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Darwin Correspondence Project

From William Marshall1   21 August 1875

Weimar

21 Aug. 1875

Hochgeehrter Herr!

Empfangen Sie zuerst meinen aufrichtigen Dank für den gütig übersendeten Brief.2 Von grossem Interesse würden die getheilten Federn von jugendlichen Exemplaren sein, um nämlich zu constatiren, ob jeder Ast sein besonderes Dunenbündel trägt, was mir von vorn herein wahrscheinlich ist. An eine nahe Verwandschaft der Straussvögel mit den Reptilien, wie sie Gegenbaur und Huxley betonen, glaube ich nicht. Mir sind die Ratiden rückgebildete Carinaten, vielleicht Hühner vielleicht Sumpfvögel.3 Ihre Jungen sind fertige, ächte Vögel. Das Unvermögen des Flugs und hieraus erfolgte, anatomische Sonderbarkeiten haben zu jener Annahme einer Verwandschaft geleitet. Nach meiner Meinung sind die den Vögeln zunächststehenden, allerdings ausgestorbenen Reptilien sogar brillante Flieger gewesen. Die Steganopoden stehn unter allen Vögeln mit den Urinatoren, wie ich glaube, den Reptilien am Nächsten.4 Haben Sie je einen Foetus oder ganz Junges von Plotus oder Aptenodytes gesehn?5 Der Reptiliencharakter ist da sehr ausgeprägt. Und, was freilich weniges beweist, man vergleiche den Habitus, ja die Physionomie eines Pelicans und eines Strausses mit einem Reptil, und man wird von der Aehnlichkeit des einen und der Verschiedenheit des andern betroffen sein.

Würden Sie sich, hochgeehrter Herr, für eine Suite microscopischer Praeparate von Hexactinelliden interessiren, so werde ich Ihnen eine solche übersenden.6 Wäre es möglich in England Embryonen und Foetus von Gürtelthieren käuflich zu erhalten? Ich möchte die Entwicklung des Panzers studiren.

Sie meiner grössten Hochachtung versicherend, verbleibe ich

Ihr dankbar ergebner | Dr. W. Marshall

Footnotes

For a translation of this letter, see Appendix I.
CD’s letter has not been found, but was probably a reply to the letter from William Marshall, 2 June 1875. CD’s notes for his reply are annotations to that letter.
Carl Gegenbaur had noted osteological similarities between Compsognathus longipes (a turkey-sized dinosaur) and birds in his paper, ‘Vergleichend-anatomische Bemerkungen über das Fussskelet der Vögel’ (Comparative anatomical remarks on the bones of the foot in birds; Gegenbaur 1863, pp. 467–9), but did not refer specifically to ratite birds (those, such as the ostrich, without a keeled sternum). In his Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie (Gegenbaur 1870, p. 587), he argued that the plumage of ratites was closest to the ancestral form of feathers. Thomas Henry Huxley had argued that ratites were most closely related to reptiles (T. H. Huxley 1868a, p. 69). Marshall had opposed Gegenbaur’s view of ratite feathers in his paper on the juvenile plumage of ostriches and the relation of the feathers of the Ratitae to those of the Carinatae (Marshall 1875a, pp. 125–6). For more on the division of birds into Ratitae and Carinatae, see the letter from William Marshall, 2 June 1875 and n. 3.
Steganopodes is a former division of birds, based on the characteristic feature of four-toed webbed feet; it is roughly similar to the current order Pelicaniformes. Urinatores is a former division of birds that included grebes and divers or loons, which are now placed in separate orders.
Plotus is a synonym of Anhinga, the genus of snakebirds. Aptenodytes is the genus of emperor and king penguins.
Marshall had promised in his letter of 2 June 1875 to send CD a copy of his work on Hexactinellida (glass sponges; Marshall 1875b). CD’s copy is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL.

Bibliography

Gegenbaur, Carl. 1863. Vergleichend-anatomische Bemerkungen über das Fussskelet der Vögel. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin (1863): 450–72.

Translation

From William Marshall1   21 August 1875

Weimar

21 Aug. 1875

Highly honoured Sir!

Firstly, please accept my sincerest thanks for the letter you kindly sent me.2 Of great interest would be the divided feathers of young specimens, that is, in order to establish whether every shaft carries its own cluster of plumules, which to me seems likely anyway. I do not believe in a close relationship between the ostrich and reptiles, as Gegenbaur and Huxley emphasize. To me Ratitae are degenerate Carinatae, possibly fowls, possibly waders.3 Their young are complete, true birds. Their inability to fly and the resulting anatomical peculiarities have led to this assumption that they are closely related to reptiles. In my opinion the reptiles, though now extinct, that are closest to the birds, were in fact brilliant fliers. Steganopodes are, together with the Urinatores, of all birds closest to reptiles, I think.4 Have you ever seen a foetus or a very young specimen of Plotus or Aptenodytes?5 Their reptilian character is very pronounced. And, while this does not prove anything, if one compares the habit, the physiognomy even, of a pelican or ostrich to that of a reptile, one will be struck by the similarity of the one and the dissimilarity of the other.

Should you, highly honoured Sir, be interested in a set of microscopical slides of Hexactinellida, I will send you one.6 Would it be possible to purchase armadillo embryos and foetuses in England? I should like to study the development of their armour.

Assuring you of my greatest respect, I remain

Yours truly devoted | Dr. W. Marshall

Footnotes

For a transcription of this letter in its original German, see pp. 330–1.
CD’s letter has not been found, but was probably a reply to the letter from William Marshall, 2 June 1875. CD’s notes for his reply are annotations to that letter.
Carl Gegenbaur had noted osteological similarities between Compsognathus longipes (a turkey-sized dinosaur) and birds in his paper, ‘Vergleichend-anatomische Bemerkungen über das Fussskelet der Vögel’ (Comparative anatomical remarks on the bones of the foot in birds; Gegenbaur 1863, pp. 467–9), but did not refer specifically to ratite birds (those, such as the ostrich, without a keeled sternum). In his Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie (Gegenbaur 1870, p. 587), he argued that the plumage of ratites was closest to the ancestral form of feathers. Thomas Henry Huxley had argued that ratites were most closely related to reptiles (T. H. Huxley 1868a, p. 69). Marshall had opposed Gegenbaur’s view of ratite feathers in his paper on the juvenile plumage of ostriches and the relation of the feathers of the Ratitae to those of the Carinatae (Marshall 1875a, pp. 125–6). For more on the division of birds into Ratitae and Carinatae, see the letter from William Marshall, 2 June 1875 and n. 3.
Steganopodes is a former division of birds, based on the characteristic feature of four-toed webbed feet; it is roughly similar to the current order Pelicaniformes. Urinatores is a former division of birds that included grebes and divers or loons, which are now placed in separate orders.
Plotus is a synonym of Anhinga, the genus of snakebirds. Aptenodytes is the genus of emperor and king penguins.
Marshall had promised in his letter of 2 June 1875 to send CD a copy of his work on Hexactinellida (glass sponges; Marshall 1875b). CD’s copy is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL.

Bibliography

Gegenbaur, Carl. 1863. Vergleichend-anatomische Bemerkungen über das Fussskelet der Vögel. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin (1863): 450–72.

Summary

Doubts ostrich descended from reptiles. Its ancestors true birds. Of course, all birds descended from reptiles. Compares foetus of birds to that of reptiles.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-10130
From
William Adolf Ludwig (William) Marshall
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Weimar
Source of text
DAR 171: 49
Physical description
ALS 4pp (German)

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 10130,” accessed on 24 April 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-10130.xml

Also published in The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 23

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