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Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Matches: 25 hits
- … Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species , published in 1877, …
- … divergent modifications in the reproductive systems of the forms that were crossed. …
- … As Darwin was finishing his paper on the dimorphic forms of Primula, he was able to inform Gray …
- … that another plant, Linum grandiflorum , had two forms and that one of these was absolutely …
- … pollen. He included this case in his paper, ‘On the two forms, or dimorphic condition, in the …
- … Gray, ‘ I have lately been putting the pollen of the two forms on the division of the stigma of the …
- … In function, but not in appearance, the pollen of these two forms, as tested by their action may be …
- … his ideas about the meaning of the existence of different forms. ‘I do not at present like the term …
- … Certainly in Primula there is unequal fertility in the two forms, & I suspect this is case with …
- … dioicous condition; though I believe there are no dioicous forms in Primulaceæ or Linaceæ. But the …
- … records that he wrote his paper, ‘On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual …
- … the Linnean Society on 3 February 1863. Forms of flowers , p. 97. …
- … with seeds . Having concluded that the existence of three forms was evidence for the phenomenon not …
- … season, Darwin reflected on the meaning of the three forms. He revealed his ideas to Gray, ‘ the …
- … ’. The paper, ‘On the sexual relations of the three forms of Lythrum salicaria ’, was sent to the …
- … the Society’s blackboard the diagram of the three flower-forms of the plant, with dotted lines …
- … w d . be unintelligible ’. ‘Three forms of Lythrum salicaria ’, p. 171. …
- … seedlings from short-styled parent have presented both forms, which disgusts me ’. Scott had …
- … Brazilian varieties of Oxalis exhibited different forms . With typical enthusiasm, Müller had …
- … Darwin, puzzled about ‘the difficulty of how these forms, with their varying degrees of …
- … size of pollen grains & state of stigma ’. Darwin had introduced the concept of functional …
- … in November 1876, Darwin decided to rework his papers on forms of flowers into a book. By January …
- … ’. It took Darwin only five months to write Forms of flowers . He contacted his publisher …
- … not want to take the risk. Murray did. When The different forms of flowers on plants of the same …
- … of fewer than two decades, Darwin’s research into the forms of flowers had changed the study of …
5873_1488
Summary
From B. J. Sulivan 13 February [1868]f1 Bournemouth Feby. 13. My dear Darwin As Mr Stirling has sent me the recpt. you may as well have it with the Photo of the four Fuegian boys which he wishes me to send you in case you have not seen it. He…
Matches: 2 hits
- … together in an attempt to take a troop of mares from an introduced English horse [see Descent 2: …
- … behaviour descent fauna humanity humanity introduced forms isolation, islands …
Essay: Natural selection & natural theology
Summary
—by Asa Gray NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENT WITH NATURAL THEOLOGY. Atlantic Monthly for July, August, and October, 1860, reprinted in 1861. I Novelties are enticing to most people; to us they are simply annoying. We cling to a long-accepted…
Matches: 28 hits
- … a bill requiring all swine at large to wear pokes was introduced, when he claimed the privilege of …
- … dealt with familiar subjects in a natural way, and gently introduced ‘Variation under Nature,’ which …
- … also leads to much extinction of intermediate or unimproved forms. Now, though this divergence may …
- … a supernatural beginning of life on earth, in some form or forms of being which included potentially …
- … improvements, entailing the disappearance of intermediate forms, less adapted to any one particular …
- … mechanical power as varieties or derivative and convertible forms of one force, instead of …
- … yet gone back to the origin and can affirm that the present forms of plants and animals are the …
- … and increasing disagreement as to whether various forms shall be held to be original species or …
- … varieties are themselves variable, and that very diverse forms have been educed from one stock. …
- … line, it is now certain that a gradual replacement of old forms by new ones is strongly suggestive …
- … diversification of all species, and all special types or forms, from four or five remote primordial …
- … As the facts stand, it appears that, while some tertiary forms are essentially undistinguishable …
- … or may be diversified into two, three, or more species, or forms as different as species. This …
- … later secondary; but there is less and less localization of forms as we recede, yet some …
- … on land, which have driven all tropical and subtropical forms out of the higher latitudes and …
- … they have there run wild and enormously multiplied, since introduced from the Old World not long ago …
- … from simple and general to complex and specialized forms; also ‘the parallelism between the order of …
- … which conspire to prove that the ancient and the recent forms of life ‘are somehow intimately …
- … along the course of each epoch some species probably were introduced, and some, doubtless, became …
- … between the two kingdoms, and the arrangement of all their forms in groups subordinate to groups, …
- … susceptible of exact natural circumscription. Intermediate forms occur, connecting one group with …
- … fail to suggest a former material connection among allied forms, such as that which the hypothesis …
- … that the rule holds, under due qualifications and altered forms, throughout the realm of Nature; …
- … while it exhibits close approximations in the lower forms; also in a common or similar ground of …
- … propagation by buds, though perfect in some of the lowest forms of life, becomes evanescent in …
- … animals have diverged in time into cognate species, or into forms as different as species, are led …
- … the origination and diversification of animal and vegetable forms through the operation of secondary …
- … do we know, and why must we believe, that, fitting precedent forms being in existence, a living …
Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health
Summary
On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…
Matches: 15 hits
- … In May, Darwin finished his paper on Lythrum (‘Three forms of Lythrum salicaria ’) and sent …
- … As was often the case, he was interested in transitional forms. Darwin came to think, for example, …
- … in 1864 he conducted crossing experiments between different forms of Pulmonaria species, and …
- … both within and between species in his 1864 paper, ‘Three forms of Lythrum salicaria ’. In the …
- … between the long-styled, mid-styled, and short-styled forms of the trimorphic Lythrum , and when …
- … to show that the existence of long-styled and short-styled forms was not mere variability, but an …
- … the highest fertility only with pollen from the other two forms. The advantage he suggested that …
- … than with half, as was likely to be the case with dimorphic forms. The risk of sterility at which …
- … Darwin’s interest in species, hybrids, and different forms within a species also led him to continue …
- … plants’), and later in his 1877 book, The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species ( …
- … family’s home in Surrey; Darwin incorporated these into Forms of flowers . The greatest …
- … stamen shape and size, indicated fertility between dimorphic forms. William participated in the …
- … finding Darwin had published the previous year on different forms of Catasetum (‘Three sexual …
- … Manfred , Beck unfolded his view that ‘lower’ forms of life were composed of the spirits of fallen …
- … some crafty phrase injurious to Darwin should be introduced’. Huxley seized on to what he thought …
Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia
Summary
Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…
Matches: 14 hits
- … including a precise definition of homology (a term that he introduced to replace the vaguer notion …
- … analogy &c &c &, consist of those resemblances between two forms, which they do not owe …
- … homology represented structural resemblances among forms arising from a similarity in their basic …
- … expect is that if our fossils were perfect, that embryonic forms were the oldest; & hence in …
- … appearing before antennæ— The former have assumed their forms, when the legs begin to appear. (DAR …
- … of comparative anatomy—that is, the comparison of adult forms—led him to regard the characters of …
- … value, as besides describing several new and remarkable forms, I made out the homologies of the …
- … central to Darwin’s discussions of difficult or anomalous forms. For example, together with …
- … to Darwin’s method of classification. For these unusual forms, classification became a critical test …
- … Darwin to be sure of the true affinity of these most unusual forms. The table of measurements of …
- … of the metamorphosis and the segmentation of particular forms with the segments of the archetypal …
- … that instead of aiding in the development of new beings, it forms itself into a tissue or substance, …
- … other, now unknown, Crustaceans. Should these intervening forms ever be discovered, I imagine they …
- … on it, as Snagsby would say). After describing a set of forms, as distinct species, tearing up my M …
A tale of two bees
Summary
Darwinian evolution theory fundamentally changed the way we understand the environment and even led to the coining of the word 'ecology'. Darwin was fascinated by bees: he devised experiments to study the comb-building technique of honey bees and…
Matches: 4 hits
- … impact on other species. It appears not to have been introduced to the UK by any conscious human …
- … earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and …
- … Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. . . Origin , …
- … comparing the strategy of bees visiting native and introduced species of peas of the genus …
Living and fossil cirripedia
Summary
Darwin published four volumes on barnacles, the crustacean sub-class Cirripedia, between 1851 and 1854, two on living species and two on fossil species. Written for a specialist audience, they are among the most challenging and least read of Darwin’s works…
Matches: 10 hits
- … appearing to conform to long-established practice, Darwin introduced a new approach to systematics …
- … single valves; as in every recent species yet examined their forms vary greatly: to describe a …
- … From early 1849, Darwin worked on both fossil and extant forms and extended his requests for …
- … Darwin had tried to homologise the parts of larval and adult forms. Darwin and the American …
- … parts in the early stages of development to their adult forms was another type of homology, one that …
- … evolution of sessile barnacles from stalked or pedunculate forms, which appear much earlier in the …
- … barnacles to the branchiae (respiratory organs) in sessile forms as an example of the adaptation of …
- … to sessile species was the opposite in living and fossil forms. On the other hand, it would have …
- … from an idealistic exercise in imposing order on natural forms to a materialist attempt to create a …
- … to in the closing sentence of Origin as ‘endless forms’. …
Movement in Plants
Summary
The power of movement in plants, published on 7 November 1880, was the final large botanical work that Darwin wrote. It was the only work in which the assistance of one of his children, Francis Darwin, is mentioned on the title page. The research for this…
Matches: 4 hits
- … improved on some of the apparatuses that Francis had been introduced to at Würzburg. Darwin …
- … an attempt to explain the evolution of climbing in all its forms. It was quickly reproduced as a …
- … thinking. Francis viewed the new instruments he was introduced to in Sachs’s lab with a critical eye …
- … been saying ’. Frank had proposed that there were special forms of growth in plant organs, …
British Association meeting 1860
Summary
Several letters refer to events at the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Oxford, 26 June – 3 July 1860. Darwin had planned to attend the meeting but in the end was unable to. The most famous incident of the meeting was the verbal…
Matches: 8 hits
- … gratification of the senses of man by the beauty of their forms and colours. But as these ends are …
- … manner, but is determined by immutable law. The author introduced his subject by recalling proofs of …
- … rudiment to maturity; secondly, in the numberless organic forms now living contemporaneously with us …
- … doctrine of the transmutation of species; the transitional forms of the animal and also the human …
- … did not warrant the theory. The permanence of specific forms was a fact confirmed by all observation …
- … catacombs, all spoke of their identity with existing forms, and of the irresistible tendency of …
- … attended hybridism, as was seen in the closely-allied forms of the horse and the ass. Mr. Darwin’s …
- … or transition of species, as of the production of forms which became permanent. thus the short …
Essay: What is Darwinism?
Summary
—by Asa Gray WHAT IS DARWINISM? The Nation, May 28, 1874 The question which Dr. Hodge asks he promptly and decisively answers: ‘What is Darwinism? it is atheism.’ Leaving aside all subsidiary and incidental matters, let us consider–1. What the…
Matches: 5 hits
- … Thus, very gradually, great changes of structure are introduced, and not only species, but genera, …
- … Darwinism–in the principles posited–but has somehow been introduced in the subsequent treatment. …
- … divine mind; 2. Not to special acts of creation calling new forms into existence at certain epochs; …
- … only, and the issue comes to this: Have the multitudinous forms of living creatures, past and …
- … phase in the course of events or the procession of organic forms as not intended, he seems to mean …
From morphology to movement: observation and experiment
Summary
Darwin was a thoughtful observer of the natural world from an early age. Whether on a grand scale, as exemplified by his observations on geology, or a microscopic one, as shown by his early work on the eggs and larvae of tiny bryozoans, Darwin was…
Matches: 4 hits
- … of tiny bryozoans, Darwin was fascinated with nature in all forms. He clearly enjoyed these pursuits …
- … four taxonomic monographs, the research behind these volumes introduced a new experimental approach …
- … fossil Cirripedia ). Darwin studied larval as well as adult forms and tried to view several …
- … in his research and comparing these to similar extant forms, he was able to reclassify many species, …
Rewriting Origin - the later editions
Summary
For such an iconic work, the text of Origin was far from static. It was a living thing that Darwin continued to shape for the rest of his life, refining his ‘one long argument’ through a further five English editions. Many of his changes were made in…
Matches: 3 hits
- … ). Not all the changes were linear: wording might be introduced in one edition only to be dropped …
- … of the Deity to believe that He created a few original forms capable of self-development into other …
- … characteristic. Wyman, like so many other correspondents introduced to Darwin in this way, was …
Scientific Networks
Summary
Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…
Matches: 3 hits
- … as William Bernard Tegetmeier and George Frederick Cupples, introduced him to communities of pigeon …
- … the same time differences of status were maintained through forms of address and acknowledgement. …
- … of fertilising the little ovaria. He comments on the two forms of Linum . Letter 4441 …
Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex
Summary
The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…
Matches: 2 hits
- … In Origin , pp. 87–90, Darwin had briefly introduced the concept of sexual selection to explain …
- … mechanisms and the comparative fertility of different flower forms. Müller offered observations of …
Review: The Origin of Species
Summary
- by Asa Gray THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION (American Journal of Science and Arts, March, 1860) This book is already exciting much attention. Two American editions are announced, through which it will become familiar to many…
Matches: 22 hits
- … found to blend in Nature through a series of intermediate forms, community of origin is inferred, …
- … physical science. For, though it well may be that ‘organic forms have no physical or secondary cause …
- … and the actual association of species, still less their forms; but that every adaptation of species …
- … and therefore as inexplicable, as are the organic forms themselves. Who shall decide between …
- … of naturalists (having the same data before them) as to what forms are species attests the value of …
- … to the extent of practical monstrosity, although we secure forms which would not be originated and …
- … the differences which prevail among naturalists as to what forms should be admitted to the rank of …
- … the British genera which include the most polymorphous forms, it appears that Babington’s Flora …
- … separating the latter can be divned by intermediate forms, as it sometimes is, no botanist long …
- … the broader view. Whether we should continue to regard the forms in question as distinct species, …
- … agree, and do not increasingly tend to agree, as to what forms are species and what are strong …
- … incredible. So it is with plants: cases could be given of introduced plants which have become common …
- … almost to the exclusion of all other plants, have been introduced from Europe; and there are plants …
- … or in ascending a mountain, we far oftener meet with stunted forms, due to the directly injurious …
- … to desolate the world, or invent laws on the duration of the forms of life!’—(pp. 72, 73.) …
- … orders. ’—(p. 114.) The abundance of some forms, the rarity and final extinction of …
- … representatives, are other consequences. As favored forms increase, the less favored must diminish …
- … for the gradual elimination and segregation of nearly allied forms—such as varieties, sub-species, …
- … still further; while he admits that ‘the more distinct the forms are, the more the arguments fall …
- … testimony have been lost. He is confident that intermediate forms must have existed; that in the …
- … or derived, however, this arrangement to keep apart those forms which have, or have acquired (as the …
- … are derivative or compound, developed from some preceding forms of matter, irreligious? Were the old …
Essay: Evolution & theology
Summary
—by Asa Gray EVOLUTION AND THEOLOGY The Nation, January 15, 1874 The attitude of theologians toward doctrines of evolution, from the nebular hypothesis down to ‘Darwinism,’ is no less worthy of consideration, and hardly less diverse, than that of…
Matches: 5 hits
- … probability that the existing are derived from preexisting forms impressed itself upon the minds of …
- … or evolved by natural laws of generation from preexisting forms, than that they, with all their …
- … and orderly sequences, appear as results instead of being introduced as factors, and in which …
- … go on, not how they began. Whether the succession of living forms on the earth is or is not among …
- … First Cause. . . . It is evident that, however species were introduced, whether suddenly or …
John Murray
Summary
Darwin's most famous book On the origin of species by means of natural selection (Origin) was published on 22 November 1859. The publisher was John Murray, who specialised in non-fiction, particularly politics, travel and science, and had published…
Matches: 2 hits
- … his autumn sale he wrote, ‘The modest way in wch you introduced to me your new work on Expression a …
- … as pessimistic the following year about The different forms of flowers on plants of the same …
Darwin in letters, 1880: Sensitivity and worms
Summary
‘My heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old Shrewsbury friend Henry Johnson on 14 November 1880. Darwin became fully devoted to earthworms in the spring of the year, just after finishing the manuscript of…
Matches: 2 hits
- … book. Both projects explored the complexities of movement, forms of sensitivity, and the ability of …
- … 2 January 1880 for an explanation: ‘Among the passages introduced are the last six pages of the …
Essay: Design versus necessity
Summary
—by Asa Gray DESIGN VERSUS NECESSITY.—DISCUSSION BETWEEN TWO READERS OF DARWIN’S TREATISE ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, UPON ITS NATURAL THEOLOGY. (American Journal of Science and Arts, September, 1860) D.T.—Is Darwin’s theory atheistic or pantheistic…
Matches: 7 hits
- … and all future action is governed by necessity . The best forms, or those nerves most sensitive …
- … Darwin takes the creation of organic life, in its simplest forms, to have been the work of the Deity …
- … Wait a little. Some future Darwin will show how the simple forms came necessarily from inorganic …
- … only with the picking out and preserving of certain changing forms, i. e., with the natural …
- … to suppose that it does not meet your case. Although you introduced players to illustrate what …
- … therefore, neither the variety of the materials nor forms which are contained in the optician’s shop …
- … be possible in many ages for chance to combine existing forms into an achromatic object-glass. …
Darwin in letters, 1861: Gaining allies
Summary
The year 1861 marked an important change in the direction of Darwin’s work. He had weathered the storm that followed the publication of Origin, and felt cautiously optimistic about the ultimate acceptance of his ideas. The letters from this year provide an…
Matches: 5 hits
- … the welfare of species is the object of all structures & forms. All species exist by virtue of …
- … him the principles of botanical study, but he had also introduced him to geology, and guided him, …
- … scientific pursuits. In his experiments with the two flower forms Primula , he began with the …
- … involved a careful osteological comparison of different forms, and on this Darwin made but slow …
- … application of cod-liver oil, a remedy only recently introduced to England, as a means to aid her …
