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Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute
Summary
Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…
Matches: 23 hits
- … Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The …
- … publisher in the final week of 1866. It would take all of 1867 to correct proofs, and just when …
- … becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in 1867, as he continued to circulate a list of …
- … transmutation theory. Three important new correspondents in 1867 were Hermann Müller and Anton Dohrn …
- … the New Year’s greeting, ‘may you be eupeptic through 1867 & your friends & the world in …
- … publisher, John Murray, he wrote to Murray on 3 January 1867 , ‘I cannot tell you how sorry I am …
- … for selling a Book’ ( letter to John Murray, 31 January [1867] ). A week later, Darwin had …
- … the additional chapter. In a letter written on 8 February [1867] to his close friend, Joseph …
- … to his newly completed book: a paragraph throwing doubt on Asa Gray’s doctrine that each variation …
- … Darwin’s time. The first proof-sheets arrived on 1 March 1867 and the tedious work of correction …
- … . In a letter to his son William dated 27 [March 1867] , he admitted, ‘I fear the book is by no …
- … papers with his first letter to Darwin of 15 March 1867 , although he described some of Alexander …
- … told his publisher, John Murray, in a letter of 4 April [1867] , not to send stereotypes of the …
- … had received other offers, notably one from Vogt in April 1867, to translate the new work. Carus had …
- … will be published’ ( letter from J. V. Carus, 5 April 1867 ). This hint of uncertainty caused …
- … to give up the task’ ( letter to Carl Vogt, 12 April [1867] ). Darwin need not have worried …
- … to the German public ( letter from J. V. Carus, 15 April 1867 ). Darwin may not have fully …
- … in preference to you’ ( letter to J. V. Carus, 18 April [1867] ). Darwin was not disappointed in …
- … the ‘wonderful discovery’ to Darwin on 14 March 1867 . Then, in April, Robert Trail wrote from …
- … in a mottled hybrid ( letter from Robert Trail, 5 April 1867 ). Darwin told his American friend …
- … the queries to acquaintances in remote areas. On 26 March, Asa Gray wrote, ‘You see I have …
- … one to send them to, so do not want any more’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 15 April [1867] ). …
- … , 31 August 1867. Another version, possibly derived from Asa Gray’s printed queries, was published …
Dramatisation script
Summary
Re: Design – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig Baxter – as performed 25 March 2007
Matches: 19 hits
- … – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig Baxter – as …
- … quotes from the correspondence or published writings of Asa Gray, Charles Darwin, Joseph Dalton …
- … read the words of the following: Actor 1 – Asa Gray Actor 2 – Charles Darwin …
- … day archivist, this actor uses the words of Jane Loring Gray, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Hugh Falconer, …
- … in which the play unfolds and acting as a go-between between Gray and Darwin, and between the …
- … are described by his widow Jane the final days of Professor Asa Gray, Harvard Botanist. A series of …
- … of the Life of Darwin. At this time in his life, Asa Gray is in his late 70s. JANE …
- … threatening of a cold, but he pronounced himself… GRAY: Perfectly comfortable. …
- … however, passed away, and he wrote that evening. GRAY: 2 [Since atheistic …
- … secret and potentially incendiary ideas. A younger Asa Gray (now in his mid 40s) arrives in …
- … you might reasonably expect… Yours most sincerely Asa Gray. DARWIN: 16 My dear …
- … 25 I send enclosed [a letter for you from Asa Gray], received this morning. I send my own, also, …
- … instructive to me. 42 Ever most cordially yours, Asa Gray Darwin, after a short …
- … run prevail. CERTAIN BENEFICIAL LINES: 1860 Asa Gray presents his argument of Creation …
- … see not. 121 Your cordial friend and true Yankee, Asa Gray. Hooker’s body language …
- … long to see the Yankees well drubbed by us. Do you hear from Asa Gray now? Gray senses a …
- … to Hooker with a cringe. DARWIN: 126 Asa Gray is evidently sore about England …
- … 149 My dear Hooker … What pleasant letters Asa Gray writes [but] one might as well write to a …
- … A GRAY 15 AUGUST 1868 177 TO A GRAY 15 APRIL 1867 178 C DARWIN TO JD …
Darwin’s queries on expression
Summary
When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect observations more widely and composed a list of queries on human expression. A number of handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller…
Matches: 24 hits
- … expression. A number of handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to …
- … Barber, Mary E. [after Feb 1867] [Grahamstown, Cape …
- … Bowker, J.H. [10 Dec 1867] [Cape of Good Hope (South …
- … Bowman, William 5 Aug 1867 5 Clifford St, London, …
- … Darwin, Francis 20 June 1867 Unknown? …
- … Erskine, H. N. B. 1 Nov 1867 [Ahmednuggur, Bombay, …
- … Gaika, Christian 7 July 1867 Bedford [Cape of Good …
- … Geach, F.F. June 1867 Johore, Malaysia …
- … Gibbs, George 31 March 1867 Smithsonian Institution, …
- … Ceylon Gray, Asa 26 March 1867 …
- … Laura Bridgman Gray, Asa 10 & 14 March …
- … on Laura Bridgman Gray, Asa 9 May [1869] …
- … possibly included in letter(s) from Asa Gray Nile Gray, …
- … Haast, J.F.J. von 12 May - 2 June 1867 Christchurch, …
- … Haast, J.F.J. von 4 Dec 1867 Christchurch, New …
- … Hagenauer, F.A. [12 Sept 1867] Lake Wellington, …
- … Huxley, H.A. 22 Mar [1867] Abbey Place, London, …
- … Kempson, L.F. 20 June 1867 Penmaenmawr, Conway, …
- … Lubbock, E.F. [1867-8?] Lombard Street, London? …
- … Muller, Fritz 22 Feb [1867] Down, Kent, England …
- … Paget, James 9 July 1867 1 Harewood Place, Hanover …
- … Rothrock, J.T. 31 March 1867 McVeytown [Pennsylvania …
- … British Columbia, Canada) forwarded by Asa Gray Atnah Espyox Nasse …
- … Stack, James West 4 Dec 1867 Christchurch, New …
Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 15 hits
- … September 1866, Darwin announced to the American botanist Asa Gray, ‘I have just begun a large …
- … the growth of the young plants is highly remarkable’ ( To Asa Gray, 10 September [1866] ). By …
- … a series of experiments, reporting back to Bornet in August 1867 that all but one of the varieties …
- … ( To Fritz Müller, [late December 1866 and] 1 January 1867 ). The following year, his experiments …
- … to the conditions that might affect his results. In March 1867, he told his close friend Joseph …
- … two distinct plants’ ( To J. D. Hooker, 17 March [1867] ). He noted another factor in a letter to …
- … visited by insects & so have been rarely crossed’ ( To Asa Gray, 15 April [1867] ). One of …
- … for part of the year ( To J. T. Moggridge, 1 October [1867] ). Darwin was beginning to suspect …
- … the dogs till I finish with this & get it published’ ( To Asa Gray, 11 March [1873] ). …
- … a new set of experiments for the summer, as he informed Gray when asking for seeds of Nesaea …
- … of Lythrum; for the fact seems to me all important.’ ( To Asa Gray, 30 May [1875] ). In earlier …
- … Comes ( From Hermann Müller, 4 October 1876 ). Gray was impatient for a copy and asked for …
- … your judgment than for that of almost anyone else’ ( To Asa Gray, 28 October 1876 ). Gray …
- … written of, as being as faultless as your temper’ ( From Asa Gray, 12 November 1876 ). The …
- … given everything,—you have quite eviscerated it’ ( To Asa Gray, 18 February [1877] ). By mid-March …
Religion
Summary
Design|Personal Belief|Beauty|The Church Perhaps the most notorious realm of controversy over evolution in Darwin's day was religion. The same can be said of the evolution controversy today; however the nature of the disputes and the manner in…
Matches: 9 hits
- … of design. The first is between Darwin and Harvard botanist Asa Gray, taking as their point of …
- … force”. Letter 2855 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 3 July [1860] Darwin writes to …
- … for the attention now given to the subject. He poses Gray a question on design in nature, as he is …
- … an angel. Letter 3342 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 11 Dec [1861] Darwin writes to …
- … white flag than to fire my usual long-range shot”. He asks Gray some questions about design. …
- … gives an “excellent idea of Pangenesis”. He talks about Gray giving him a good slap at his …
- … theist and evolutionist, giving the examples of Kingsley and Asa Gray. As regards his own views, his …
- … Letter 5565 — Kingsley, Charles to Darwin, C. R., 6 June 1867 Clergyman Charles Kingsley …
- … 5648 — Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., 12–13 Oct [1867] Darwin thinks naturalist A. R. …
Scientific Networks
Summary
Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…
Matches: 12 hits
- … the networks of others, such as Joseph Dalton Hooker and Asa Gray, who were at leading scientific …
- … contact. His correspondence with Joseph Hooker and Asa Gray illustrates how close personal ties …
- … D. Hooker. The second is between Darwin and Harvard botanist Asa Gray. Darwin and Hooker …
- … species to wide-ranging genera. Darwin and Gray Letter 1674 — Darwin, C. R. …
- … in the USA. Letter 2125 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 20 July [1857] Darwin writes …
- … Letter 5457 — Müller, H. L. H. to Darwin, C. R., 23 Mar 1867 Müller explains how Origin …
- … 5471 — Darwin, C. R. to Müller, H. L. H., 29 Mar [1867] Darwin learns that German botanist …
- … Letter 5481 — Müller, H. L. H. to Darwin, C. R., 1 Apr [1867] Müller thanks Darwin for the …
- … Letter 5657 — Müller, H. L. H. to Darwin, C. R., 23 Oct 1867 Müller thanks Darwin for the …
- … Primula . Letter 4611 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 13 Sept [1864] Darwin sends …
- … Letter 5585 — Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, H. E., 26 July [1867] Darwin writes to his daughter …
- … Letter 5745 — Barber, M. E. to Darwin, C. R., [after Feb 1867] In this letter, naturalist, …
Women’s scientific participation
Summary
Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…
Matches: 7 hits
- … Letter 5745 - Barber, M. E. to Darwin, [after February 1867] Mary Barber responds to …
- … Letter 7223 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C., [8 June 1867 - 72] Darwin asks his niece, …
- … Letter 5602 - Sutton, S. to Darwin, [8 August 1867] Sutton, the keeper of the …
- … 5705 - Haast, J. F. J. von to Darwin, [4 December 1867] Explorer and geologist Haast …
- … Letter 5585 - Darwin to Darwin, H. E., [26 July 1867] Darwin praises Henrietta’s …
- … Letter 5403 - Darwin to Carus, J. V. [17 February 1867] Darwin thanks Carus for his …
- … 5410 - Darwin to Muller, J. F. T., [22 February 1867] Darwin thanks Muller for …
Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Matches: 10 hits
- … produced seed capsules. He told the American botanist Asa Gray , ‘ If it should prove that the …
- … make 126 additional crosses!! ’ Nevertheless, on telling Gray about the need for this further work, …
- … often adapted for insect visitation. In his reply to Darwin, Gray unsurprisingly revealed, ‘ I know …
- … believe in my results. ’ Undeterred, Darwin reported to Gray at the beginning of August, ‘I have …
- … triple marriage between three hermaphrodite. ’ Gray replied, ‘ If your Lythrum -paper shall be …
- … , a species of lungwort also known as blue cowslip. He told Gray in October 1865 that with respect …
- … of Origin . He encouraged Huxley to read it, noting, ‘ Asa Gray & Fritz Müller (the latter …
- … you from publishing on the subject ’. In March 1867, Darwin received a small book from …
- … in as many natural families as possible’, explaining to Gray that he had ‘ become convinced that …
- … term heterostyly in preference to di- or trimorphism. Gray objected and suggested his own …
Sexual selection
Summary
Although natural selection could explain the differences between species, Darwin realised that (other than in the reproductive organs themselves) it could not explain the often marked differences between the males and females of the same species. So what…
Matches: 5 hits
- … Variation under domestication, neared completion in 1867, that he systematically sought more …
- … Typical is his query to Fritz Müller in February 1867 : Do you know of any lowly …
- … tail, whenever I gaze on it, makes me sick! ( To Asa Gray, 3 April [1860] ) Bernard …
- … sight of a feather in a peacock’s tail,' he exclaimed to Asa Gray the previous year, ' …
- … as an argument in favour of Divine creation (Campbell 1867, pp. 203–4). Brent gave it as his …
Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts
Summary
At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…
Matches: 5 hits
- … Jenkin. Darwin had been very impressed by Jenkin’s 1867 review, which argued that any variation in …
- … revisions of the ‘everlasting old Origin’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 1 June [1869] ), he was able to …
- … peoples in India and Africa. The American botanist Asa Gray and his wife, Jane Loring Gray , who …
- … read it, of dislike & contempt—almost hatred—’ ( from Asa Gray and J. L. Gray, 8 and 9 May …
- … on the previous German edition (Bronn and Carus trans. 1867), as well as on the German translation …
Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments
Summary
The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…
Matches: 5 hits
- … & that almost exclusively bread & meat’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 15 August [1865] ). By …
- … on 2 February, and in April Darwin wrote to his friend Asa Gray, a botanist in the United States, …
- … be an unnatural parent, for it is your child’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 19 April 1865 ; Darwin noted …
- … in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Scott 1867), and Darwin summarised them in …
- … Benjamin Dann Walsh in the Midwestern United States, and Asa Gray wrote a long review of ‘Climbing …
Controversy
Summary
The best-known controversies over Darwinian theory took place in public or in printed reviews. Many of these were highly polemical, presenting an over-simplified picture of the disputes. Letters, however, show that the responses to Darwin were extremely…
Matches: 6 hits
- … such as Thomas Henry Huxley, Joseph Dalton Hooker, and Asa Gray, continued to have sharp theoretical …
- … in science. Letter 2767 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 25 Apr [1860] Darwin …
- … 5500 — Darwin, C. R. to Haeckel, E. P. A., 12 Apr [1867] Darwin is sympathetic to Haeckel’s …
- … Letter 5533 — Haeckel, E. P. A. to Darwin, C. R., 12 May 1867 Haeckel thanks Darwin for the …
- … 5544 — Darwin, C. R. to Haeckel, E. P. A., 21 May [1867] Darwin discusses his previous …
- … 1844. A year ago Darwin sent a short sketch of his views to Asa Gray. Can Darwin honourably publish …
Women as a scientific audience
Summary
Target audience? | Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those exchanged with his editors and publisher, reveal a lot about his intended audience. Regardless of whether or not women were deliberately targeted as a…
Orchids
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment A project to follow On the Origin of Species Darwin began to observe English orchids and collect specimens from abroad in the years immediately following the publication of On the Origin of Species. Examining…
Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex
Summary
The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…
Matches: 8 hits
- … Darwin had sent the manuscript to the publisher in February 1867, and had spent a good deal of that …
- … Record. Dallas had begun the work in November 1867 and had expected to complete it in a fortnight. …
- … of me. I feel convinced it is by Owen’. John Edward Gray, a colleague of Richard Owen’s in the …
- … emotional expression. His questionnaire, first sent out in 1867, was circulated to remote parts of …
- … the theology favoured by some of his supporters, notably Asa Gray, seemed to render natural …
- … lines by God. Of Darwin’s discussion in Variation , Gray wrote on 25 May : ‘I found your … …
- … perfectly, & feel the weight of it.’ Some thought Gray’s position still a strong one. An …
- … that the outing had done nothing for his health ( letter to Asa Gray, 15 August [1868] ), but it …
Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours
Summary
Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…
Matches: 3 hits
- … out anything about dried flowers’, Darwin complained to Asa Gray on 8 March , ‘I never look at …
- … blending and swamped within a larger population ([Jenkin] 1867). Darwin had addressed this criticism …
- … not give up Pangenesis with wicked imprecations’ (Trollope 1867; letter to G. J. Romanes, [1 and 2 …
3.5 William Darwin, photo 2
Summary
< Back to Introduction Darwin’s son William, who had become a banker in Southampton, took the opportunity of a short visit home to Down House in April 1864 to photograph his father afresh. This half-length portrait was the first to show Darwin with a…
Matches: 8 hits
- … and would be ‘enchanted’ by Darwin’s new persona. When Asa Gray received the photograph, he reacted …
- … to the German edition of Origin published in 1867, again with a facsimile of Darwin’s signature, …
- … in May 1864, since the photograph subsequently sent to Asa Gray, and referred to in Gray’s …
- … An autograph collection of documents which passed from Asa Gray’s widow Jane to the archive of the …
- … dating suggesting that this was indeed Darwin’s gift to Asa Gray. However, no original copy of …
- … kindly provided by Danielle Castronovo, archivist in the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, about …
- … his recent photograph (DCP-LETT-4502). Darwin’s letter to Asa Gray, 28 May [1864], enclosing the …
- … from 4 th English edition (Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart, 1867), frontispiece engraved by August …
Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest
Summary
The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of Origin. Darwin got the fourth…
Matches: 9 hits
- … on the basis of alleged evidence of a global ice age, while Asa Gray pressed Darwin’s American …
- … hybrids, soliciting assistance from the American botanist Asa Gray, the nurseryman Thomas Rivers, …
- … began work on the new translation (Bronn and Carus trans. 1867), incorporating the revisions Darwin …
- … across the Atlantic, despite much effort expended by Asa Gray in trying to secure a new American …
- … changes, but their proposal was unsatisfactory to Darwin. Gray then approached another American firm …
- … become interested in Rhamnus (buckthorn) in 1861, when Asa Gray informed him that a North …
- … a subject of long discussion in previous years with Lyell, Gray, and Hooker. Wallace’s …
- … a subject of extensive correspondence between Darwin and Asa Gray for many years, was legally …
- … fact that Slavery is at end in your country’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 16 April [1866] ). …
Interview with Randal Keynes
Summary
Randal Keynes is a great-great-grandson of Charles Darwin, and the author of Annie’s Box (Fourth Estate, 2001), which discusses Darwin’s home life, his relationship with his wife and children, and the ways in which these influenced his feelings about…
Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health
Summary
On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…
Matches: 6 hits
- … a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864 : ‘the …
- … the result of a long series of changes . . .’ When he told Asa Gray in a letter of 29 October …
- … species. References and enclosures in letters from Gray and Hooker show how Darwin was able to …
- … activities of collectors and curators at a great distance. Gray forwarded a letter from Charles …
- … old Testament’ ( Correspondence vol. 10, letter to Asa Gray, 6 November [1862] ). A …
- … read aloud to him by his ‘dear womenkind’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 29 October [1864] ). It was …
