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Review: The Origin of Species
Summary
- by Asa Gray THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION (American Journal of Science and Arts, March, 1860) This book is already exciting much attention. Two American editions are announced, through which it will become familiar to many…
Matches: 20 hits
- … - by Asa Gray THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION (American Journal of …
- … Views so idealistic as those upon which his ‘Thoughts upon Species’ are grounded, will not harmonize …
- … compounds again, in the mineral kingdom, as constituting species, in the same sense, fundamentally, …
- … shade, the main features of the theory of the origination of species by means of Natural Selection. …
- … its like from generation to generation, and so continues the species. Taking the idea of species …
- … individual, from which all the individuals composing the species have proceeded by natural …
- … not transitory; so that the primordial differences between species and species at their beginning …
- … through variation. Consequently, whenever two reputed species are found to blend in Nature through a …
- … all the forms, however diverse, are held to belong to one species. Moreover, since bisexuality is …
- … an effectual barrier against the blending of the original species by crossing. From this …
- … descent as the real bond of union among the individuals of a species, and also the idea of a local …
- … the orthodox view of the descent of all the individuals of a species not only from a local …
- … could; so that the actual geographical distribution of any species is by no means a primordial …
- … volume is a protracted argument intended to prove that the species we recognize have not been …
- … agencies for the actual distribution and perpetuation of species, to a supernatural for their origin …
- … induced by high feeding, or high cultivation and prolonged close breeding, would promptly disappear; …
- … a suggestion of the late Mr. Knight, now so familiar, that close interbreeding diminishes vigor and …
- … rotation. Most of the animals and plants which live close round any small piece of ground could live …
- … and systematic results. But, of this, a word at the close. The value of such objections to …
- … of the same type? From certain incidental expressions at the close of the volume, taken in …
Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Matches: 24 hits
- … book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species , published in 1877, …
- … related questions inform all these papers: first, whether species could be defined by the fertility …
- … hybrid sterility was the inevitable result of crossing species. Thomas Huxley had stated in his …
- … two individuals represented distinct ‘physiological’ species was to attempt to hybridise them, since …
- … modifications having the physiological character of species (i.e., whose offspring are incapable of …
- … varieties, did not imply an essential distinction between species and varieties. He argued that the …
- … which I will call “female plants” ’, he told his close friend Joseph Hooker . Darwin suspected …
- … ‘The simple fact of two individuals of the same undoubted species, when homomorphically united, …
- … paper, ‘On the two forms, or dimorphic condition, in the species of Primula , and on their …
- … asking Darwin to study the case of Viola since several species had perfect flowers (those with …
- … his own experiments, Darwin received information on other species of Linum from trusted …
- … department at Kew, reported similar results with two species , one of which had not been worked …
- … forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation, in several species of the genus Linum ’, …
- … research on purple loosestrife ( Lythrum salicaria ), a species of Lythrum he had been working …
- … crosses are practicable within the limits of this one species!! … A nice job, Heaven knows whether …
- … May, ‘ I fear it can be copied & sent only just before close of Session of Linn. Soc. & …
- … to his earlier crossing experiments, which included some species only briefly discussed or not …
- … plant to interest Darwin was Pulmonaria angustifolia , a species of lungwort also known as blue …
- … as he told Gray, ‘ that plants raised from Dimorphic species fertilized by their own pollen, are …
- … enthusiasm, Müller had reported finding several new species of dimorphic plants . Darwin told …
- … and trimorphic plants (Manettia bicolor and several species of Oxalis) in order to repeat your …
- … the concept of functional dimorphism in in ‘Two forms in species of Linum’ (p. 82) and clarified the …
- … fertility of the illegitimate union of each dimorphic species’. Darwin followed through on the plan, …
- … When The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species went to print in early July, …
Living and fossil cirripedia
Summary
Darwin published four volumes on barnacles, the crustacean sub-class Cirripedia, between 1851 and 1854, two on living species and two on fossil species. Written for a specialist audience, they are among the most challenging and least read of Darwin’s works…
Matches: 21 hits
- … sub-class Cirripedia between 1851 and 1854, two on living species and two on fossil species. These …
- … classification both informed and were informed by Darwin’s species theory. Every aspect, from the …
- … specimens, he had also completed two outlines of his ‘species theory’ (1842 Pencil sketch and 1844 …
- … that no one has hardly a right to examine the question of species who has not minutely described …
- … ‘ your having collected with judgement is working out species ’. What part, if any, this exchange …
- … reading & observing on my favourite work on Variation or on Species, & shall in a year’s …
- … to soak, clean, and disarticulate one specimen of each species. He told Gray, ‘ I have resolved not …
- … to hermaphrodites. He excitedly told Hooker, ‘ my species theory convinced me, that an …
- … genus) three or four varieties have been called distinct species; whereas one form, which has not …
- … practice of appending the name of the first describer to the species name led to ‘hasty work,’ and …
- … half a dozen names & not one careful description of any one species in any one genus.— I do not …
- … he could not ignore the problem. ‘ Literally not one species is properly defined: not one …
- … rebellion was ‘ never putting mihi or Darwin after my own species & in Anatomical text giving …
- … Part will serve for those who want to know History of species as far as I can imperfectly work it …
- … Darwin and Strickland again differed on the topic of type species. Strickland explained, ‘ Of …
- … countered, ‘ I feel some difficulty about your type species: I always arrange genera in as natural …
- … connection; this basis also led him to group more species into fewer genera. He happily told an …
- … was to recognise the significance of including fossil species in his work, while being aware of the …
- … I can in fossil Cirripedia … but I do not believe that species (& hardly genera) can be defined …
- … distinct specimens as an aid to identifying species. While close examination of many individuals was …
- … ’. Final corrections were made to the plates, but even close to publication in early 1851, Darwin …
Origin
Summary
Darwin’s most famous work, Origin, had an inauspicious beginning. It grew out of his wish to establish priority for the species theory he had spent over twenty years researching. Darwin never intended to write Origin, and had resisted suggestions in 1856…
Matches: 14 hits
- … It grew out of his wish to establish priority for the species theory he had spent over twenty years …
- … public presentation of documents relating to Darwin’s species theory together with Wallace’s essay …
- … Hooker urged Darwin to prepare a longer abstract of his species theory . On 5 July 1858, Darwin …
- … After all, I am now beginning to prepare an abstract of my Species Theory ’. Perhaps because Fox …
- … be extremely glad (& grateful) to hear your objections to my species speculations’, Darwin wrote …
- … expressing satisfaction with the joint publication of his species theory with Darwin’s by the …
- … ’ Wallace evidently asked whether his and Darwin’s species theory had had any effect on Lyell. ‘I …
- … that ‘ Huxley is changed & believes in mutation of species: whether a convert to us, I do …
- … Darwin wrote to Murray describing his work on the origin of species, how much was left to do, the …
- … noting in his journal that the ‘Abstract on Origin of species’ had taken 13 months and 10 days ( …
- … not only thought Darwin’s book ‘ a splendid case of close reasoning & long sustained argument …
- … Darwin a bound ‘specimen copy’ of On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the …
- … proofs, & the relation of the oldest forms to the existing species. I dare say I dont feel …
- … to write his abstract: ‘ Whenever naturalists can look at species changing as certain, what a …
Species and varieties
Summary
On the origin of species by means of natural selection …so begins the title of Darwin’s most famous book, and the reader would rightly assume that such a thing as ‘species’ must therefore exist and be subject to description. But the title continues, …or…
Matches: 23 hits
- … On the origin of species by means of natural selection …so begins the title of Darwin’s …
- … and the reader would rightly assume that such a thing as ‘species’ must therefore exist and be …
- … wheat’. The question, then, is whether Darwin thought that species were ‘real’ or whether boundaries …
- … to exist between two neighbouring groups owing to their close proximity’ ( ibid. , p. 104). …
- … taxonomy that would exemplify the actual relationships of species, genera, orders, and classes. The …
- … to revise the taxonomy of the whole group, including extinct species. His approach to taxonomy was …
- … observation just how much variability often existed within a species. The features he focused on …
- … Cirripedia, Darwin maintained the distinction between species and varieties and even complained …
- … the shadowy doubt whether this or that form be in essence a species.’ He continued, regarding …
- … at the present day by intermediate gradations, whereas species were formerly thus connected. Hence, …
- … for the undiscovered and undiscoverable essence of the term species’ ( Origin , p. 485). …
- … over many years and gave a lot of thought to definitions of species both implicit and explicit in …
- … in various naturalists minds, when they speak of “species” in some resemblance is everything & …
- … [1856] ). The idea that sterility was a test of species was firmly held by Thomas Huxley, who …
- … forms that were crossed; in other words, as incipient new species diverged from each other while …
- … reproductive organs would eventually result in two related species no longer being able either to …
- … Darwin carried out numerous experiments with many plant species whose flowers had two or three …
- … book, The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species (1877) What Darwin discovered …
- … with the same form. Sometimes all different forms of a species were self-sterile, sometimes one form …
- … universal law about sterility, even in members of the same species. Throughout the 1860s, …
- … sterility is at first a selected quality to keep incipient species distinct’ ( letter to J. D. …
- … Ultimately, Darwin’s view was practical and flexible. Species could be defined in relation to each …
- … changing environment. Varieties might be potential new species, and present species could once have …
Essay: Natural selection & natural theology
Summary
—by Asa Gray NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENT WITH NATURAL THEOLOGY. Atlantic Monthly for July, August, and October, 1860, reprinted in 1861. I Novelties are enticing to most people; to us they are simply annoying. We cling to a long-accepted…
Matches: 30 hits
- … that the perusal of the new book ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection’ left an …
- … dim forebodings. Investigations about the succession of species in time, and their actual …
- … member of our General Court, who sat silent until, near the close of a long session, a bill …
- … than the rest of creation, since all Nature is at war, one species with another, and the nearer …
- … up the theory at the introduction of the actually existing species, we should be well content; and …
- … to believe that varieties are incipient or possible species, when we see what trouble naturalists, …
- … as to what is the basis in Nature upon which our idea of species reposes, or how the word is to be …
- … over the human races, as to whether they belong to one species or to more, and, if to more, whether …
- … fitting occasion, as, for instance, in the succession of species which differ from each other only …
- … be developed into the scow, the skiff, the sloop, and other species of water-craft—the very …
- … wherefore these go slowly out of use, and become extinct species: this is Natural Selection . Now …
- … inference. Why not hold fast to the customary view, that all species were directly, instead of …
- … of them calls ‘that mystery of mysteries,’ the origin of species? To this, in general, …
- … that of the reduction of supposed independently originated species to a common ultimate origin—thus, …
- … and convertible forms of one force, instead of independent species—which has brought the so-called …
- … the members of each group may not be mere varieties of one species—and which speculates steadily in …
- … of prototype or simple element which may be to the ordinary species of matter what the Protozoa …
- … such an age cannot be expected to let the old belief about species pass unquestioned. It will raise …
- … of the new theory, the Darwinian creed, as recited at the close of the introduction to the …
- … ‘How far will he carry it?’ the author answers at the close of the volume: ‘I cannot …
- … species of two successive faunas, and that the numerous close species, whose limits are so difficult …
- … point here turns not upon absolute identity so much as upon close resemblance. For those who, with …
- … appear for the most part to have acquired, before the close of the tertiary period, the characters …
- … physical cause, there has been a total depopulation at the close of each geological period or …
- … to the same formula in both kingdoms, while it exhibits close approximations in the lower forms; …
- … of individuals,’ commonly of very like individuals—as a close corporation of individuals perpetuated …
- … This claim it can establish; and it may also show that these close subsidiary lines may branch or …
- … and therefore the gradations to be closer yet—as close as those between the various sorts of dogs, …
- … no right to affirm this of Divine action. We must close here. We meant to review some of the …
- … catalogue the flora and fauna of our day, that is, from the close of the glacial period to the …
Gaston de Saporta
Summary
The human-like qualities of great apes have always been a source of scientific and popular fascination, and no less in the Victorian period than in any other. Darwin himself, of course, marshalled similarities in physiology, behaviour and emotional…
Matches: 8 hits
- … expressed his opinion that Darwin may have argued for too close a common ancestry for man and monkey …
- … I cannot at present give up my belief in the close relationship of Man, to the higher Simiate. I do …
- … that such resemblances can be due to any cause except close blood-relationship. …
- … Beccari’s view of the proper place for discussing cross-species sexual attraction. Certainly, the …
- … be interpreted. But the question of sexual attraction across species was, and remains, a problematic …
- … attests to powerfully troubling notion of attraction across species, and particularly, the …
- … apes, in some cases only as long as this was not too close a descent. With something as intimate …
- … today), the issue raised by de Saporta hit uncomfortably close to home. In the realm of sexual …
Scientific Networks
Summary
Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…
Matches: 15 hits
- … such networks can be very personal and intimate, as between close friends and colleagues, or more …
- … Darwin's networks extended from his family circle and close friends to readers, observers, and …
- … with Joseph Hooker and Asa Gray illustrates how close personal ties could be built gradually through …
- … of his views on Hooker. He relates some queries on ratios of species to genera on southern islands, …
- … and facts he has gathered that led him to conclusion that species are not immutable. He admits to …
- … in general, as well as on the relationship of wide-ranging species to wide-ranging genera. …
- … of botany [1848] and asks him to append the ranges of the species. Letter 1685 — Gray …
- … truth been of the utmost value to me.” Darwin believes species have arisen, like domestic …
- … Darwin was writing his barnacle books and developing his species theory, provides some insight on …
- … for saving his correspondence. He sent “a yarn about species” in October mail, and some “puerile” …
- … warns Darwin to drop his battle about perpetuity of names in species descriptions. Letter …
- … shows slight differences constitute varieties, not species. He ends with a discussion of lamination …
- … Darwin “too prone to theoretical considerations about species,” hence was pleased Darwin took up a …
- … done east of Urals. He also talks about barnacles and the species theory, and he is impressed with …
- … nectar. He describes such adaptations in two dipteran species. Letter 5770 — Müller, H. …
Instinct and the Evolution of Mind
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Slave-making ants For Darwin, slave-making ants were a powerful example of the force of instinct. He used the case of the ant Formica sanguinea in the On the Origin of Species to show how instinct operates—how…
Matches: 10 hits
- … of the ant Formica sanguinea in the On the Origin of Species to show how instinct …
- … both before and after the publication of On the Origin of Species . As he was preparing to write …
- … A circle of friends and experts After Origin of Species was published in 1859, …
- … Books Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species . 1859. London: John Murray. (See: …
- … prominent entomologist at the British Museum, identifies the species of an ant described by Darwin …
- … sanguinea. If so, it would be the first observation of the species outside its known habitat in …
- … In this famous letter to Joseph Hooker, Darwin's close friend and the assistant director of the …
- … such as this one. Some suppliers will even provide the species Darwin studied so closely! Have …
- … 1 million ant specimens, including over 6,000 distinct species of ants. Through this field trip, the …
- … such as this one. Some suppliers can even provide the species Darwin studied! While observing …
Before Origin: the ‘big book’
Summary
Darwin began ‘sorting notes for Species Theory’ on 9 September 1854, the very day he concluded his eight-year study of barnacles (Darwin's Journal). He had long considered the question of species. In 1842, he outlined a theory of transmutation in a…
Matches: 24 hits
- … Darwin began ‘sorting notes for Species Theory’ on 9 September 1854, the very day he concluded his …
- … Darwin's Journal ). He had long considered the question of species. In 1842, he outlined a …
- … essay. By this point, Darwin had also admitted to his close friend and confidant Joseph Hooker that …
- … of domestic animals & plants & on the question of what are species’, and possessed ‘a grand …
- … of evolution had to be gathered and presented before his species theory would be accepted. He …
- … In March 1854, six months before he started sorting his species notes, Darwin had worried that the …
- … flat I shall feel, if I when I get my notes together on species &c &c, the whole thing …
- … ‘ In a year or two’s time, when I shall be at my species book, (if I do not break down) I shall …
- … which I can collect, for & versus the immutability of species ’, he told his cousin William …
- … any sort of facts bearing on the question of the origin of species; & this I have since been …
- … that there are no such things as independently created species—that species are only strongly …
- … he had never been so much staggered about the permanence of species.— By 1857, Darwin had …
- … to him to have ‘many misgivings about the definiteness of species’, Gray expressed his interest in …
- … was not responses like this that led Darwin to ask that his species theory still be kept secret, but …
- … May 1856, twenty months after Darwin had begun sorting his species notes, urged him to guard against …
- … and delight in Darwin’s ‘researches & speculations on species & variation & distribution …
- … and solid argument. He decided to introduce the question of species by focussing on domesticated …
- … many of his readers. Not least, Darwin’s own views on how species change was based on ‘long …
- … clearly see ‘ the means used by nature to change her species & adapt them to the wondrous & …
- … works when Darwin wished to tabulate of the number of species in small and large genera, but also …
- … points ought to be considered in theory of the descent of species ’. In December 1857, Darwin had …
- … he wrote to Wallace. Praising Wallace’s 1855 article on species, and commenting on the convergence …
- … my first-note-book, on the question how & in what way do species & varieties differ from …
- … of our domestic animals and plants, and on the origin of species in a state of nature. I have to …
Variation under domestication
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment A fascination with domestication Throughout his working life, Darwin retained an interest in the history, techniques, practices, and processes of domestication. Artificial selection, as practiced by plant and…
Matches: 9 hits
- … the Livestock Journal and Fancier’s Gazette , and his close friend Asa Gray , head of the …
- … of speciation and of the extent of variation among domestic species. He included a chapter on …
- … all the facts he wanted on pigeons for On the Origin of Species . You can download the …
- … Books Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species . 1859. London: John Murray. (Chapter I …
- … with all the facts “for & versus” the immutability of species. Letter 1686 — …
- … to collect all facts regarding the variation and origin of species. Darwin asks if Layard would send …
- … store of information on the variation present in domestic species. Letter 1837 — …
- … under domestication to Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859), the class went on a field trip …
- … work on pigeons and the first chapter of On the Origin of Species. At the breeder, your students …
Darwin’s Photographic Portraits
Summary
Darwin was a photography enthusiast. This is evident not only in his use of photography for the study of Expression and Emotions in Man and Animal, but can be witnessed in his many photographic portraits and in the extensive portrait correspondence that…
Matches: 6 hits
- … that Darwin undertook throughout his lifetime. His close friend and botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker …
- … an interesting trend. When Darwin sent his photograph to a close ally, such as the Harvard botanist …
- … to see following the publication of On The Origin of Species . Taken together, they …
- … included in a Darwin letter, save for perhaps a very few close friends. Rather, as Joseph Hooker …
- … and The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species – and issued a new edition of …
- … such as Astronomer Royal, George Biddle Airy, and friend and close correspondent John Tyndall. Lock …
Darwin in letters, 1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles
Summary
Darwin's study of barnacles, begun in 1844, took him eight years to complete. The correspondence reveals how his interest in a species found during the Beagle voyage developed into an investigation of the comparative anatomy of other cirripedes and…
Matches: 15 hits
- … Species theory In November 1845, Charles Darwin wrote to his friend and …
- … geology; then to get out a little zoology & hurrah for my species-work’ ( Correspondence vol. …
- … in this work when he was clearly so eager to get on with his species theory? The correspondence …
- … taxonomical study of the entire group. Light is shed on the close relationship between Darwin’s …
- … information he believes will be of interest to Darwin’s species work or geological theories. They …
- … barnacles. you will perhaps wish my Barnacles & Species theory al Diabolo together …
- … and Scalpellum and was surprised to find that some species were like Arthrobalanus in having …
- … Ibla and Scalpellum also included hermaphrodite species which possessed tiny, ‘extra’ males …
- … his letters; he also pointed out to Hooker that it was his species theory that had enabled him to …
- … explain what I mean, & you will perhaps wish my Barnacles & Species theory al Diabolo …
- … of the cirripedes, both living and fossil, he brought his species theory into play in other areas of …
- … Strickland, an old friend, on the difficulties of naming his species in accordance with the ‘rules …
- … task was complicated by the abundance of wholly inadequate species descriptions and the confusion …
- … appending the name of the first describer to the species description. He saw this as putting a …
- … gathered and recorded everything he could find pertaining to species and varieties—information that …
Darwin in letters, 1837–1843: The London years to 'natural selection'
Summary
The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle voyage was one of extraordinary activity and productivity in which he became recognised as a naturalist of outstanding ability, as an author and editor, and as a professional…
Matches: 25 hits
- … of the fossils and the habitats and behaviour of the living species he had collected. By the end of …
- … among the naturalists with whom his work brought him into close contact. In November 1838, two years …
- … he had come to desire so whole-heartedly. Towards a species theory Viewed …
- … during the years 1837–43 was unquestionably his work on species and their origin. By the middle of …
- … Darwin arrived at the daring and momentous conviction that species were mutable (S. Herbert 1980, p. …
- … inquiry that he thought might lead to anexplanation of how species came to be as they are (Kohn 1980 …
- … (1826) furnished him with a causal mechanism for change in species. With this new theoretical point …
- … the point at which he was ready to write an outline of his species theory, the so-called ' …
- … of the argument were to follow before On the origin of species was published, but the general …
- … Young author Darwin’s investigation of the species question went on, literally and …
- … and for the descriptions of the habits and habitats of the species. Mr Arthrobalanus …
- … been very careful to keep secret his heretical views on species, but the correpondence does not bear …
- … every sort of fact . . . on the origin & variation of species” ( Letter to J. S. Henslow, …
- … & instincts of animals—bearing on the question of species—note book, after note book has been …
- … continue to collect all kinds of facts, about “Varieties & Species” for my some-day work to be …
- … very valuable—' Darwin’s investigations into the species problem were carried out mainly …
- … other subjects, the geographical distribution of genera and species, isolation, the conditions …
- … a wealthy plant hybridiser who held heterodox views on species. Darwin must have been encouraged to …
- … produce forms that were as distinct and lasting as true species. In short, to Herbert, the …
- … that his theory would provide clearer definitions of species and their relationships and provide …
- … to put forward his heterodox views on the subject of species. In practice, though Darwin was …
- … of their lack of clarity about what constituted a genus or species, he found that his theory would …
- … ‘During this summer when well enough did a good deal of species work.’ The last field trip …
- … and conducting crossing experiments related to his species work (DAR 106/7 and DAR 206 (Questions …
- … spring of 1838, he wrote in his notebook: 'Once grant that species [ interl ] [of] one …
New material added to the American edition of Origin
Summary
A ‘revised and augmented’ American edition of Origin came on the market in July 1860, and was the only authorised edition available in the US until 1873. It incorporated many of the changes Darwin made to the second English edition, but still contained…
Matches: 26 hits
- … naturalists, who have too firmly fixed in their heads that a species is an entity.—‘ After …
- … a list of authors who had maintained the modification of species (two letters to Baden Powell, 18 …
- … him in espousing favourable views of the transmutation of species; Darwin sent this off to Gray …
- … sketch of the progress of opinion on the Origin of Species . The great majority of …
- … studied natural history, believe, on the other hand, that species undergo modification, and that the …
- … am not familiar, Lamarck was the first man, whose view that species undergo change excited much …
- … in 1815, in which works he upholds the doctrine that species are descended from each other. He seems …
- … by his Son, as early as 1795, suspected that what we call species are various degenerations of the …
- … beyond the possibility of refutation, that botanical species are only a higher and more permanent …
- … the same view to animals. The Dean believes that single species of each genus were created in an …
- … and by variation have produced all our existing species. In 1843–44, Prof. Haldeman (in the …
- … the hypothesis of the development and modification of species: he seems to me to lean towards the …
- … The author argues with much force on general grounds that species are not immutable productions. But …
- … p. 581), his opinion that it is more probable that new species have been produced by descent with …
- … productions, from the changes which the embryos of many species undergo, from the difficulty of …
- … botanist, * has expressly stated his belief that species are formed in an analogous manner as …
- … can act under nature. He believes, like Dean Herbert, that species when nascent were more plastic. …
- … over the world, so at certain periods the germs of existing species may have been chemically …
- … the manner in which he shows that the introduction of new species is ‘‘a regular, not a casual, …
- … the meaning of such facts as these, if we suppose that each species of animal and plant, or each …
- … Types’ in relation to that hypothesis which supposes the species living at any time to be the result …
- … essay he admits the truth of the descent and modification of species; and supports this doctrine by …
- … believe, analogous views on the modification and descent of species. …
- … Secondly, I suspect that when any species becomes very rare, close interbreeding will tend to …
- … been any advantage to the animal to have been produced in close relation to its prey; therefore it …
- … extinction of those groups with which they do not enter into close competition. In some cases, as we …
Charles Darwin’s letters: a selection 1825-1859
Summary
The letters in this volume span the years from 1825, when Darwin was a student at the University of Edinburgh, to the end of 1859, when the Origin of Species was published. The early letters portray Darwin as a lively sixteen-year-old medical student. Two…
Matches: 18 hits
- … of Edinburgh, to the end of 1859, when the Origin of Species was published. The early letters …
- … introductions, with notes on the habits and ranges of the species. By 1846, he had also published …
- … its structure, he undertook to compare it with that of other species, and, finding that the …
- … errors, he embarked on a study of both the fossil and living species. It was eight years before he …
- … and of an affectionate family. A fascinating aspect of their close relationship is the extent to …
- … in his letters. This was his work on what he called ‘the species problem’. On the last leg of …
- … him that the indigenous mocking-birds were closely allied to species on the mainland, and yet were …
- … of the living animals, and John Gould’s naming of thirteen species of finches collected in the …
- … In July opened first note Book on ‘transmutation of Species’— Had been greatly struck from about …
- … in plants and animals, with speculations on how species might have arisen. In September 1838, …
- … The letters show that Darwin was not as secretive about his species doubts as has been commonly …
- … correspondents that he was investigating the mutability of species. As early as 14 September 1838, …
- … & instincts of animals——bearing on the question of species—— note book, after note book has been …
- … were concerned with this search for data relevant to the species question, though without any direct …
- … and critical discussion of his theory was, however, close at hand in the person of Joseph Dalton …
- … a lengthy and voluminous exchange of letters in which a close friendship developed, and Hooker …
- … ‘On the law which has regulated the introduction of new species’. Wallace had been studying the …
- … supporting data and sources. The result was the Origin of species . …
Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings
Summary
‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…
Matches: 4 hits
- … held an important place in Darwin’s theorising about species, and botanical research had often been …
- … illness. Yet on 15 January 1875 , Darwin confessed to his close friend Joseph Dalton Hooker, ‘I …
- … In January, the protracted dispute with Mivart came to a close. The final chapter of the controversy …
- … had been supported during the affair by the loyalty of his close friends, Hooker and Thomas Henry …
Floral Dimorphism
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Floral studies In 1877 Darwin published a book that included a series of smaller studies on botanical subjects. Titled The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, it consisted primarily of…
Matches: 6 hits
- … The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species , it consisted primarily of papers on …
- … 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species , London: John Murray. Chapter …
- … Remember, however, that Hooker and Darwin were very close and Darwin held Hooker’s work in high …
- … Lyell did not come out more forcefully on the subject of species in Lyell’s latest book. Darwin also …
- … T he Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species . This chapter discusses the …
- … Darwin, The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species (London: John Murray, 1877), 16 …
Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad
Summary
At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…
Matches: 27 hits
- … ), and in a letter of 23 [June 1863] he wrote to his close friend Joseph Dalton Hooker: ‘I am …
- … place in nature both had a direct bearing on Darwin’s species theory and on the problem of human …
- … at Lyells excessive caution in expressing any judgment on Species or origin of man’. Darwin’s …
- … attention even more closely on Darwin’s arguments for species change. In this context, Lyell …
- … permitted himself to say ‘boldly & distinctly out that species were not separately created’ ( …
- … who had first advised him in 1856 to write his essay on species could not now support his theory …
- … would have rebelled against stronger statements regarding species change ( letter from Charles …
- … that Lyell’s and Gray’s indecision regarding change of species by descent put him ‘into despair’ ( …
- … ‘whole credit of making out the derivation or origin of species’, Darwin considered writing a letter …
- … origin of life: heterogeny, or the spontaneous generation of species from non-living matter; and he …
- … as Lyell’s book disappointed me,—that is the part on species, though so cleverly written’ ( …
- … England.’ He added that Bates had ‘spoken out boldly on Species; & boldness on this subject …
- … ‘half-a-dozen real downright believers in modification of Species in all England … who dare speak …
- … interested Darwin, who applauded him as a ‘glorious species man’, while Haast extolled Darwin as the …
- … Alphonse de Candolle sent information on the ‘progress of species-question’, citing the French …
- … to care more about the resulting sympathy and praise from close friends than about honours like the …
- … problem' Darwin continued to pay particularly close attention to specific criticisms …
- … of Origin , that in order to prove the emergence of new species by natural selection, it was …
- … to disagree with Huxley about sterility as a fair test for species, pointing out that in his work on …
- … are almost certainly several cases of 2 or 3 or more species blended together & now perfectly …
- … domestication … which eliminates the natural sterility of species, when crossed’ ( letter to T. H. …
- … selection required experimental proof that physiological species could be produced by selective …
- … In February 1863, his paper on Linum (‘Two forms in species of Linum ’) was read before the …
- … genus, the purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria. This species provided the ‘oddest case of …
- … very zero of fertility between varieties of a species ’, were the sort of result that both he …
- … provided evidence of self-sterility in Maxillaria species that were fertile when crossed with …
- … and he continued to observe individuals of the same species crossing with one another in a variety …
Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health
Summary
On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’. Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…
Matches: 25 hits
- … a letter of 26[–7] March [1864] , Darwin exclaimed to his close friend, the botanist Joseph Dalton …
- … Variation ), the long-awaited sequel to On the origin of species by means of natural selection …
- … tendril-bearers. At the end of his paper, Darwin used species from the genus Lathyrus as …
- … wrote (‘Climbing plants’, p. 115): ‘If it be true that species become modified in the course of ages …
- … guide for observation, a full conviction of the change of species is.’ Crossing experiments …
- … to understand and explain the transformation of one species into another. He had already found, with …
- … experiments between different forms of Pulmonaria species, and between Primula species and …
- … between two different hybrids, or even between different species that had descended from common …
- … structures in causing sterility both within and between species in his 1864 paper, ‘Three forms of …
- … two forms. The advantage he suggested that this gave the species was that each plant could achieve …
- … ‘Complemental males’ parasitic on hermaphrodites in species of the barnacle Scalpellum . …
- … the cowslip ( Primula veris ). Their ranking as separate species had long been in question and …
- … pursued experiments to determine the relationship of the two species with the common oxlip. In a …
- … sterile like ordinary Hybrids, they must be called as good species as a man & a Gorilla’. He had …
- … book, The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species ( Forms of flowers ). A …
- … of Pulmonaria angustifolia indicated that the species represented a transition to gynodioecism, …
- … in reproduction, thus guaranteeing the vitality of a species by maintaining a level of variation …
- … sent him four spectacular watercolours of several orchid species (see plates facing pp. 248 and 249) …
- … reporting the results of crossing experiments on different species. of all classes of men …
- … results of crossing experiments with a Pulmonaria species. References and enclosures in letters …
- … the books I have ever read, not a single one has come even close to making such an overpowering and …
- … ‘absurdity of Agassiz’s refutation of the “Origin of Species” ’ (Walsh 1864b). Darwin congratulated …
- … ‘boldly & clearly’ he spoke out on the modification of species ( letter to B. D. Walsh, 21 …
- … spirited discussions he engaged in with Hooker. They paid close attention to arguments involving …
- … , particularly the fifth and sixth editions, testify to his close attention to the geological …
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