
Summary
"Please accept my thanks for your kind present of your two Papers."
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Hodder Michael Westropp |
Date: | 7 Nov [1871] |
Classmark: | Smithsonian Libraries and Archives (Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology MSS 405 A. Gift of the Burndy Library) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-8055A |
Matches: 1 hit
- … the Anthropological Society of London 2 (1865–6): 288–93. Westropp, Hodder Michael. 1871. …
To W. W. Baxter 8 August [1871]
Summary
Asks WWB to send 8 grains of acetate of strychnine by post.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | William Walmisley Baxter |
Date: | 8 Aug [1871] |
Classmark: | Wellcome Collection (MS.7781/1–32 item 26) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7900 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … of soluble crystals commonly used as a tonic (Royle and Headland 1865, p. 492). …
To Nevil Story-Maskelyne 6 December 1871
Summary
Sends a copy of Orchids for his wife, T. M. Story-Maskelyne, and a few other items she may wish to have.
Climbing Plants may be purchased at Williams and Norgate; he has no clean copies.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Mervyn Herbert Nevil (Nevil) Story; Mervyn Herbert Nevil (Nevil) Story-Maskelyne |
Date: | 6 Dec 1871 |
Classmark: | The British Library (Add MS 88953/4) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-8098F |
Matches: 1 hit
- … By Charles Darwin. [Read 2 February 1865. ] Journal of the Linnean Society ( Botany ) 9 ( …
To J. V. Carus 30 January 1871
Summary
Thanks JVC for his corrections. Will send other errata. Hopes to send remainder of vol. 2 [of Descent] in a fortnight.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Julius Victor Carus |
Date: | 30 Jan 1871 |
Classmark: | Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz (Slg. Darmstaedter Lc 1859: Darwin, Charles, Bl. 21–22) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7465 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … of this group, see Natural History Review 5 (1865): 323–51, especially p. 330, where the …
To St G. J. Mivart 21 April [1871]
Summary
"If you feel astonished at my bringing man & brutes so near together in their whole nature (though with a wide hiatus) I feel still more astonished, as I believe, at your judgment on this head. I much wish you had enlarged your concluding sentence a little so as to say whether you consider the ordinary mental faculties so distinct, or whether you confine the enormous difference to spiritual powers including the moral sense.––"
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | St George Jackson Mivart |
Date: | 21 Apr [1871] |
Classmark: | Karpeles Manuscript Library Museums |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7703A |
Matches: 1 hit
- … affinities among primates in Mivart 1865 , 1866b, and 1867a; he did not think that …
To Friedrich Hildebrand 10 August [1871]
Summary
Mentions experiments on Lythrum.
Thanks for list of seeds.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Friedrich Hermann Gustav (Friedrich) Hildebrand |
Date: | 10 Aug [1871] |
Classmark: | Klaus Groove (private collection); sold by Venator and Hanstein, Cologne (dealers), 16 March 2018 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7902 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … of the Linnean Society ( Botany ) 8 (1865): 169–96. [ Collected papers 2: 106–31. ] …
To John Lubbock 12 August [1871]
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | John Lubbock, 4th baronet and 1st Baron Avebury |
Date: | 12 Aug [1871] |
Classmark: | DAR 263: 67 (EH 88206511) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7904 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … Read 15 January 1863 and 21 December 1865. ] Transactions of the Linnean Society of London …
To J. D. Hooker 28 November [1871]
Summary
CD is considering repeating experiments on melastomads in which different pollen sizes produced differing seedling sizes.
Responds to JDH’s query on differences in pollen within the same species.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 28 Nov [1871] |
Classmark: | DAR 95: 445–8 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-8087 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … of the Linnean Society ( Botany ) 8 (1865): 169–96. [ Collected papers 2: 106–31. ] …
letter | (19) |
Darwin, Francis | (2) |
Baxter, W. W. | (1) |
Carus, J. V. | (1) |
Crichton-Browne, James | (1) |
Currey, Frederick | (1) |
Darwin, C. R. | (19) |
Darwin, Francis | (2) |
Baxter, W. W. | (1) |
Carus, J. V. | (1) |
Crichton-Browne, James | (1) |
![](https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_teaser/public/DARWIN-C-R-01-00001.jpg?itok=rc5fD04h)
Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments
Summary
The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…
Matches: 29 hits
- … In 1865, the chief work on Charles Darwin’s mind was the writing of The …
- … However, several smaller projects came to fruition in 1865, including the publication of his long …
- … of Hugh Falconer Darwin’s first letter to Hooker of 1865 suggests that the family had had a …
- … the house jolly’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 January [1865] ). Darwin was ready to submit his …
- … letter from Hugh Falconer to Erasmus Alvey Darwin, 3 January 1865 ). Erasmus forwarded his letters …
- … laboured in vain’ ( letter to Hugh Falconer, 6 January [1865] ). Sic transit gloria …
- … the world goes.—’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 2 February [1865] ). However, Hooker, at the time …
- … are unalloyed’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 3 February 1865 ). Darwin, now ‘haunted’ by …
- … with a vengeance’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 9 February [1865] ). Continuing ill-health …
- … to try anyone’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 January [1865] ). He particularly hated being ill …
- … of life. He wrote to Charles Lyell on 22 January [1865] , ‘unfortunately reading makes my head …
- … it up by early July ( see letter to J. D. Hooker, [10 July 1865] ). In July, he consulted …
- … bread & meat’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 15 August [1865] ). By October, Darwin thought he might be …
- … to Jones’s diet ( see letter to T. H. Huxley, 4 October [1865] ). It was not until December, …
- … hour on most days’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 22 December [1865] ). Delays and …
- … last & concluding one’ ( letter to John Murray, 31 March [1865] ). In April he authorised …
- … press in the autumn’ ( letter to John Murray, 4 April [1865] ). In early June, he wrote to Murray …
- … when I can do anything’ ( letter to John Murray, 2 June [1865] ). It was not until 25 December …
- … of the woodcuts ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 January [1865] ). After sending the manuscript to the …
- … like tartar emetic’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 19 January [1865] ). An abstract of the paper …
- … for it is your child’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 19 April 1865 ; Darwin noted at the beginning of …
- … the Linnean Society ( letter to [Richard Kippist], 4 June [1865] ). The paper was published in a …
- … German, he had it translated, and wrote to Müller in August 1865 that he had just finished hearing …
- … letter from Fritz Müller, [12 and 31 August, and 10 October 1865] ; since it is impossible to …
- … clearly understand (l etter to Daniel Oliver, 20 October [1865] ). Darwin was particularly …
- … scientific work’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 20 September [1865] ), he clearly read Müller’s letters …
- … from sea-sickness ( letter from John Scott, 21 July 1865 ). This may have been unwise: Thomas …
- … & ability’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, [10 March 1865] ). Scott took these criticisms, no …
- … again when he had time ( letter from John Scott, 21 July 1865 ); at the time of writing, he had …
![](https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_teaser/public/ice_bag_treatment.jpg?itok=C1Qh0moX)
Darwin's notes for his physician, 1865
Summary
On 20 May 1865, Emma Darwin recorded in her diary that John Chapman, a prominent London publisher who had studied medicine in London and Paris in the early 1840s, visited Down to consult with Darwin about his ill health. In 1863 Chapman started to treat…
Matches: 5 hits
- … On 20 May 1865, Emma Darwin recorded in her diary that John Chapman, a prominent London …
- … Darwin wrote that he fell ill again on 22 April 1865 and was unable to ‘do anything.’ Emma Darwin’s …
- … hand). Darwin began the ice treatment on 20 May 1865. In his letter to Chapman of 7 June 1865 …
- … from Charles and Emma Darwin to J. D. Hooker, [10 July 1865]). Darwin’s condition had been …
- … and George Busk (see letter to J. D. Hooker, [7 January 1865], and letter from George Busk, 28 April …
Prize possessions: To Henry Denny, 17 January [1865]
Summary
Between 1980 and 2018, I was honorary curator of the Alfred Denny Museum of Zoology in the University of Sheffield. One of our prize possessions was a letter from Darwin to Henry Denny, then curator and assistant secretary of the Literary and Philosophical…
![](https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_teaser/public/Lyell%20Lubbock%20composite.jpg?itok=udDhCKze)
The Lyell–Lubbock dispute
Summary
In May 1865 a dispute arose between John Lubbock and Charles Lyell when Lubbock, in his book Prehistoric times, accused Lyell of plagiarism. The dispute caused great dismay among many of their mutual scientific friends, some of whom took immediate action…
Matches: 22 hits
- … In May 1865 a dispute arose between John Lubbock and Charles Lyell when Lubbock, in …
- … basis of Lubbock’s book, Prehistoric times (Lubbock 1865). By 1860, Lyell had begun work …
- … material available pertaining to the antiquity of humans. In 1865, he wrote that the section on …
- … not pursue any grievance against Lyell until the spring of 1865. 13 In the course of …
- … C. Lyell 1863c and Lubbock 1861 (and consequently in Lubbock 1865), combined with the wording of …
- … between the end of February and the beginning of March 1865, Lubbock wrote the note which would …
- … received a copy of Lubbock’s book, published in mid-May 1865, he immediately wrote to express his …
- … Ramsay in a note to an article published in the April 1865 issue of the Philosophical Magazine . …
- … thought of the affair ( letter from J. D. Hooker, [2 June 1865] ). Hooker, for his part, could see …
- … for Lubbock’s book ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [4 June 1865] ). A week later he sent Lubbock a …
- … the note in the preface (letter to John Lubbock, 11 June [1865] ). No correspondence with Lyell …
- … him for an opinion ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 13 July 1865 ), Darwin wrote back ( letter to J. D …
- … and Lubbock had no direct communication after the end of May 1865, each appealing to friends to …
- … Thus, in print-runs after the end of June 1865, Lubbock had cancelled his note at the end of the …
- … of both interested parties. Only one known review of Lubbock 1865 draws attention to Lubbock’s note; …
- … situation was succinct. In his letter to Hooker of [4 June 1865] he warned that no one could do …
- … (C. Lyell 1863c; see letter from J. D. Hooker, [15 June 1865] and n. 13). The third edition had …
- … vii–ix (revised version of last section, printed in August 1865, but dated 1863 on the title page) …
- … of the ‘ Elements of geology ’ 34 [C. Lyell 1865], and the printed proofs were transferred …
- … (see enclosure to letter from J. D. Hooker, [15 June 1865] ). Later, Lubbock claimed that he had …
- … the note which appeared at the end of the preface to Lubbock 1865. He told Hooker, ‘I did not trust …
- … ours’ (letter from John Lubbock to J. D. Hooker, 23 June 1865, in Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, …
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How to manage it: To J. D. Hooker, [17 June 1865]
Summary
Sometimes, what stands out in a Darwin letter is not what is in it, but what is left out or just implied because the recipient would have known what Darwin was referring to. It is frustrating to spend hours looking but fail to identify something mentioned…
Matches: 4 hits
- … found in a relatively short letter written by Darwin in June 1865 to his close friend Joseph …
- … this letter was a reply ( From J. D. Hooker, [15 June 1865] ), but there was no mention of any …
- … Indian mutiny. At least three novels had been written around 1865. Suddenly, ‘How to’ made sense: …
- … a favourable review in the Athenæum in January 1865. It had all the criteria for a novel Darwin …
![](https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_teaser/public/Darwin-Pigeons-01.jpg?itok=HukmMdqR)
Inheritance
Summary
It was crucial to Darwin’s theories of species change that naturally occurring variations could be inherited. But at the time when he wrote Origin, he had no explanation for how inheritance worked – it was just obvious that it did. Darwin’s attempt to…
![](https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_teaser/public/darwin%20health.jpg?itok=qRr-LZWm)
Darwin's health
Summary
On 28 March 1849, ten years before Origin was published, Darwin wrote to his good friend Joseph Hooker from Great Malvern in Worcestershire, where Dr James Manby Gully ran a fashionable water-cure establishment. Darwin apologised for his delayed reply to…
Matches: 4 hits
- … regular attacks had occurred again in the last week of April 1865, and the third week of May, just …
- … threw up food. In his letter to Chapman of 16 May [1865] , Darwin stated that his sickness was …
- … Darwin’s diary (DAR 242) on several occasions in 1864 and 1865. ‘Bad hysteria & sickness’ were …
- … difficulties reading, see letters to J. D. Hooker, 1 June [1865] and 27 [or 28 September 1865] …
![](https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/sidebar_teaser/public/BUSK-G-01-00760.jpg?itok=O3ph0sjX)
George Busk
Summary
After the Beagle voyage, Darwin’s collection of bryozoans disappears from the records until the material was sent, in 1852, for study by George Busk, one of the foremost workers on the group of his day. In 1863, on the way down to Malvern Wells, Darwin had…
Matches: 1 hits
- … and Lady Lyell ( letter from J. D. Hooker [2 June 1865] ). …
3.10 Ernest Edwards, 'Men of Eminence'
Summary
< Back to Introduction In 1865 Darwin was invited to feature in another series of published photographs, Portraits of Men of Eminence in Literature, Science and Art, with Biographical Memoirs . . . The Photographs from Life by Ernest Edwards, B.A.…
Matches: 9 hits
- … < Back to Introduction In 1865 Darwin was invited to feature in another series of …
- … had been launched by Lovell Augustus Reeve in 1863, but by 1865 Edward Walford had taken over as …
- … Darwin wrote to Walford, probably in the spring of 1865, to say, ‘I should of course be proud to be …
- … more than one sitting seems to have taken place, in November 1865 and April 1866. Darwin’s account …
- … true Philosopher’. The beard that Darwin had grown by 1865–1866 helped to enhance this …
- … public image – wrote to Emma, apparently in late November 1865, to say that he was waiting for a …
- … which derived from the three-quarter view photograph of 1865–1866 mentioned above (see separate …
- … of image Ernest Edwards date of creation 1865–1866 computer-readable date …
- … Letter from Darwin to Edward Walford, 22 [Jan. – April 1865?], (DCP-LETT-5508). Letter from Erasmus …
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Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions
Summary
Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, with full debunking below...
Matches: 1 hits
- … Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, …
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Evolution: Selected Letters of Charles Darwin 1860-1870
Summary
This selection of Charles Darwin’s letters includes correspondence with his friends and scientific colleagues around the world; letters by the critics who tried to stamp out his ideas, and by admirers who helped them to spread. It takes up the story of…
Matches: 1 hits
- … Darwin to Hooker (on hearing of Robert FitzRoy’s suicide), 1865. As you are now so …
Referencing women’s work
Summary
Darwin's correspondence shows that women made significant contributions to Darwin's work, but whether and how they were acknowledged in print involved complex considerations of social standing, professional standing, and personal preference.…
Darwin on race and gender
Summary
Darwin’s views on race and gender are intertwined, and mingled also with those of class. In Descent of man, he tried to explain the origin of human races, and many of the differences between the sexes, with a single theory: sexual selection. Sexual…
Religion
Summary
Design|Personal Belief|Beauty|The Church Perhaps the most notorious realm of controversy over evolution in Darwin's day was religion. The same can be said of the evolution controversy today; however the nature of the disputes and the manner in…
Women’s scientific participation
Summary
Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…
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Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute
Summary
Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…
Matches: 4 hits
- … started in January 1860, and advertised in the press since 1865 with the unwieldy title, …
- … apparently discussing it or showing it to anyone until 1865, when he sent a version of it to Huxley, …
- … a book based on a series of articles that had appeared in 1865. In it he challenged aspects of …
- … vol. 13, letter to J. D. Hooker, 9 February [1865] and n. 4). Darwin’s wife and children also …
3.5 William Darwin, photo 2
Summary
< Back to Introduction Darwin’s son William, who had become a banker in Southampton, took the opportunity of a short visit home to Down House in April 1864 to photograph his father afresh. This half-length portrait was the first to show Darwin with a…
Matches: 1 hits
- … (DCP-LETT-4707); Naudin’s gushing acknowledgement, 18 June 1865 (DCP-LETT-4863). Letter from …
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Science: A Man’s World?
Summary
Discussion Questions|Letters Darwin's correspondence show that many nineteenth-century women participated in the world of science, be it as experimenters, observers, editors, critics, producers, or consumers. Despite this, much of the…
Matches: 1 hits
- … Letter 4940 - Cresy, E. to Darwin, E., [20 November 1865] Edward Cresy Jnr. seeks Darwin …
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The evolution of honeycomb
Summary
Honeycombs are natural engineering marvels, using the least possible amount of wax to provide the greatest amount of storage space, with the greatest possible structural stability. Darwin recognised that explaining the evolution of the honey-bee’s comb…
Matches: 1 hits
- … precise measurement was bought to bear, a myth. In 1865, Darwin received a letter from Edward …
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Race, Civilization, and Progress
Summary
Darwin's first reflections on human progress were prompted by his experiences in the slave-owning colony of Brazil, and by his encounters with the Yahgan peoples of Tierra del Fuego. Harsh conditions, privation, poor climate, bondage and servitude,…